Materials and Structures/MaMriaux et Constructions,Vol.
32, October1999, pp 593-600
Rheology and bonding characteristics of self-leveling
concrete as a repair material
P. Lacombe1, D. Beauprd2 and N. Pouliot 3
(1) Service d'Expertise en Mat#iaux (S.E.M.) inc., 1400 Boulevard du Parc Technologique, Quebec City (Quebec), G1P 4R7, Canada
(2) Department of Civil Engineering, Laval University, Sainte-Foy (Quebec), G1K 7P4, Canada
(3) Department of Civil Engineering, Laval University, Sainte-Foy (Quebec), G1K 7P4, Canada
Paper received:April 26, 1998; Paper accepted: November 23, 1998
A B S T R AC T R t~ S U M I~
This paper presents the first part of a study under-
taken to measure the potential of self-leveling concrete
to perform overhead repairs. The performances of self-
leveling concrete in terms of its filling ability and bond-
ing characteristics was compared to dry-mixture shot-
crete and to normal cast-in-place concrete. Self-leveling
mixture characteristics included the presence of super-
plasticizer, viscosity-modifying admixture (welan gum),
air-entraining admixture (AEA) and silica fume.
On self-leveling concrete and ordinary concrete,
rheological parameters (yield value and plastic viscosity)
were measured with a rheometer, and other fresh prop-
erties were determined including air content (ASTM
C-231), specific weight, slump (ASTM C-143), and
slump-flow.
It was observed that self-leveling concrete has very
good filling ability and that the absence of segregation
and bleeding enhances the characteristics of the interface
with the old concrete, even in an inverted position.
Microstructure studies have indicated that self-leveling
concrete performed as well as dry-mixture shotcrete and
is thus a very interesting repair material.
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
Deterioration of concrete structures such as overpass
and multi-level parking is a major problem in the
province of Quebec (Canada). Those deteriorations are
mostly due to freezing and thawing cycles and deicer salt
scaling. In many cases, only the surface causes problems
and it is not necessary to rebuild the entire structure.
The use of thin repairs is the most adequate solution
because of their lower cost (compared to a new struc-
ture) and their durability.
For overhead repairs, two methods are commonly
used: shotcrete and ordinary cast-in-place concrete con-
1359-5997/99 9 P.ILEM
Cet articleprdsente la premi&e partie d'une dtude men& afin de
mesurer le potentid des bdtons autonivdants pour r&liser des rdpara-
tions minces en surplomb. Lots de ces travaux, la capacit~ de rem-
plissage ainsi que l'adh&ence entre un vieux bdton et un bdton de
@aration ont dtd dtudi&s pour trois di~&entes techniques de rdpara-
tion. [In b~ton ordinaire mis en place par vibration, un bdton projetd
par voie s~che ainsi qu'un bdton autonivelant ont dtd utilise's. Le
m~lange de bdton autonivelant contenait une forte dose de superplas-
tifiant, un agent modifiant la viscosit~ (welan gum), un agent
A ~ t , ,
entrameur dazr et de lafumee de sd~ce.
*
Les propri~t& rh&logiques (seuil de cisaillement et viscositdplas-
tique) ont ~t~ mesur&s sur le b~ton ordinaire et le bdton autonivelant
afin de relier ces propri~t& avec la capacit~ de remplissage des b~tons
dtudi&. De plus, des essais d'affaissement ( A S T M C-I43), de
teneur en air et de masse volumique (ASTM C-231) ont dt~ r&li-
sds sur le bdton frais. Enfin, le bdton autonivelant a dtd soumis a
I'essai d'dtalement unefois l'essai d'affaissement termind.
Les r&ultats recueillis indiquent que le bdton autonivelant pos-
s~de des propridt& rh&Iogiques (faible seuil de cisaillement et visco-
sitd &v& pour un b~ton aussi fluide) favorisant une raise en place
add'quate pour des @arations en surplomb, et ce sans aucune conso-
lidation. Ceci est attribuable a l'absence de sdgrdgation et au faible
ressuage a l'intetface bdton autonivelant-vieux bdton. Les diff&entes
analyses r&lis&s a l'aide du microscope&ctronique a balayage mon-
trent effectivement que l'inte~ce bdton autonivelant-ancien bdton est
de tr& bonne qualitd, ce qui en fait un mat&iau de rdparation tr~s
int&essant lorsque l'application de bdton projet~ est impossible.
solidated by vibrations. With the development of new
chemical admixtures, concrete with very high fluidity
and good segregation resistance can be produced. This
type of concrete, called self-leveling concrete, was first
developed in Japan to counter the decrease of skilled
labor. In fact, with the growing use of concrete in spe-
cial architectural configurations and closely spaced rein-
forcing bars, it is very important to produce concrete
that ensures proper filling ability, good structural perfor-
mance, and adequate durability [1].
With its high fluidity, self-leveling concrete is very
suitable for overhead repairs. It can be cast without any
consolidation, and it is used to facilitate the placement of
593
Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol.32, October1999

