Journal of Atmospheric Science Research

Editor-in-Chief
Dr. José Francisco Oliveira Júnior

ICAT/ UFAL, Brazil
Editorial Board Members
Fan Ping, China Sarvan Kumar, India

Marko Ekmedzic, Germany Abderrahim Lakhouit, Canada
Xuezhi Tan, China B.T. Venkatesh Murthy, India
Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa, Brazil Olusegun Folarin Jonah, United States
Chuanfeng Zhao, China Amos Apraku, South Africa
Suleiman Alsweiss, United States Foad Brakhasi, Iran
Aditi Singh, India Debashis Nath, India
Boris Denisovich Belan, Russian Federation Chian-Yi Liu, Taiwan
Perihan Kurt-Karakus, Turkey Mohammad Moghimi Ardekani, South Africa
Hongqian Chu, China Yuzhu Wang, China
Isidro A. Pérez, Spain Zixian Jia, France
Mahboubeh Molavi-Arabshahi, Iran Md. Mosarraf Hossain, India
Tolga Elbir, Turkey Prabodha Kumar Pradhan, India
Junyan Zhang, United States Tianxing Wang, China
Thi Hien To, Vietnam Bhaskar Rao Venkata Dodla, India
Jian Peng, United Kingdom Lingling Xie, China
Zhen Li, United Kingdom Kazi Sabiruddin, India
Anjani Kumar, India Nicolay Nikolayevich Zavalishin, Russian Federation
Bedir Bedir Yousif, Egypt Xizheng Ke, China
assan Hashemi Hassan Hashemi, Iran Alexander Ruzmaikin, United States
Mengqian Lu, Hong Kong Peng Si, China
Lichuan Wu, Sweden Zhaowu Yu, Denmark
Raj Kamal Singh, United States Manish Kumar Joshi, United Kingdom
Zhiyong Ding, China Aisulu Tursunova, Kazakhstan
Elijah Olusayo Olurotimi, South Africa Enio Bueno Pereira, Brazil
Jialei Zhu, United States Samia Tabassum, Bangladesh
Xiying Liu, China Donglian Sun, United States
Naveen Shahi, South Africa Zhengqiang Li, China
Netrananda Sahu, India Haider Abbas Khwaja, United States
Luca Aluigi, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Haikun Zhao, China
Daniel Andrade Schuch, Brazil Wen Zhou, Hong Kong
Vladislav Vladimirovich Demyanov, Russian Federation Suman Paul, India
Jingsong Li, China Katta Vijaya Kumar, Sri Venkateswara University
Priya Murugasen, India Mohammed Adnane Douar, Algeria
Nathaniel Emeka Urama, Nigeria Chunju Huang, China
Barbara Małgorzata Sensuła, Poland Habibah Lateh, Malaysia
Service Opare, Canada Meng Gao, China
Che Abd Rahim Bin Mohamed, Malaysia Bo Hu, China
Maheswaran Rathinasamy, India Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, India
Masoud Rostami, Germany Archana Rai, India
Osvaldo Luiz Leal De Moraes, Brazil Pardeep Pall, Norway
Ranis Nail Ibragimov, United States Upaka Sanjeewa Rathnayake, Sri Lanka
Masoud Masoudi, Iran Yang Yang, New Zealand
Pallav Purohit, Austria Somenath Dutta, India
B. Yashwansingh Surnam, Mauritius Kuang Yu Chang, United States
Alexander Kokhanovsky, Germany Sen Chiao, United States
Lucas Lavo Antonio Jimo Miguel, Mozambique Mohamed El-Amine Slimani, Algeria
Nastaran Parsafard, Iran
Volume 2 Issue 3· July 2019 · ISSN 2630-5119 (Online)
Journal of
Atmospheric Science
Research
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. José Francisco Oliveira Júnior
Volume 2 | Issue 3 | July 2019 | Page 1-22
Journal of Atmospheric Science Research
Contents
Article
1 Comparative Study of The ALADIN and AROME Wind Effect on Waves Characteristics:
Application On The International Port Of Algiers
Sara Chikhi 　Mohamed El Amine Slimani
6 Identification of Black Dragon forest fire in Amur River Basin Using Satellite Borne NDVI
Data and Its Impact on Long Range Transport of Pollutants: A Case Study
Ankita Nath 　Reshmita Nath
11 Role of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Height and Ventilation Coefficient on Urban
Air Quality- A study based on Observations and NWP Model
Aditi Singh
17 Perception and Knowledge on Climate Change: A Case Study of University Students in
Bangladesh
Bezon Kumar　Arif Ibne Asad 　Borun Chandraaroy 　Purnima Banik
Copyright
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Journal of Atmospheric Science Research | Volume 02 | Issue 03 | July 2019

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ARTICLE
Comparative Study of The ALADIN and AROME Wind Effect on

Waves Characteristics: Application On The International Port Of
Algiers
Sara Chikhi1,2*　Mohamed El Amine Slimani1
1. Department of Energetic and Fluid Mechanics, faculty of physics, University of Science and Technology Houari Bou-
medienne (USTHB), 16111 Algiers, Algeria
2. Numerical Weather Forecast, National Center for Meteorology, Avenue Mohamed Khemisti BP 153 Dar el Beida,
16011 Algiers, Algeria
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history Numerical modeling of sea states has been developed for years, and used
for varied fields such as coastal work sizing, navigation safety, beaches
Received: 1 April 2019 and water leisure stability study. The third-generation ocean wind-wave
Accepted: 20 September 2019 spectral model WAVEWATCH III (WW3) software was adopted and de-
Published Online: 30 November 2019 veloped to simulate wave propagation in the Mediterranean basin. In this
work, a more detailed study was carried out on the port of Algiers. Two
Keywords: different atmospheric models have been used to get the wind forcing:
Wind-Waves ALADIN (Area Limited Dynamic Adaptation Inter National Develop-
ment) with an 8 km resolution. And AROME (Application to Operational
Wave propagation Research at Meso-scale) with a 3 km resolution. The results obtained
Mediterranean basin using both of the atmospheric models have been compared and analyzed.
WAVEWATCH
Wave-characteristics
1. Introduction Sea states play an important role in the ocean surface

　
T
mixing and coastal circulation, with effects that are begin-
he sea states Forecasts is historically linked ning to be well understood [1,2,8], but the subject is far from
to the military and commercial navigation se- exhausted. Thus the amplitude of long waves forced by
curity. For these applications, we first look waves, responsible for the generation of cuttlefish in small
at the wave’s significant height and the mean period. ports [7], and coastal circulation can be linked empirically
Any marine activity is utilizing sea state forecasts in to sea state parameters, but their detailed and quantitative
various forms. Thus the towing of large installations explanation is not yet resolved. The vertical structure
(barges, drilling platforms) and their use may require of the coastal currents and their role in the exchanges
detailed information on the height of ridges, the energy between the coast and the offshore are still very poorly
of long waves that can arouse resonances in anchors. known: it is nevertheless the vehicle of the mineral salts,
*Corresponding Author:
Sara Chikhi,
Department of Energetic and Fluid Mechanics, faculty of physics, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumedienne
(USTHB), 16111 Algiers, Algeria; Numerical Weather Forecast, National Center for Meteorology, Avenue Mohamed Khemisti BP
153 Dar el Beida, 16011 Algiers, Algeria;
Email: scusthb@gmail.com
Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708 1

