Lab 11 - Deuterostomes

Learning Objectives:

1. Basic features of the echinoderms and chordates (phyla Echinodermata and Chordata), in terms of symmetry,
body support, type of body cavity, organization of nervous system, appendage..
2. The difference between protostome and deuterostome development.
3. Identify typical and/or common representatives of each of the above clades.
4. Identify typical representatives of the following echinoderm clades: Asteroides, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea,
Crinoidea, and Holothuroidea
5. Identify typical representatives of the following chordate clades cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates
(subphyla Cephalochordata, Urochordates, Urochordata) and the basic features which distinguish them.
6. Identify the five basic chordate features as found in Amphioxus.
7. Identify typical representatives and basic features of the following clades within the vertebrates: jawless fish,
cartilaginous fish, bony fish, tetrapods, amniotes.
8. The meaning of the terms in boldface in the sections covered.

References:
Solomon, E.P., L.R., Martin, D.W. Martin, and L.R. Berg, 2019. Chapter 32 The Deuterostomes, pp. 676-709,
In: Biology, 11th Ed., Cengage (see especially Tables 32-1 p. 678, 32-2 p. 687 and Figs. 32-3 p. 681, 32-4, 32-
5 p. 683, 32-6, 32-7 p. 685, 32-20 p. 696, 32-25 p. 703).

Before Coming to Class you should: Read sections in Solomon et al. as they pertain to the learning goals listed
above.
Table 13.1 DEUTEROSTOMES
COMMON CLADE(S) LINNAE SYMM TYPE ORGANIZAT APPENDA BODY OTHER
NAME (Figs. 1.2, AN ETRY OF ION OF GES SUPPORT, DISTINGUIS
1.6, 1.8) PHYLU COEL NERVOUS (ARMS) SKELETON, HING
M OM SYSTEM CUTICLE FEATURES

echinoderms

chordates

Table 13.2 ECHINODERMS

COMMON CLADE(S) (Figs. LINNAEAN ARMS CENTRAL MOBILE OTHER
NAME 1.2, 1.6, 1.8) CLASS (present/absent, AXIS OR DISTINGUISHIN
jointed or not) (elongated SESSILE G FEATURES
or not)

sea stars

brittle stars

sea urchins, sand

dollars, sea
biscuits

sea cucumbers

sea lilies
Table 13.3. CHORDATES
COMMON CLADE(S) LINNAEAN PHARYNGEAL CEPHALI- SKELE- HABITAT VERTEBRAE OTHER
NAME (Figs. 1.2, 1.6, SUBPHYLUM (OR GILL) ZATION OF TON & BODY (primarily OR DISTING-
1.8,1.9) SLITS (present NERVOUS SUPPORT marine, aquatic, NOTOCHORD UISHING
throughout life, or SYSTEM or terrestrial) FEATURES
only in embryonic
stages)

tunicates,
sea squirts

lancelets

vertebrates
Table 13.4. VERTEBRATE GROUPS
COMMON CLADE(S) (Figs. LINNAEAN CLASS TYPICAL OR ARTICULA- SKELE-TON GILL SLITS FINS OR OTHER
NAME 1.2, 1.6, 1.8,1.9) (or CLASSES) COMMON TED JAW (cartilaginous (persist or WALKING DISTING-
REPRESEN- (P or A) or bony) disappear in LIMBS UISHING
TATIVE embryo) FEATURES

jawless fish

cartilaginous
fish

bony fish

tetrapods Amphibia, Reptilia

Aves, Mammalia

amniotes Reptilia, Aves

Mammalia

Table 13.5. TETRAPOD VERTEBRATES

COMMON TYPICAL OR LINNAEAN AMNIOTE CLADE HEART POIKILO- AQUATIC OR OVIPAROUS OR
NAME COMMON CLASS (Fig 1.10) CHAM- THERM OR TERRES- VIVIPAROUS
REPRESENTAT BERS HOMEO- TRIAL
IVE THERM

amphibians N/A

reptiles

birds

mammals
 Lab 13 Drawings - A

Specimens: Starfish, Brittle Star, Sea Cucumber, Sea Urchin.

Linnaean Phylum and Clades: _______________________________________________________________________________

Label each drawing by class. On starfish identify and label the aboral surface, mouth ambulacral groove, tube feet.

Slide: Amphioxus w.m. Note: Examine with dissecting
microscope.
Magnification: ________Estimated size:__________________
Linnaean Phylum: ______________________________
Chordate Clade: _________________________________
Identify and Label: Tentacles, nerve cord, notocord, gill
(pharyngeal) slits, anus, caudal fin.
Slide: Ecteinascidia w.m. Note: Examine with dissecting
microscope.
Magnification: ________Estimated size:__________________
Linnaean Phylum: ______________________________
Chordate Clade: _________________________________
Identify and Label: Incurrent and excurrent siphons, gill
(pharyngeal) slits, tunic.
Specimen: A lamprey in plastamount, with sectional view.
Linnaean Phylum: ____________________________________
Vertebrate Clade: _________________________________
Identify and Label: caudal fin, external gill slits, spinal cord,
notocord, brain, cranial cartilage.
Specimen: A cartilaginous fish.
Linnaean Phylum: ___________________________________
Vertebrate Clade: ____________________________________
Identify and label: heterocercal caudal fin, external gill slits,
ventral mouth.

Specimen: A bony fish.

Linnaean Phylum: ___________________________________
Vertebrate Clade: _________________________________
Identify and label: homocercal caudal fin, gill operculum, gill
arches, prognathous mouth.