concrete in restricted areas such as thin repairs with (SEM). With this apparatus, the microstructure can be
closely spaced reinforcing bars. However, few results are visualized with a magnification of 10 to 100 000X. It is
available in terms fo bonding strength. The bonding also possible to achieve a chemical analysis of the ele-
quality between the repair and the deteriorated concrete ment with the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. This
is one of the most important factors to achieve a durable apparatus exhibits the biggest phase present, and the
thin repair. Self-leveling concrete can also be used for dif- height of the peaks represents the density of each exist-
ferent applications such as casting concrete under water, ing element.
filling sections with complicated configurations and fill-
ing confined sections such as thin repairs [2]. To produce
a self-leveling concrete with no segregation and low 2.1 Test specimens for overhead repairs
bleeding, large amounts of cementitious materials and
superplasticizer are required to attain high fluidity and to Three concrete blocks (800 x 800 x 300 ram) were
reduce the yield value. The yield value is defined as the repaired to a depth of approximately 40 mm. The
necessary stress to initiate the flow of matter [3]. Self- removal of the "old" concrete was performed using a
leveling concrete produced in North America often small hand-held jack hammer as shown in Fig. 1. Two
incorporates a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) in of the three blocks (the ones repaired with self-leveling
order to increase the viscosity and reduce bleeding, segre- and ordinary vibrated concretes) were cored in order to
gation and sedimentation [4]. This concrete also exhibits facilitate the placement of the concrete beneath the
good durability to freezing and thawing cycles when it blocks. The surfaces were then cleaned up with pressur-
possesses an adequate air-void spacing factor [2]. Both ized air. Before the application of the new concrete, the
yield value and plastic viscosity are very helpful to charac- blocks were humidified to improve bonding between
terize fresh concrete properties. Frequently, engineers the new and the old concrete.
deal with hardened concrete properties, and show not
enough interest on fresh concrete properties [5]. Stable
and workable fresh concrete helps to get an easy cast-in- 2.2 Experimental methods
place that will ensure neither reduction of strength, stiff-
ness nor &bounding with the reinforcing bars [6, 7]. The normal concrete mixture was placed using vibra-
tions. The block and the wooden molds were fixed on a
vibrating table as shown in Fig. 2. The concrete was
2. RESEARCH PROGRAM placed through the access hole until it stopped moving,
which indicated that the mold was apparently full. The
The main factor influencing the quality of a repair, same operations were performed for self-leveling con-
other than the durability of the repair material itself, is crete except for the placing which was achieved without
the bond between old and new concrete. According to vibration. The block was placed directly on the ground
Talbot et al. [8], concrete removal technique and surface
preparation are the most important parameters with
respect to bond durability of thin repairs. Mixture com-
position has a less important effect. The above-stated
study was performed with shotcrete only, and has shown
that the use of hydrodemolition is a reliable method to
ensure good bonding characteristics.
Since few results are available at the moment on the
quality of bonding when self-leveling concrete is used as
a repair material, it was thus important to aim a study
which will give more information to select the most
appropriate repair material. The purpose of this project
is to study the interface of thin overhead repairs practised
with three different placing techniques and/or materials.
These techniques/materials are: shotcrete, self-leveling
concrete and ordinary vibrated concrete. To achieve this
goal, concrete panels were repaired in an overhead posi-
tion.
Before casting, tests were performed on flesh con-
crete (ordinary and self-leveling mixtures) included
slump (ASTM C-143), slump-flow, air content and spe-
cific weight (ASTM C-231). Rheological parameters
(yield value and plastic viscosity) were also measured
with a rheometer.
The bonding between new and old concrete was ana- Fig. 1 - Concrete block ready for repair (after the removal of the
lyzed visually and by a scanning electron microscope concrete).