nutrients, plankton and pollutants, which makes coastal nested wave patterns are needed for sufficient reliability.
zone management very sensitive. An analysis of the wave threshold suggests sufficient re-
Several works dealt with wind waves in numerical liability only off the coast, with a substantial decrease for
modeling. Bouws et al. [4] presented a self-similar spectral low-level waves. Zijlema et al. [9] proposed to use a low
form (the TMA spectrum) to describe the finite deep wind value of quadratic friction law empirical coefficient for
waves. In order to show the general validity of the form, both cases: waves in a storm and swell. Examining a large
this self-similar spectral selected about 2800 spectra from number of more recent observations gives a new config-
three data sets (TEXEL storm, MARSEN, ARSLOE). uration of the wind drag with lower values he deduced
Chen et al. [5] used an unstable curvilinear spectral wave from the same storm the lower value of the coefficient of
model, which offers the flexibility to solve the large friction lower. Zijlema also proved that using this lower
bathymetric and geometric gradients and enable to take value also improves estimates of wave growth in shallow
into account the unstable forcing and currents allowing to waters and the decay of low-frequency waves in a tidal
predict the wind waves in Mobile Bay, Alabama. To test entrance, regardless of the wind drag. Zodiatis et al. [10]
the wave’s curvilinear model, Chen et al. [5] have chosen a presented the main characteristics of the wave’s energy
set of laboratory data on wave transformation for a high potential in the Levant basin, eastern Mediterranean. This
circular background. Where they founded an excellent zone plays a significant role in exploration/exploitation of
agreement between numerical results and laboratory mea- energy resources. The numerical results are analyzed us-
surements; and this for a directional wavelength input and ing various statistical measures. He found that the regions
a fine spatial resolution. In order to predict the variation of where the wave’s energy potential is increasing are main-
water levels and the current field that serve as the basis for ly the western and southern coasts of the island Cyprus,
the wave model, he used a three-dimensional circulation the maritime areas of Lebanon, as well as the Egyptian
model and compared the results to existing field measure- coastline, especially around Alexandria. In these areas,
ments of wind waves in Mobile Bay. Numerical simula- the wave potential energy is relatively low but also stable
tions are conducted to examine the effects of grid resolu- and therefore exploitable. However, the non-negligible
tion and estuarine circulation on model results. The study impact of infrequent values is also recorded. Mentaschi
shows that the technique of linking a spectral wave model et al. [6] analyzed the Wavewatch III wave model perfor-
with a hydrodynamic model on curvilinear grids is an ef- mance forced by a limited-surface atmospheric model
fective tool for predicting waves in estuaries. Adapting the for the Mediterranean Sea and compared the simulation
Third Generation of Spectrum Sea Wind Model, WAVE- results to buoy measurements using single-point statistical
WATCH III (WW3), operational since January 2005 at indicators, such as standardized bias and symmetrically
the Department of Applied Sciences of the University standardized mean square error. It has realized a perfor-
of Parthenope (Italy). Benassai & Ascione [3] simulated mance evaluation of the terms source growth-dissipation
the spread of the waves in the Naples Gulf. The model and their reference characterizations on 17 cases studies
has been coupled to the PSU/NCAR meso-scale model corresponding to storms in the off the Spanish Mediterra-
(MM5), which gives the forcing of the wind at one-hour nean coast and northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Comparing these
intervals. The model is implemented using a configuration simulations with measures using single-point statistical
of four nested networks covering the Mediterranean Sea indicators, he showed that high-resolution results are af-
to the Naples Gulf. The internal mesh is having a higher fected by the so-called double sanction effect, although in
resolution of 1 km*1 km. Simulated directional spectral some cases they offer a better qualitative description of
waves were compared to storm surge data recorded in the event. Using a performance analysis of the configura-
the winter of 2000 off the Naples Gulf and to wind-wave tion calibrated on the post-prediction dataset, he showed
data collected by Idrografico and Mareografico off the that it is more efficient than the reference configuration
mouth of the Sele in the Salerno Gulf. It showed that by over a wide range of wave heights, for calm to moderate
the implementation of the wave model with reference to seas, while it increases the tendency to underestimate the
December 2004 storm on the Naples Gulf coast the need significant wave’s height under severe weather conditions.
for a regional model of wind waves for this complex area This work aims to compare the sea characteristics
from the orographic point of view. Ardhuin, et al. [1,2] used forced by the wind obtained by the atmospheric model
four different meteorological models and three different ALADIN (Area Limited Dynamic Adaptation Inter Na-
wave models to compare the characteristics of wind and tional Development) 8 km resolution, with those obtained
waves measured in the Mediterranean basin, with satellite using AROME wind (Application to Operational Research
observations. Or he found that near high-resolution coasts, at Mesoéchelle) 3km resolution, which propagate in the
2 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708

Algiers port region of using the Wave Watch III numerical Table 1. Simulation characteristics
model.
Simulation Model WaveWatch III
2. Simulation Study period 24h for 01/01/2019
Temporal resolution Criterion CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Levy)
The wave model solves the random spectral phase action
density equilibrium equation for the wavelength direction Initial Conditions Fetch-lim.JONSWAP
spectrum. Indeed, thanks to this spectrum it is possible to bathymetry ETOPO1
carry out a sea state modeling since this spectrum contains Parameterization shallow water
implicitly or explicitly wave data, sea current, wind, etc. Time step 900s
The implicit assumption of this equilibrium equation is
that the characteristics and the properties of the medium
such as water depth and current, as well as the field of
wave, vary with scales of time and space that are much
larger than the single wave variation scales. The govern-
ing equations modeling the spatial and temporal variations
in the growth and decay of waves produced by surface
wind, dissipation, and the bottom friction effects.
(1)
represents the limited spatial divergence operator

on the ocean surface, is the group speed,
U is the advection speed (current function), the intrinsic
frequency and S represents the source term for wave for-
mation and dissipation. The net source term is frequently
given by summing up the nonlinear term of wave-wave
interactions (Snl), the term of wind-wave interaction (Sin),
and the term of dissipation (Sds). In shallow water, addi- (a)
tional processes have to be taken account, most notably
wave-bottom interactions S bot.
S = S in + S nl + S ds + S bot (2)
As force, we used the zonal and meridian wind ALA-

DIN atmospheric model output (Area Limited Dynamic
Adaptation Inter National Development) with an 8 km
resolution (Figure 2), and AROME (Application to Oper-
ational Research at Mesoéchelle) with a 3km resolution
(Figure 3), for the 01/01/2019 on international port of Al-
giers (Figure 1). While the other simulation hypothesis is
shown in Table 1.
(b)
Figure 2. Zonal (a) and meridian (b) wind predicted by
ALADIN model
Figure 1. Study Zone: international port of Algiers

0,28 Hs (ALADIN)
0,27 Hs (AROME)
0,26
0,25
Significant Wave Height (m)

0,24
0,23
0,22
0,21
0,20
0,19
0,18
0,17
0,16
0,15
0,14
0,13
0,12
0,11
0,10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time (h)
Figure 4. Significant wave height at the Algiers port for

the 01/01/2019
24 L(ALADIN)
22 L (AROME)
20
18
16
wave lenght (m)

14
12
10
8
(a) 6
4
2
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time (h)
Figure 5. Wavelengths at the Algiers port for the

01/01/2019
4,00
Tr (ALADIN)
3,75
Tr (AROME)
3,50
3,25
3,00
2,75
Periode(s)
2,50
2,25
2,00
1,75
1,50
1,25
1,00
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time (h)
Figure 6. wave periods at the Algiers port for the

01/01/2019
0,70
(b) 0,65
fp (ALADIN)
fp (AROME)
0,60
Figure 3. Zonal (a) and meridian (b) wind predicted by 0,55
AROME model 0,50

frequency (Hz)
0,45
0,40
3. Results and Discussions 0,35
0,30
The different waves characteristics propagating on Al-