594
Lacombe, Beaupr~, Pouliot

(see Fig. 3). The block repaired with shotcrete was lifted
up to the top of a rebound chamber (see Fig. 4).
After seven days of water curing, the three blocks
were cut for visual examination to assess the filling abil-
ity of the three materials. Then, cores were taken to
obtain samples of the interface between old and new
concrete in order to study in details the quality of the
bonding with the SEM.

2.3 Concrete composition

Three different concretes were used for this project.

The composition of all mixtures is reported in Table 1.
The results of standard tests performed on fresh concrete
such as slump and air content are presented in Table 2.
For all mixtures, a type 10 Canadian portland cement
(CSA3-AS-M83, similar to A S T M C-150 Type I
cement) was used. The concrete placed with vibration
Fig. 2 - Ordinary vibrated concrete repair installation.
had a typical sidewalk concrete composition containing
an air-entraining admixture (W/B = 0.40).
The self-leveling concrete used for this study
(W/B = 0.35) incorporates a large amount of cement to
ensure an adequate workability and a good resistance to
segregation. Silica fume was also added to the mixture to
improve both workability and compressive strength. The
superplasticizer used for this project was a naphthalene-
based one, conforming with the specification CSA3-
A266.6-M85. Frequently, a double dosage is necessary
to get a very fluid and workable mixture. Segregation
may occur because of the great fluidity of the mixture,
therefore, a viscosity-modifying admixture (welan gum)
was added. Finally, the self-leveling concrete used in
this repair project contained an air-entraining admixture
to improve frost durability.
The shotcrete mixture was similar to those usually
used for repairing concrete structures in the Province of
Quebec. It contained a significant quantity of sand
which is similar to every shotcrete mixture. Silica fume Fig. 3 - Self-leveling repair installation.

Table 1 - Mixture proportions of concretes was premixed with the dry materials (sand,
Mixture proportions Ordinary Self-leveling Dry-shotcrete coarse aggregates and cement) in order to
concrete concrete reduce rebounds and dust, and to enhance
Type 10 cement (kg/m 3) 360 563 415 cohesiveness and compressive strength [9].
T h e mixture also contained p o w d e r air-
Silica fume (kg/m 3) 18 45 entraining admixture, again premixed with
Water (kg/m 3) 144 198 185 the dry materials, to ensure a good frost dura-
(W/B ratio) (0.4) (0.35) (Approx.: 0.4) bility. Recent researches carried out at Laval
Coarse aggregates(kg/m 3) 1010 830 220 University (Quebec City, Canada) indicate
(aggregate size) (5-20 mm) (10 ram) (2.5-10 mm) that p o w d e r air-entraining a d m i x t u r e
Sand (kg/m a) 810 678 1520 improves scaling resistance [10].
Water-reducer (L/m 3) 1.08
Superplasticizer(L/m 3) 2.2 25.3 2 . 4 Test s p e c i m e n s for S E M analysis
Air-entrainingadmixture 0.5 0.9 0.88kg/m 3 (powder
(L/m 3) air-entraining Cores were taken from the three blocks to
admixture) obtain samples of the interface between old
Viscosity-modifying 436 and new concrete. Then, samples of 25 x 25 x
admixture (g/m 3) 10 m m were cut from the cores in order to

595
Materials and Structures/Mat6riauxet Constructions,Vol.32, October1999

thin repairs. A viscosity-

modifying admixture was
also added to the mixture in
order to reduce bleeding and
segregation. The viscosity-
modifying admixture tends
to increase the viscosity of
the mixture, leading to a
high plastic viscosity.