0,25
0,20
giers port evolution has been traced, for both fcases; that
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time (h)
forced by the atmospheric model ALADIN, and the other

with AROME: Figure 7. Wave frequencies at the Algiers port for the
01/01/2019

The significant height (Figure 4), is a very important References

statistical parameter used to characterize the sea state, it
represents the average of the heights (measured between [1] Ardhuin, F., Jenkins, A. D., & Belibassakis, K. A..
peak and trough) of the one-third of the highest waves.To Comments on “The Three-Dimensional Current
and Surface Wave Equations.” Journal of Physical
calculate it from a surface elevation record, the waves are
Oceanography, 2008a, 38(6): 1340–1350.
classified in order of height, and the average of the heights https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3670.1
of the upper third gives the short of time, their evolution [2] Ardhuin, F., Marié, L., Rascle, N., Forget, P., & Ro-
is random due to its direct discordance to the wind. The land, A.. Observation and estimation of Lagrangian,
comparison between the two significant height obtained Stokes and Eulerian currents induced by wind and
by ALADIN and AROME forcing wind shows a wide waves at the sea surface, 2008b: 2820–2838.
range of variability. The amplitude degrades from 0.14 m https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4169.1
around the 3h AM to 0.02m at 24h PM (Figure 5) Also [3] Benassai, G., & Ascione, I.. Implementation and Val-
present a difference between the two results obtained for idation of Wave Watch III Model Offshore the Coast-
wavelengths. It noted L and defined by the distance be- lines of Southern Italy, 2008: 553–560.
https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92555
tween two successive ridges. This difference varies from
[4] Bouws, E., Günther, H., Rosenthal, W., & Vincent,
1m to 3m around 24h PM. The periods corresponding to C. L.. Similarity of the wind-wave spectrum in finite
the maximum spectral density was influenced to (Figure depth water. Spectral Form. J. Geophys. Res, 1985,
6), and a difference of 0.25 s has been registered. The 90(C1): 975–986.
peak periods of the spectrum are empirically related to [5] Chen, Q., Zhao, H., Hu, K., & Douglass, S. L.. Pre-
the periods significant by the relation: Tp=1.05 Ts. Peak diction of Wind Waves in a Shallow Estuary. Journal
frequencies (Figure 7) representing the number of wave of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering,
trains passing at a fixed point in one second (in Hertz), 2005, 131(4): 137–148.
marks a gap from 0.25Hz to 0.5Hz. These differences are https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x
(2005)131:4(137)
mainly due to the high resolution (3km) of the AROME
[6] Mentaschi, L., Besio, G., Cassola, F., & Mazzino,
model, compared to that of ALADIN (8km).
A.. Performance evaluation of Wavewatch III in the
Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Modelling, 2015, 90:
4. Conclusion
82–94.
The numerical modeling of sea states is a fundamental https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.04.003
field in the coastal work sizing, the navigation safety, and [7] Okihiro, M., Guza, R. T., & Seymour, R. J.. Exci-
tation of Seiche Observed in a Small Harbor which
the beaches stability study . A sea state numerical simu-
are sheltered frequency The oscillatory outside the
lation in the Algiers port for 01/01/2019 using the Wave-
harbor at swell frequencies -2 Hz ). 1993, 98.
Watch III software was carried out. We used as forcing the [8] Rascle, N., & Ardhuin, F.. Drift and mixing under
zonal and meridian wind of the two atmospheric models; the ocean surface revisited: Stratified conditions and
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(Application to Operational Research at Meso-scale) with https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004466
a 3km resolution. We also used ETOPO1 bathymetry, a [9] Zijlema, M., Van Vledder, G. P., & Holthuijsen, L.
900s time steps, a Time Resolution and an initial Criterion H.. Bottom friction and wind drag for wave models.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.03.002
SWAP respectively. The results represented by wave char-
[10] Zodiatis, G., Galanis, G., Nikolaidis, A., Kalogeri,
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the AROME model, compared to that of ALADIN (8km). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.051


ARTICLE
Identification of Black Dragon forest fire in Amur River Basin Using
Satellite Borne NDVI Data and Its Impact on Long Range Transport
of Pollutants: A Case Study
Ankita Nath1　Reshmita Nath2*
1. Vivekananda College, West Bengal State University, India
2. Department of Earth System Science/Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, Chi-
na
Article history The Greater Hinggan Forest was the world’s largest stand of evergreens,
Received: 5 September 2019 along the Black Dragon River (also known as Amur), which forms the
border between Chinese Manchuria and Soviet Siberia. Black Dragon
Accepted: 23 September 2019 fire ranks as one of the worst environmental disasters of the 20th century
Published Online: 30 November 2019 and it burned about 18 million acres of conifer forest. In the 2nd week of
May, 1987, we observe more than 10K rise in brightness temperature over
Keywords: a wide region in the China-Russia border. The weekly mean NDVI data
Black Dragon forest fire shows the changes in greenness after the forest fire broke out. The NDVI
value is positive with persistent greenness and vegetation in the Amur
NDVI River valley, but from the 2nd week of May onwards the reddish patch
Ozone appears to spread over the entire region, indicates the burned areas. In ad-
Aerosol dition, we observe the impact of Black Dragon forest fire on tropospheric
ozone concentration, aerosol index away from the location over North
Transport
Pacific Ocean. A clear increase in atmospheric pollutants can be noticed
HYSPLIT model after the forest fire event and the long range transports are confirmed with
72 hours NOAA HYSPLIT forward trajectory analysis.
　
1. Introduction rences of the forest fires. Forest fires constitute a hazard
F
that causes large damages, especially in arid and semi-arid
orests, being the crucial ecological functions, reg- regions. In many cases, this hazard contributes significantly
ulate the climate and the water resources and serv- to changes in the local and even global climate, soil erosion
ing the habitats for numerous plants and animals. and leads to soil loss and desertification. The destruction of
Moreover, it provide a wide range of essential products for vegetation by forest fires can affect the land surface and the
the humanity such as wood, food, fodder, medicines, fossil hydrologic cycle, by increasing the surface albedo, surface
fuels etc. But in the recent decades, various anthropogenic runoff, and decreasing the evapotranspiration [5]. Moreover,
factors accelerate the frequency and the intensity of the the biomass burning can contribute, with gases, to the
extreme natural disasters which also escalate the occur- greenhouse effect and cause destruction of the stratospheric
Reshmita Nath,
Department of Earth System Science/Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Room S-807, Meng Minwei Science &
Technology Building, Haidian, Beijing, China;
E-mail: reshmita@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