3.2 Visual examination

3.2.1 Ordinary vibrated

Fig. 4 - S h o t c r e t e repair installation.
Table 2 -
Concrete
Properties
Slump (ram)
Air content (%)
(Fresh concrete)
Slump-flow (ram)
Rheological parameters:
g (Yield value) (Nm)
h (Plastic viscosity) (Nm.s)
obtain samples for SEM analysis. Two samples for each
mixture were prepared. Two distinct types of surfaces
were studied: broken and polished.
3. TEST RESULTS
3.1 Rheological properties
concrete
Fig. 6 shows the interface
between the old and new
concrete. A few large air
pockets and segregation can
be seen, reducing the quality
of bonding. This segregation
is probably caused by external
Concrete properties vibrations and possible bleeding. Some problems occur
Ordinary Self-leveling Shotcrete
during sampling the cores because of the debonding
concrete concrete between the old and new concrete. Therefore, the bond-
ing of the ordinary concrete mixture (the first technique)
95 270
with the old concrete was poor even if it was placed using a
7.8 8.0 vibration method. Hence, it appears that the ordinary
vibrated concrete does not have the adequate rheological
625 properties to be used for thin repairs.
13.8 0.7
3.2.2 Self-leveling concrete
For self-leveling concrete (the second technique used
2.8 4.2 in this project), the block presented in Fig. 7 shows the
good bonding between the old and new concrete. The
whole interface is well-bonded, and no segregation is vis-
,r
i(
l
~ Ordinary concrete /),

Measurements of the rheological properties were per- /4/

/,t-
formed with a rheometer on two repair concretes, ordi-
nary and self-leveling concrete. With this apparatus, both 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

yield value and plastic viscosity can be determined. Fig. 5 Torque (Nm)

presents the results from the rheometer where the yield

value is characterized by the torque at a speed of 0 rev/s f
and the plastic viscosity is the inverse slope of the curve.
The yield value obtained from the self-leveling con-
/
crete is very low (0.7 Nm) compared to the yield value J ~ Self-leveling
measured from the ordinary concrete (13.8 Nm). Also, concrete
plastic viscosity measurements indicate that self-leveling //
concrete is a more viscous concrete than the ordinary
one (4.2 Nm.s vs. 2.8 Nm.s). Self-leveling concrete
used for this project incorporates large amounts of 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tuque (Nm)
cementitious materials and superplasticizer (25 L/m 3) in
order to achieve a very workable mixture adequate for Fig. 5 - R h e o l o g i c a l results f r o m t h e IBB Rheometer.

596
Lacombe, Beaupr~,Pouliot

ible even if this concrete

contained 25 L/m 3 of super-
plasticizer. Furthermore,
some aggregates can be seen
at the top of the new con-
crete interface, indicating
the efficiency of the viscos-
ity-modifying admixture.
Consequently, self-leveling
concrete possesses the rheo-
logical and filling capacity to
achieve good o v e r h e a d
Fig. 6 - Interface ordinary vibrated concrete - old concrete. repairs.

3.2.3 Shotcrete
Few cracks are visible at
the shotcrete-old concrete
interface (see Fig. 8).
However, these imperfec-
tions are very small, and do
not affect the quality of the
bond. As a result, the repair
practised with shotcrete
showed excellent properties.
The shotcrete-old concrete
interface is almost perfect,
and this explains w h y the
Fig. 7 - Interface self-levelingconcrete - old concrete. technique is so popular for
that type of repair.

3.3 SEM analysis

Fig. 8 - Interface shotcrete - old concrete.
Fig. 9 - Interface self-leveling concrete - old concrete (SEM
analysis, broken surface, scale of I mm, magnification of 22X).
3.3.1 Self-leveling con-
crete; broken surface
Fig. 9 (scale of 1 ram)
presents the i n t e r f a c e
between self-leveling con-
crete and old concrete. The
volume of air of self-level-
ing concrete is larger than
that of the old concrete (left
bottom; Fig. 9). Also, the old concrete looks darker on
the micrography (top right corner; Fig. 9) which indi-
cates that this concrete has a greater density. After a
magnification of 370X, it is possible to see some ettrin-
gite needles on the self-leveling concrete (Fig. 10; scale
of 10 Jim). The energy dispersive X-ray analysis graph
presented in Fig. 11 shows the accumulation of ettrin-
gite, where calcium, aluminium and sulfur constitute the
principal elements.
. The equation below presented indicates :that ettrin-
gite needs water to crystallize which means that :water is
available at the interface:
C3A + gypsum + 26H20 -+ C3A.3CaSO4.32H20.
Some calcite is also present on the old concrete near
the interface (Fig. 12, scale of 10 jim and Fig. 13). This
precipitation of calcite in the form of small bails is again
due to the accumulation of water at the interface.

597
Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions, Vol. 32, October1999

I......................i...............................................................
~-~ .........................................................................................
I.......................i................................................................. .............................................................................................