ozone layer or the production of tropospheric Ozone [4]. the event and (d) trajectory of the particles released from
With the increasing number of satellite systems and on the event far away from the source location.
board efficient sensors, forest fires can be identified with
extreme accuracy by implying various remote sensing 2. Data Used
techniques. Among them the NOAA/AVHRR and MO-
Following are the data used for analysis:
DIS satellites are widely used by the scientific community.
(1) NOAA/AVHRR smoothed weekly means NDVI
The meteorological satellite NOAA/AVHRR contributed
and Brightness temperature data with 16 km resolution.
to the operational and assessment of natural hazards [9].
(2) TOMS-Nimbus 7 data for columnar Ozone and
Remotely sensed data and techniques have been used to
aerosol index.
detect active fires and extract the extent of the burned area
(3) NOAA HYSPLIT -Hybrid Single Particle Model
during the fire [2]. The methods usually applied are based
Trajectories.
on the thermal signal generated by flaming and/or smoul-
dering combustion [5] and the daily fire growth. The use of 3. Results and Discussions: A case study
contextual algorithms [3] can improve the detection of ac-
tive fires. Domenikiotis et al. [1] performed the case studies 3.1 Black Dragon Fire in Russia and China
of the forest fire on21–24 July 1995 in Penteli Mountain
The Greater Hinggan Forest was the world’s largest stand of
near Athens (shown below), and the forest fire of 16 Sep-
evergreens, stretching like a green velvet sea approximately
tember 1994 in Pelion Mountain, Central Greece. He had
500 miles long and 300 miles wide. It is bisected by the
used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Heilongjiang, or Black Dragon River (known in the West
and surface temperature (ST) derived from the National
by its Russian name, the Amur), which forms the border
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Advanced
between Chinese Manchuria and Soviet Siberia. Before the
Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) sat-
fires, the Manchurian part of the forest accounted for one-
ellite data. The availability of data from NASA’s Moderate
third of China’s timber reserves. In 1987, there had been
Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometers (MODIS), which
a prolonged period of dry weather, and the danger of fire
were launched in 2000 onboard the NASA Terra platform
was high on both sides of the river in the spring. The Black
and 2002 onboard the Aqua platform, collect high-quality,
Dragon Fire is perhaps an example that climate consider-
continuous directional observations to support the long
ations need to be fully integrated into fire management.
term monitoring of key biophysical variables. Products
generated from MODIS data characterize global vegeta-
tion dynamics, the surface energy budget, land cover, fire
and so on (Justice et al., 2002). Koji Nakau et al. detected
the boreal forest fires in Alaska and Siberia using MODIS
satellite imagery and compare the results with NOAA
satellite imagery. Morisette et al. [6] validate the MODIS
active fire detection products derived from two algorithms
and Csiszar et al. (2006) and Giglio et al. (2003) validate
the active fire detection by MODIS in Northern Eurasia.
In the present report we have focused on a case study
of Black Dragon Forest Fire, which broke out in May
1987 along the Amur River, the boundary between eastern Courtesy: Qu et al.[7], Developments in Environmental Science.
Siberia and Chinese Manchuria. Although, China is often We have identified the Black Dragon Fire from the
not considered as a country in which large forest fires NOAA/AVHRR weekly mean brightness temperature
occur, Black Dragon fire rank as one of the worst environ- data. It reveals the hot spots caused by the fire with tem-
mental disasters of the 20th or any other century [8]. The perature ranges from 300 to 335 K. A clear increase in
fires were more than 10 times the size of the 1986 fires in brightness can be seen in the 2nd week of May, 1987, when
Yellowstone National Park and it burned about 18 million the Black Dragon fire broke out severely. Figure 1 shows
acres of conifer forest [7]. The outline of the present report the weekly difference in brightness temperature before
include the (a) identification of the Black Dragon fire from and after the event. More than 10K rise in brightness tem-
NOAA/AVHRR NDVI and Brightness temperature data, perature has been recorded over a wide region in the Chi-
(b) changes in the greenness before and after the event, (c) na-Russia border. We have also plotted the weekly mean
enhancement in columnar Ozone and aerosol index after NDVI data to observe the changes in greenness after the

forest fire broke out (Figure 2). The NDVI value is posi- ond week of May the total columnar ozone increases by
tive with persistent greenness and vegetation in the Amur about 200 DU, which is possibly due to long range trans-
River valley, but from the 2nd week of May onwards the port of ozone from the forest fire location.
reddish patch (negative NDVI) appears to spread over the
entire region, indicates the burned areas. A wider swath
of the region was affected by the Black Dragon fire with
intense loss greenness and vegetation.
Figure 1. Weekly mean difference in NOAA/AVHRR,

Brightness temperature, before and after the Black Dragon
Fire event
Figure 3. Pentad means difference in TOMS-Nimbus 7
columnar Ozone value before and after the fire event
In addition the aerosol index also increases by 8 units
(Figure 4) after the Forest fire broke out. The particles
species like PM 2.5 travel far away from the source and
can be seen over the North Pacific Ocean in the second
week of May within 72 hours of the massive forest fire
broke out. To visualize this long distance transport by
wind we have also plotted the trajectories of plumes and
the particles after 72 hours of the onset of the fire event
using NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL trajectories analysis.
Figure 2. Weekly mean NOAA/AVHRR, NDVI data
during the fire event. The green color indicate the greenness
i.e. vegetation and the red indicates lack of vegetation
3.2 Impact of Black Dragon Fire on Atmospheric

Pollution
Tropospheric Ozone has negative impact on the human
health and ecosystems and the wildfires are one of the
sources which have significant impact on the climate.
Moreover, the forest fires emit pollutants and aerosols
particles (pm 2.5) which persist in the atmosphere for long
time and have significant impact on the radiation budget
of the atmosphere. In this case study, we have observed a
significant increase in the total columnar ozone over the
North Pacific Ocean and aerosol index soon after the fire
broke out. The top, middle and the lower panel shows the
changes in tropospheric ozone before, during and after the
Figure 4. Pentad means difference in TOMS-Nimbus 7
Black Dragon forest fire broke out (Figure 3). In the sec- Aerosol Index value before and after the fire event

3.3 NOAA HYSPLIT Trajectories 4. Summary and Conclusions

The HYSPLIT model is a complete system for computing The Greater Hinggan Forest was the world’s largest stand
simple air parcel trajectories, as well as complex transport, of evergreens, along the Black Dragon River (also known
dispersion, chemical transformation and deposition simu- as Amur), which forms the border between Chinese Man-
lations. HYSPLIT model is widely used to study the atmo- churia and Soviet Siberia. In this study we have used the
spheric transport and dispersions by simulating back and NOAA/AVHRR weekly mean NDVI and Brightness tem-
forward trajectories to determine the origin of air masses. It perature data, TOMS-Nimbus 7 data for columnar Ozone
is used in variety of simulations to describe the atmospheric and aerosol index and NOAA HYSPLIT -Hybrid Single
transport, dispersion, deposition of pollutants and hazard- Particle Model Trajectories for long range transport of the
ous materials. In this case study we used the 72 hours for-
pollutants from the source region.
ward trajectories of the air masses from the location of the
Black Dragon fire is one of the biggest forest fire and
Black Dragon forest fire and reported long range transport
worst environmental disasters of the 20th century and it
of pollutants over North Pacific Ocean. The Figure 5 shows
burned about 18 million acres of conifer forest. In the 2nd
the 72 hours HYSPLIT MODEL forward trajectories for
week of May, 1987, the brightness temperature increases
the plumes which contain minute aerosol particles like PM
more than 10K along the Amur River basin. The chang-
2.5 from the Black Dragon fire location. After 72 hours,
the PM 2.5 particle trajectories appear to advect over North es in greenness can be seen in the weekly mean NDVI
Pacific Ocean and results are consistent with Figure 4. Sim- data during and after the forest fire broke out. In the 2nd
ilarly, Figure 6 shows the three dimensional propagation of week of May the NDVI shifted from positive value i.e.
particles from the ground level location of the forest fire to greenness to negative and widespread burning can be seen
~6 km over North Pacific Ocean. along the Amur River basin. We observe the impact of
Black Dragon forest fire on tropospheric ozone concen-
tration and aerosol index, which increases sharply during
and after the forest fire broke out, however, at locations
far away from the origin. A clear increase in atmospheric
pollutants can be noticed over the North Pacific Ocean,
which is due to long range transports and the results are
confirmed using 72 hours NOAA HYSPLIT forward tra-
jectory analysis.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge NOAA Atmospheric Re-
Figure 5. NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL trajectories for the search Laboratory for providing the HYSPLIT model
plumes which contain minute aerosol particles like PM 2.5 trajectories. The research work is supported by National
after 72 hours of onset of the event Natural Science Foundation of China International Coop-
eration and Exchange Program (4181101072).
References
[1] Domenikiotis, C et al.. The use of NOAA/AVHRR
satellite data for monitoring and assessment of forest
fires and floods, Natural Hazards and Earth System
Sciences, 2003, 3: 115–128.
[2] Domenikiotis, C., Dalezios, N. R., Loukas, A., Kar-
teris, M.. Agreement assessment of NOAA/AVHRR
NDVI with Landsat TM NDVI for mapping burned
forested areas, Int. J. Remote Sens. 2002, 23: 4235–
4246, .
Figure 6. NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL, 3 dimensional [3] Eva, H. D. and Flasse, S.. Contextual and multi-
trajectories for the particles which after 72 hours of onset ple-threshold algorithms for regional active fire de-
of the event tection with AVHRR data, Remote Sens. Rev., 1996,

14: 333–351. [7] Qu et al.. Remote Sensing Applications of Wildland

[4] Jaffe, D. A., N. L.. Wigder. Ozone production from Fire and Air Quality in China, Developments in En-
wildfires: A critical review, Atmospheric Environ- vironmental Science, 2009, 8.
ment, 2012, 51: 1-10. [8] Salisbury, H.E.. The great black dragon fire: A Chi-
[5] Matson, M., Stephens, G., Robinson, J. M.. Fire de- nese inferno. Little, Brown & Company, Boston,
tection using data from NOAA-N satellites, Int. J. 1989.
Remote Sens, 1987, 8: 961–970. [9] San Miguel-Ayanz, J., Vogt, J., De Roo, A.,
[6] Morisette, J. T., et al.. Validation of MODIS Active Schmuck, G.. Natural hazards monitoring: Forest
Fire Detection Products Derived from Two Algo- fires, droughts, and floods-The example of European
rithms, Earth Interactions, 2005, 9(9): 1. pilot projects, Surv. Geophys., 2000, 21: 291– 305.


ARTICLE
Role of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Height and Ventilation
Coefficient on Urban Air Quality- A study based on Observations and
NWP Model
Aditi Singh*
Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
Article history Air pollution is an issue of great concern in any urban region due to its
Received: 18 November 2019 serious health implications. The capital of India, New Delhi continues
to be in the list of most polluted cities since 2014. The air quality of any
Accepted: 25 November 2019 region depends on the ability of dispersion of air pollutants. The height or
Published Online: 30 November 2019 depth of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is one measure of disper-
sion of air pollutants. Ventilation coefficient is another crucial parameter
Keywords: in determining the air quality of any region. Both of these parameters
ABL are obtained over Delhi from the operational global numerical weather
prediction (NWP) model of National Centre for Medium Range Weather
Ventilation Coefficient forecasting (NCMRWF) known as NCMRWF Unified Model (NCUM).
Parcel Method The height of ABL over Delhi, is also obtained from radiosonde obser-
Air Quality Index vations using the parcel method. A good agreement is found between
the observed and predicted values of ABL height. The maximum height
NWP model
of ABL is obtained during summer season and minimum is obtained in
winter season. High values of air pollutants are found when the values of
ABL height and ventilation coefficient are low.
　
1. Introduction of air pollutants. The height of the atmospheric boundary
A
layer is the height at which the maximum vertical mixing
ir Pollution has become one of the major envi- occurs and thus determines the ability of pollutants to
ronmental issues in urban areas all over the world disperse. The height of the boundary layer varies both in
due to its adverse effects on human health [5]. The time and space ranging from hundreds of meters to few ki-
air quality of any region decreases due to emission from lometres. The ventilation coefficient, is another significant
vehicular and industrial sources. In addition, the air qual- parameter which gives the ability of atmosphere to dilute
ity also depends on the prevailing meteorological condi- and disperse the pollutants over a region. It is a function
tions. For example, when the pollutants are trapped below of height of ABL and average wind speed within the ABL.
an inversion and there is no exchange between polluted A number of studies conducted in recent past has related
and clean air the air quality of that region gets affected se- ABL height and ventilation coefficient to air quality [8,12].
verely. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the low- Delhi, the capital of India, is located at 28.5° N lati-
est part of troposphere and plays a vital role in dispersion tude and 77° E longitude at 216 m above mean sea level.
Aditi Singh,
Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India;
Email: aditi.singh76@gov.in

It has Thar desert in the West, central hot plains in the The height of the ABL in NCUM is based on parcel
South and hills in the North and the East. The city has a and bulk Richardson number method. Both of these meth-
semi-arid climate with long summers from April to Octo- ods are widely used to obtain the ABL height in convec-
ber with monsoon season in between and winters during tive conditions. The parcel method determines the height
October to January with a large number of fog events of the ABL in convective conditions as the height of inter-
[1]
. There has been increase in air pollutant emissions of section of actual potential temperature profile with the dry
particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen adiabatic lapse rate starting with the near surface tempera-
oxides (NOx), carbon monoxides (CO) and hydrocar- ture [7].
bons due to rapid population growth. The increased level Another method used to determine ABL height is based
of pollutants in Delhi results in health and respiratory on bulk Richardson number (Rib) for boundary layer. This
impacts and the city is characterized as the “asthma cap- method defines the top of the ABL as the level at which
ital” of India [4]. Rib exceeds a critical value. The critical value of Rib is cho-
The studies conducted in past [2,3,6,11,13] indicates that sen as 0.25 [14]. The difference between ABL height ob-
not a single factor but a number of sources including in- tained from parcel and bulk Richardson number method is
dustries, power plants, domestic combustion of coal and negligible [7]. The height of the boundary layer in NCUM
biomass and transport are responsible for air pollution in is computed by taking maximum height of the two meth-
Delhi. The contributions from different sources is also ods- parcel and Rib number method.
affected during summer and winter months. The pollu- The bulk Richardson number at any level (h) is defined
tion levels in Delhi are higher during winter season in the as:
months of November to February. The events of smog and
fog occur frequently over Delhi in winter season causing gh θ v ( h ) − θ v1
Rib ( h ) = (1)
frequent delays and cancellations of flights [1]. A particu- θ v1 U ( h )2 + V ( h )2
late matter source apportionment study for four seasons
was conducted on measured PM2.5 concentration at Here θv1 is the virtual potential temperature at the low-
various locations over Delhi by Chowdhary et al. [2]. The est vertical level and θv(h) is the same at height h. U and V
study indicated that average PM2.5 during winter months are mean flow components at height h and g is the gravity
is higher than summer months. of earth.
While the previous studies helped us in understanding The ventilation coefficient (VC) in the model is com-
the sources of air pollution in Delhi, but the studies on puted as the product of ABL height and wind speed within
association of ABL height and ventilation coefficient with the ABL. The wind speed within the ABL is the average
pollution levels are limited. Keeping a view of this, the of wind speed at surface and at the top of the ABL. Eq. (2)
present study addresses the variation of boundary layer is used in the model to compute VC.
height and ventilation coefficient and their correlation
with air pollution over Delhi. The focus of this study is to VC= (Height of the ABL x Wind speed within the ABL)
utilize the forecast of boundary layer height and ventila- (2)
tion coefficient of global operational numerical weather
The ABL height obtained over Delhi from NCUM is
prediction model. The main objectives of the study is to
verified with the observed ABL height for a period of one
obtain boundary layer height over Delhi from model and
year.
verify it against observation during 2017-2018 and to in-
vestigate the role of boundary layer height and ventilation 3. Materials and Methods
coefficient on the dispersion of air pollutants.
An attempt has been made in the study to correlate the
2. Determination of Height of ABL and Venti- air pollution over Delhi with ABL height and ventilation
lation Coefficient from NCUM coefficient. The analysis is carried out for a period of one
year and the values of Air Quality Index (AQI) are cor-
The Unified Model (UM) is the operational model of NC- related with height of boundary layer. Air quality index is
MRWF and is known as NCUM. The horizontal resolu- a tool that monitors air quality of any location at real time.
tion of the model used in the present study is 17 km and it It accurately reflects the extent of air pollution in region.
has 70 vertical levels spanning from ground up to around The values of AQI at different locations across Delhi and
80 km altitude. The hourly forecast of height of the ABL National Capital Region (NCR) are available on website
is available from NCUM and is used in the present study. of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)[3] (https://

app.cpcbccr.com/AQI_India/). The AQI is computed category to poor and very poor category from the month of
based on real time data of particulate matter (PM10 and October. There are maximum number of days in poor and
PM2.5), sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon mon- very poor category in the months of November, December,
oxide, ozone, ammonia and benzene obtained from the January and February (Figure 2).
number of air quality monitoring stations installed in dif-
ferent parts of Delhi. The real time pollution figures from
these stations in the city are available on Delhi Pollution
Control Committee (DPCC), System of Air Quality and
Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) and CPCB
websites. The data from all these websites is used to cal-
culate the overall AQI at different locations in Delhi and
is displayed on website of CPCB. Six different categories
of air pollution are identified depending on the values of
AQI (Table 1).
Table 1. Classification of Air Quality