I
I

i !~ i -E ......... i" . . . . . . i ' i i

..._.. ~__._~._..k........~_i_.~:_
, i iu P i a - ~. -

;20 C~LCITE (JOINT-COTE ~ N C I E N )

Fig. 13 - Dispersive energy X-ray analysis interface self-leveling

concrete - old concrete (old concrete side).
Fig. 10 - Ettringite (self-leveling concrete; scale of 10 ~tm; magni-
fication of370X).

I..................
!....................
i........... .......... i.................. .......... i............. i

]"--'-O "-''~ ............................ ~. . . . . ~i i. . . . . . . . . ; ...................... !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . !"

i It! ~ i i
Ir
I-1!-~ ................ ~--.s ................... -,, ................. ~....................................................

2'~ ETTRING I'r.'-_" (JOINT-NOUVEaU)

Fig. 11 - Dispersive energy X-ray analysis graph interface self-

leveling concrete - old concrete (self-leveling side).
Fig. 14 - Interface ordinary vibrated concrete - old concrete (SEM
analysis, broken surface, scale of I mm, magnification of 18X).

3.3.2 Ordinary concrete; broken surface

The interface of this repair seems less homogeneous
than the first one (self-leveling concrete). Fig. 14 (scale
of 1 ram) presents the interface of ordinary vibrated
concrete-old concrete. A crack covered with C-S-H is
visible at the interface. At the sites where the bond
between ordinary and old concrete appears satisfactory,
the interface looks like the one obtained with self-level-
ing concrete. The only difference between the old and
new concrete, as in the case of self-leveling concrete, is
the air-void system. The ordinary vibrated concrete (left
part; Fig. 14) contains a higher volume of air compared
to the old concrete (right part; Fig. 14).
As with the self-leveling concrete-old concrete inter-
Fig. 12 - Calcite (old concrete; scale of 10 ~tm, magnification of face, it is possible to see some ettringite at the ordinary
370X).
concrete-old concrete interface. That precipitation is
also due to the accumulation of water at the interface.
This accumulation of water at the interface seems Bleeding may be the cause of crystallization, but again
like bleeding. However, it is important to remember the surfaces were humidified prior to the application of
that prior to the repair, the surfaces were humidified and the ordinary vibrated concrete. However, there is less
that water could be the cause of the ettringite and calcite ettringite near the ordinary concrete-old concrete inter-
crystallization. face than at the self-leveling concrete-old concrete inter-