AQI Category
0-50 Good
51-100 Satisfactory
101-200 Moderate Figure 1. Primary pollutant from December 2017-No-
201-300 Poor vember 2018
301-400 Very Poor
401-500 Severe
The height of the ABL from the model is obtained for

convective conditions, thus the ABL height at 1200 UTC
is correlated with air quality index at 1700 IST. The ABL
height from the model is obtained for Indira Gandhi In-
ternational (IGI) Airport (Latitude 28.57° N, Longitude
77.12° E) and thus AQI values of IGI are utilized in the
present study.
The AQI of IGI airport in the present study is the con-
centration in micrograms/m3 of the primary pollutant from
the five pollutants PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO and Ozone.
The value at any hour is the average of previous 24 hours.
Figure 1. shows the primary pollutant at the site in different
months during December 2017-November 2018. It is clear
Figure 2. Air Quality Index (AQI) from December
that PM2.5 is primary pollutant from October-February
2017-November 2018
whereas from March-September majority of days have
PM10 as primary pollutant at the selected site in the present The height of ABL and the ventilation coefficient (VC)
study. The concentrations of NO2 and Ozone are zero for is obtained from the operational global model NCUM at 12
the entire study period and thus both of them are not includ- UTC every day for a period of one year during 2017-2018.
ed in the figure. The air quality is in moderate and satisfac- The observed ABL height, computed from radiosonde ob-
tory category for maximum number of days in pre-mon- servations using the parcel method is utilized to verify the
soon season (March, April and May) and monsoon season ABL height obtained from the model. The observed ABL
(June, July, August and September) respectively. Out of 299 height over Delhi is computed using the high-resolution
days, there are only three days of good air quality one in radiosonde observations available from University of Wy-
the month of July and two days in the month of September. oming site (http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair). The radio-
Similarly, there are only three days with severe air quali- sonde observations for Delhi (Station ID-42182, Latitude
ty two observed in the month of June and one during the 28.580 N, Longitude 77.20 E) are available at 00 and 12
month of November. The air quality shifts from moderate UTC, the present study utilizes the observations at 12 UTC

to compute the ABL height. The traditional parcel method hours forecast of ABL height from NCUM (Figure 4). The
is utilized in present study to obtain ABL height over Delhi. coefficient of determination (R2) for ABL height is 0.55.
The altitude (z) where the dry adiabatic line (DLR) inter- The monthly variations of ABL height are shown in Fig-
sects the temperature profile i.e. environmental lapse rate ure 5a, during the period from 2017-2018 at the study site.
(ELR) is defined as the height of the ABL (Figure 3). A gradual rise is noticed in ABL height from December
to May and then sudden drop occurs in June. The higher
values in the month of May are due to thermal convection
processes during pre-monsoon season and the lowest values
are in the month of December (winter season).
The monthly variations in VC are shown in Figure 5b.
The highest value of VC is obtained in the month of May
(pre-monsoon season) due to high values of ABL height
and the lowest value is obtained in the month of Novem-
ber (post-monsoon season). The values of VC in Decem-
ber and January are higher in comparison to those ob-
tained in the month of October and November. Although
the height of ABL is higher (~1000 m) in the month of
October and November than those obtained in the month
of December and January (~500 m) Figure 5a., the higher
values of VC in winter months (December and January
may be due to higher wind speed within the boundary
layer during these months. Thus, not only convection but
mixing in the boundary layer also have significant role in
Figure 3. ABL Height determination using Parcel Method dispersion of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere.
Figure 5c shows the variations of AQI over Delhi from
4. Results and Discussions 2017-2018. It is obvious that high values of AQI during
winter and post monsoon season are due to low values of
ABL height and VC during these months. It is found that
AQI is in poor and very poor category in winter and post
monsoon season due to low values VC, promoting the lon-
ger residence time of pollutants in the atmosphere during
these seasons (Figure 5b). Figure 6 explains the correla-
tion between AQI and VC and both are inversely related
to each other in agreement with results reported earlier [9,10].
Figure 4. Observed and Predicted ABL Height during

2017-2018
The objective of the present study is to analyse the
relationship of ABL height and ventilation coefficient ob-
tained from NCUM with air pollution over Delhi. In view
of this, the 36-hour forecast of ABL height from NCUM is
verified against the observed ABL height over Delhi. The
observed ABL height at 12 UTC correlates well with 36

The most significant meteorological parameters for dis-

persion of air pollutants are wind speed and ABL height,
within which the pollutants are mixed. The results of the
present study indicate that the model predicted values of
ABL height and VC can be utilized to determine the dis-
persion of air pollutants as the higher values of AQI are
found for low values of ABL height and VC.
5. Summary and Conclusions

The present study examines the role of ABL height and
VC in dispersion of air pollutants over Delhi during 2017-
2018. The ABL height and VC are obtained from global
NWP model NCUM. The height of the ABL from NCUM
is validated with observed ABL height obtained using
radiosonde observations over Delhi. The main findings of
the study include the following:
(1) The average monthly observed and predicted ABL
height is maximum in pre-monsoon season due to strong
convective activity and minimum in winter season in
association with stable atmosphere. A good agreement is
found between observed and predicted ABL height.
(2) VC is maximum in the month of May and mini-
mum value is obtained during November. The value of
VC is dependent on ABL height and wind speed within
the boundary layer, thus despite of lower values of ABL
height in December and January in comparison to those
in October and November the values of VC are higher in
these two months than October and November .
(3) Monthly variation of AQI shows minimum values
in monsoon season and maximum values in winter and
post-monsoon season. Due to low values of ABL height
Figure 5. Variation of (a) Observed and Predicted ABL in winter and post monsoon season, the pollutants get
height (b) VC and (c) Average AQI over Delhi during trapped in stable layer and act as a capping to the mixed
2017-2018 layer that leads to elevated ground level concentrations
and thus higher values of AQI. The values of AQI are
minimum in monsoon season although the values of VC
are highest in pre-monsoon season. This may be due to
the fact that in monsoon season the pollutant get washed
out due to precipitation events leading low ground level
concentrations. During pre-monsoon season Delhi and
most parts of north west India experiences a number of
dust storms which leads to high values of AQI.
References
[1] Ali, K., Momin, G. A., Tiwari, S., Safai, P. D., Chate,
D. M., & Rao, P. S. P.. Fog and precipitation chemis-
try at Delhi, North India. Atmospheric Environment,
2004, 38: 4215–4222.
[2] Chowdhury, Z., Zheng, M., Schauer, J. J., Sheesley,
R. J., Salmon, L. G., Cass, G. R., et al.. Speciation
Figure 6. Scatter Plot between VC and AQI

of ambient fine organic carbon particles and source station using UHF wind profiler. Current Science,
apportionment of PM2.5 in Indian cities. Journal of 2004, 86: 447–451.
Geophysical Research, 2007, 112: D15303 [10] Mahalakshmi, D. V., Sujatha, P., Naidu, C. V., &
[3] CPCB. Central Pollution Control Board. New Delhi: Chowdary, V. M.. Contribution of vehicular emission
Government of India, 2010. on urban air quality: Results from public strike in
[4] Dubey, M.. Delhi is India’s Asthma capital. New Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Radio & Space Phys-
Delhi: Mail Today, 2009. ics, 2014, 43: 340–348.
[5] Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., [11] Mohan, M., & Kandya, A.. An analysis of the annual
and Pozzer, A. The contribution of outdoor air pollu- and seasonal trends of air quality index of Delhi.En-
tion sources to premature mortality on a global scale, vironmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 131:
Nature, 2015, 525: 367–371. 267–277.
[6] Gurjar, B. R., van Aardenne, J. A., Lelieveld, J., & [12] Nair, K. Sandhya, Madhusoodanan, M.S. and Meha-
Mohan, M. Emission estimates and trends (1990– jan, R.K. The role of boundary layer height (BLH)
2000) for megacity Delhi and implications. Atmo- variations on pollution dispersion over a coastal sta-
spheric Environment, 2004, 38: 5663–5681. tion in the southwest peninsular India, 2018.
[7] Hennumth, B. and Lammert, A. Determination of At- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.07.011
mospheric Boundary Layer height from Radiosonde [13] Reddy, M. S., & Venkataraman, C.. Inventory of
and Lidar Backscatter, Boundary Layer Meteorology, aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India: I—
2006, 120: 181-200. Fossil fuel combustion. Atmospheric Environment,
[8] Iyer, U. S. and Ernest Raj P. Ventilation coefficients 2002, 36: 677–697.
trends in the recent decades over four major Indian [14] Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S. E., Joffre, S.,
metropolitan cities, Journal of Earth System and Sci- Rasmussen A., Tercier, P. Review and Intercompar-
ence, 2013, 122: 537-549. ison of Operational Methods for the Determination
[9] Krishnan, P., & Kunhikrishnan, P. K.. Temporal vari- of the Mixing Height. Atmos. Environ., 2000, 34:
ations of ventilation coefficient at a tropical Indian 1001–1027.


ARTICLE
Perception and Knowledge on Climate Change: A Case Study of
University Students in Bangladesh
Bezon Kumar1*　Arif Ibne Asad2　Borun Chandraaroy1　Purnima Banik3
1. Department of Economics, Rabindra University, Bangladesh
2. Department of Economics, Varendra University, Bangladesh
3. Department of Information Science and Library Management, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Article history This paper mainly investigates the perception and knowledge on climate
Received: 28 July 2019 change of the university students in Bangladesh. To carry out this study,
primary data collected from 370 students and several statistical methods
Accepted: 25 December 2019 are used. Perception and knowledge on the causes, effects and mitigation
Published Online: 30 December 2019 ways of climate change problems, and perceived duties to combat against
climate change are analyzed with descriptive statistics. This paper finds
Keywords: that deforestation is the main cause of global warming and climate change
Climate Change and, the effects of climate change is very serious on people’s health. Ma-
jority portion of the students think that it is difficult to combat against cli-
Sustainable Development mate change problem because it has already been too late to take action.
Bangladesh Besides this study also finds that government is crucially responsible for
combating against climate change problem. The study calls for govern-
ment mainly besides industry and youths to aware people about the caus-
es, effects, mitigation ways of climate change so that they can contribute
to the sustainable development by mitigating climate change problem.
　
1. Introduction ical, socio-cultural and economic condition set in motion of
T
below average [3]. As a result, it is the responsibility for all
he earth is threatened due to the climate change and walks of life to come forward to tackle the climate change
environmental degradation. In addition, the world problem and it requires introducing a basic understanding of
is again induced by the rapid growth of economy, public perception on vulnerabilities, risks, uncertainties and
urbanization and population. In the case of climatic change adaptations in relation to climate change [1]. Although the 13th
concerns, Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable coun- goal of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has strongly
tries in the world [1]. There have been several reasons for expressed about “climate actions”, it can only be successfully
Bangladesh to remain standing such a susceptible situation achieved when community based strategies are designed and
regarding climate change, for example, geographical loca- implemented. To tackle environmental degradation as well
tion, flat and low-lying landscape, high density of population, as implementation to SDGs, it is intuitively required to the
poverty and malnutrition, unsafe agro-food production, lack involvement of the youth. As soon as they are understood
of proper education, poor institutional set up and so on [2]. about the differential features of the atmosphere, they can
These problems trigger serious consequences when the phys- employ their efforts not only to face immediate challenges
Bezon Kumar,
Department of Economics, Rabindra University, Bangladesh, Shahjadpur, Sirajganj, Bangladesh;
Email: bezon.kumar3@gmail.com

but even they partake preparing against the long term effects. Moreover, according to Harding, et al. [4] the involve-
In the flowchart, adapted from Harding, et al. [4], stated ment of students as well as young generation to the envi-
below, the youth’s (students) perception regarding the ronmental accountabilities has tremendous effect in the
climate change as well as sustainable environment is very long-run, such as, accountability behaviors and attitudes
straight forward. It is the present youths will build to the of youth may contribute to the low environmental degra-
next generation where their choices and activities are real- dation; utilizing the technological devices, young people
ly inevitable for the society. That means the students’ per- can know how and where carbon pollution is eliminated
formance of choosing either their career or consumption and can help to communicate the vulnerable peasant soci-
level depends how much amiable would be the climate ety to the prosperous nation; gathering the technological
for people in the near future. Firstly, whenever students knowledge from school, youths can expand green technol-
motive to welfare the community as well as surrounding, ogies. Throughout the world, many researchers investigat-
there would not any outcome from them which further ed the farmers’ and agricultural professionals’ perceptions,
degrades the environment. The outcome from economic attitudes and adaptation strategies on climate change [5-9].
activities, such as agro-productions, investments, manu- In addition, studies on indigenous people’s perception [10]
facturing products, services and others will accommodate and public’s perception about climate change [11-13] are also
the market demand. While the youth try to consume bio investigated.
or organic products, it would much more closer to achieve However, very scant attention has been drawn to the
the way of environmental sustainability. On the other students’ perception on climate change. From the deliber-
hand, there is no commitment to a safe climate at all. ate review of literature, it is found that [14-18] investigated
The climate will take revenges in terms of climatic di- on the students’ perception. The focal point of these stud-
sasters and it will stimulate world’s suffering and vulner- ies implies that climate change awareness creates major
ability. Secondly, the students’ consumption behavior will influence on its adaptation and mitigation strategies. On
affect the atmosphere to a large context. Either they choose the other hand, very few studies investigated the connec-
the basket of goods is associated with high mass carbon tion between students’ perception and climatic issues. In
emissions or they can choose environment friendly bio or this regard, a study by Zhao [19] suggests that the ongoing
organic products. Indeed, the choices are going to stimulate curriculum among college students is insufficient regard-
activities which either damage the survivals or not. That ing students’ responsibility towards climate change cure.
means rapid carbon emission to the environment triggers On the other hand, Hoffman [20] demonstrates that students
the climatic vulnerabilities, like floods, river erosions, can adopt a better solution through the updated technolo-
thunder storms, droughts, typhoons and cyclical storms. gies in the world although there are very limited beneficia-
In addition, the number of pollutants will increase further ry groups for thinking about the future environment. Both
and it will be treated hardly a better place for human being. the perception on climate change and the role of forests
Nevertheless, people particularly the young generation may played crucial contributions among students about the cli-
raise voices against the detrimental effects what humans al- matic development [14]. In this regard, urban students are
ready have done and endangered the upcoming generations. far better than rural students as urban students have better
To support the polluted and impaired world, they may come understanding than rural students on global warming and
forward with a unique slogan, “To help the environment is climate change [21].
to save the human being from extinction”. That is the moral Authors of this paper find some limitations in the
attitude, indeed individuals are far away from it. In such previous studies. Moreover, proper investigation has not
way, perhaps people can be able to survive in the world. been carried out on this issue in the context of Bangladesh
If the effects are spread very rapidly, people will reach for which pushes authors to investigate deeply. Thus, this pa-
sustained environmental development. per specifically explores students’ perception and knowl-
edge on: (i) the causes of climate change, (ii) the effects
of climate change, (iii) the mitigation ways of climate
change and (iv) the duties to climate actions.
It is definitely undeniable that the importance of cli-
matic study among the youth is inevitable, particularly
the university students who are going to rule the society
very soon. They will understand about the relevance of
Figure 1. Youth’s perception in sustainable environmental
such discipline in the practical arena. In this study, the
development
researchers try to find out the aspect to possess a better
Source: Adapted from Harding, et al. [4]