598
Lacombe, Beauprd,Pouliot
Fig. 15 - Interface shotcrete - old concrete (SEM analysis, broken
surface, scale of 1 mm, magnification of20X).
Fig. 17 - Interface ordinary vibrated concrete - old concrete
(SEM analysis, polished surface, scale of 100 gm, magnification
of 20000X).
face. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact
that ordinary concrete contains less cement than self-
leveling concrete (360 kg/m 3 vs. 580 kg/m 3) and this
influences the quantity ofettringite (sulfates) produced.
3.3.3 Shotcrete; broken surface
This sample is very difficult to analyze because the
air-void system of the shotcrete, and the old concrete is
almost similar. The interface is not visible, which proves
the great bonding between the two concretes (Fig. 15,
scale of 1 mm). In addition, there is no sign of bleeding
nor segregation at the interface.
3.3.4 Self-leveling concrete; polished surface
The interface of the polished self-leveling sample is
presented at Fig. 16 (scale of 1 ram). It is nearly impossi-
ble to see anything except the differences in porosity and
color between the self-leveling and old concrete. The
self-leveling concrete looks darker and more porous than
599
Fig. 16 - Interface self-leveling concrete - old concrete (SEM
analysis, polished surface, scale of I mm, magnification of 16X).
Fig. 18 - Interface ordinary vibrated concrete - old concrete
(SEM analysis, polished surface, scale of 10 gm, magnification of
lOOOX).
the ordinary one. Even after a higher magnification, no
perturbation appears at the interface.
3.3.5 Ordinary vibrated concrete; polished surface
Fig. 17 (scale of 100 gm) presents the polished speci-
men showing the interface between ordinary vibrated
concrete and old concrete. As for the self-leveling pol-
ished specimen, the only differences between the two
concretes are the air-void system and the color (right
side darker: new concrete; left side: old concrete).
However, with a magnification of 1000X, it is possible
to see perturbations at the new-old concrete interface
(Fig. 18; scale of 10 gin). It is also possible to notice a
crack at the interface indicating that the bond is not as
good as the self-leveling concrete bond.
3.3.6 Shotcrete; Polished Surface
After the lack of success obtained with the analysis of
the broken surface specimen, it was not necessary to
Materials and Structures/Mat&iaux et Constructions, Vol.32, October1999
visualize the polished specimens of shotcrete with the
SEM. It is well-known that a broken surface of concrete
is easier to examine than a polished one because of the
accentuated profile of the broken specimen. As we have
seen earlier, the broken surface shotcrete specimen
showed no concluding results, and it was not possible to
see the interface.
4. DISCUSSION
It appears that ordinary concrete does not possess
suitable rheological properties and filling capacity to per-
form good overhead repairs, even if cast using external
vibration. Considerable segregation and large entrapped
air pockets are present at the ordinary concrete-old con-
crete interface. This technique needs formworks and
skilled labor to perform the external vibration. For
many reasons, including the high fees related to such
intervention, this method is not proper to achieve qual-
ity overhead repair.
The self-leveling concrete repair performed well in
terms of filling ability and quality of the interface. The
SEM analysis showed no perturbation at the interface.
The identification of the interface was feasible only
because of the presence of entrained air voids inside the
repair concrete. Furthermore, the rheological properties
measured on self-leveling concrete showed a low yield
value (0.7 Nm) and a high plastic viscosity (4.2 Nm.s)
which are very important to ensure proper cast-in-place
without any consolidation.
The interface between shotcrete and old concrete
was visually almost perfect. From SEM analysis, the
quality of the bond appeared so good that it was almost
impossible to see the difference in microsctructure
between shotcrete and old concrete. For all these rea-
sons, shotcrete still is the most efficient technique to
perorm overhead repair.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This project aimed at comparing three different tech-
niques in order to achieve overhead repairs. These tech-
niques were: ordinary vibrated concrete, self-leveling
concrete and shotcrete.
Shotcrete appears to be the best technique for over-
head repairs. Although this technique is economical, the
600
competence of the workers remains very important.
Skilled nozzlemen and gunmen are necessary to obtain a
good mixture and an adequate bonding between old and
new concretes.
Self-leveling concrete also showed good results.
Because of its high fluidity, this concrete does not need
any vibration so that it allows to save energy and to
ensure a suitable cast-in-place. Since that type of con-
crete requires different admixtures, the only problem is
the high cost of the mixture. Self-leveling concrete is a
new material, and further researches are necessary in
order to increase the use of such a quality repair material.
In the future, self-leveling concrete could be useful
where the projection is impracticable.
REFERENCES
[1] Hayakawa, M., Matsuoka, Y. and Shindoh, T., 'Development
and Application of Superworkable Concrete', Proceedings of an
International RILEM Workshop on Special Concrete:
Workability and Mixing, March 1993, Scotland (University of
Paisley, Scotland) 183-190.
[2] Beauprd, D., Lacombe, P. and Khayat, K. H., 'Laboratory investi-
gation of rheological properties and scaling resistance of air-
entrained self-consolidating concrete', Mater. Struct. 32 (April
1999) 235-240.
[3] Tattersall, G. H., 'Workability and Quality Control of Concrete'
(Chapman and Hall, London, 1991).
[4] Khayat, K. H., 'Effects of anti-washout admixtures on fresh con-
crete properties', ACIMaterialsJourna192 (2) (1995) 164-171.
[5] Lacombe, P., 'Rhdologie et durabilit6 au gel des b&ons autonive-
lants', Master Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Laval
University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada (1997).
[6] Khayat, K. H. and Guizani, Z., 'Use of viscosity-modifying
admixtures to enhance stability of highly fluid concrete', ACI
MaterialsJournal 94 (4) (1997) 332-340.
[7] Khayat, K. H., Manai, K. and Trudel, A., 'In-situ mechanical
properties of wall elements cast using highly-flowable, high-per-
formance concrete', Ibid. 94 (6) (1997) 491-500.
[8] Talbot, C., Pigeon, M., Beaupr6, D. and Morgan, D. R.,
'influence of Surface Preparation on Long-Term Bonding of
Shotcrete', Ibid. 91 (6) (1994) 560-567.
[9] Beaupr~, D., 'Rheology of High-Performance Shotcrete', Ph.D.
Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (1994).
[10] Dufour, J. F., 'L'effet des agents entralneurs flair en poudre sur
l'entralnement de l'air et la durabilitd du b&on projetd par voie
sbche', Master Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Laval
University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada (1996).