living place in the world. about the causes of climate change. Perceptions on the
causes of climate change are divided into three categories:
2. Data and Methods true, false and don’t know. The perceptions of the stu-
dents’ perception about the causes of climate change are
This paper is mainly based on primary data. To carry out
presented in Table 1.
this paper, Rajshahi district among 64 districts of Bangla-
desh is selected randomly as the study area as it is known
Table 1. Students’ perception about the causes of climate
as education city of the country. In this district, hundreds change
of educational institutions are currently providing edu-
cation services to the students. As this study focuses on Frequency
the university level students, only the universities of this Factors
Don’t
True False
district are considered here. Rajshahi district belongs four know
universities of which two are public university and the Carbon dioxide emission causes global warming and
climate change
352 7 11
rest two are private. Among these four universities, one
Unplanned human settlements causes climate change 334 3 33
university is randomly selected and Varendra University
High consumption and production causes climate
was selected. The university is running with 5000 students change
314 7 48
at 3 faculties such as Arts and Social Sciences, Business
Deforestation cause climate change 364 4 2
and, Science and Engineering faculties. From the uni-
versity registrar office, the list of faculty wise students is Methane is a greenhouse gas causes climate change 241 55 74
collected. These faculties are assigned as stratum. Using Unsustainable development causes climate change
362 3 5
problem
the stratified sampling method, sample is selected and the
Burning fossil fuels causes climate change 358 3 9
number of sample size is determined by the following for-
mula stated by Taro Yamane. Rising livestock farming causes climate change 222 73 75
Violation of the commitment of “Kyoto Protocol”
7 49 314
N 5000 causes climate change
=n = = 370
1 + Ne 1 + 5000(0.052 )
2 Source: Field survey, 2019
Table 1 represents that 364 students out of 370 students

where, n = sample size, N= population size and e = rate
stated that deforestation is the prime cause of climate
of precision (0.05). Data are collected from 370 students
change. In addition, the second highest portion answered
from the faculties randomly with a well-structured ques-
the causes of climate change is true in case of unsus-
tionnaire during January to June 2019 through face to face
tainable development causes climate change. Besides,
interview.
352 students responded that the carbon dioxide emission
After sorting, coding and finalizing, data were analyzed
causes global warming potential and this gas is stronger
through SPSS 23 by descriptive statistics such as frequen-
than all other greenhouse gases while 7 students perceived
cy distribution and presented in tabular form. More spe-
wrong and the rest 11 is don’t know. Moreover, among the
cifically, students’ perception about the causes of climate
370 students, 352 confirmed that unplanned human set-
change is measured with three points likert scale such as
tlement causes climate change. Contrarily, the large por-
true, false and don’t know while the seriousness of the ef-
tion of students answered don’t know about the violation
fects of climate change is measured with five point likert
of the commitment of “Kyoto Protocol” causes climate
scale such as very unserious, unserious, moderate, serious
change. From this analysis, it is found that deforestation is
and very serious. The ways to mitigate the adverse effects
the main cause climate change.
of climate change is measured with five point likert scale
such as strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and 3.2 Seriousness of the Effects of Climate Change
strongly agree besides duties to climate action is also mea- on Different Sectors
sured with five point likert scale such as not at all, small
portion, half, major portion and almost. The effects of climate change is quite diversified and
multi-folds. The intensity of these effects in different
3. Results and Discussion sectors is not same. In this study, the researchers try to
identify the intensity of different climate related effects in
3.1 Students’ Perception about the Causes of Cli- different sectors. Based on the responses of students, the
mate Change effects of climate change in different sectors is shown in
This paper intends to examine the students’ perception Table 2.

Table 2. Seriousness of the effects of climate change in The awareness about

climate change can
different sectors help significantly to - - 59 44 267
decrease the effects of
Frequency climate change
Sectors Not very Not Mod- Seri- Very It is difficult to combat
serious serious erate ous serious against climate change
Ecological environment as it is too serious and - - 11 22 337
and wildlife
- - 11 26 333 our actions are already
too late
Industrial and commercial
activities
- 30 155 167 18 Source: Field survey, 2019
Physical assets/infrastruc-
ture
3 26 26 56 259 Table 3 represents that as the ways of mitigating climate
Energy use and supply - 11 26 92 241 change problem, majority portion of the students are strong-
Food supply - 7 11 74 278
ly agree with ‘influencing others to adopt low-carbon life-
style can combat climate change (277)’ and ‘the awareness
People’s health - - 3 8 359
about climate change can help significantly to decrease the
Source: Field survey, 2019
effects of climate change (267)’. More than this, the highest
Table 2 reveals that the highest portion of the students portion of the students are strongly agree with ‘it is difficult
(359 students) responded that the effects of climate change to combat climate change problem as it is too serious and
are very serious on people’s health while the second our actions are already too late (337)’. Besides, a significant
highest portion of the students perceived that the effects portion of the students are neutral for mitigating the climate
is very serious in case of the ecological environment and problem of the following ways such as ‘an individual stu-
wildlife (333). In addition, the effect was very serious on dent actions can help mitigate the climate change problem
physical assets/infrastructure (259), energy use and sup- (241)’ and ‘the governments and businesses is more in-
ply (241) and food supply (278). On the other hand, the fluential to mitigate the issue of climate change seriously
majority portion of the students responded that the effects (248). On the other hand, the major portion of the students
of climate change are serious in case of the industrial and are strongly disagree with ‘Technology can help to mitigate
commercial activities (167). This analysis reveals that the the climate change problem (167)’ as a way to mitigate of
effect of climate change is very serious on people’s health. the climate change problem. Although there were some
ways mitigating the effects of climate change to a great
3.3 Students’ Perception about the Ways Mitigat- extent, it is difficult to combat climate change problem as it
ing the Climate Change Problem is too serious and our actions are already too late has been
To make different sectors of the countries like Bangladesh highly perceived by the highest portion of the students.
free from the adverse effects of climate change, it is inev-
3.4 Perceived Duties to Climate Action
itable to find out the ways mitigating the problems of cli-
mate change. Table 3 shows the students’ perception about Although climate change is a global concerning issue, espe-
the ways to mitigate the climate change problem. cially it is more pressing in the developing countries. Over
last few decades, not only natural environment but also all
Table 3. Students’ perception about ways to mitigate the the physical assets, wildlife and human being are badly af-
climate change problem fected by the adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, it
Frequency stresses to take responsibilities for reducing climate change
Ways to mitigate cli-
mate change problem Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Strongly problem. Table 4 represents the distribution of different
disagree agree
An individual’s actions
agents who can take responsibilities to work for mitigating
can help in mitigating
- 7 241 49 74 the climate change problem and sustainable environment.
the climate change
problem
Influencing people Table 4. Perceived duties to climate action
to adopt low-carbon
lifestyle can combat - - 59 34 277 Level of responsibility (Frequency)
against the climate
Small por- Major por-
change problem Agents Not at all Half Almost
tion tion
Technology can help
to mitigate the climate 167 55 111 92 19 Government - 8 11 37 314
change problem Producers - 18 30 26 296
The governments and Consumers 259 74 19 18 -
businesses is more
influential to mitigate - 11 248 48 63 Individuals 333 17 20 - -
the climate change
Source: Field survey, 2019
problem seriously

Table 4 indicates maximum portion of the students re- for providing software and technical assistance.
sponded that the individuals (333) and consumers (259)
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Editor-in-Chief

Dr. José Francisco Oliveira Júnior

Editorial Board Members

Fan Ping, China Sarvan Kumar, India

Comparative Study of The ALADIN and AROME Wind Effect on

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

1. Introduction Sea states play an important role in the ocean surface

Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708 1

2 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708

represents the limited spatial divergence operator

As force, we used the zonal and meridian wind ALA-

Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708 3

Significant Wave Height (m)

Figure 4. Significant wave height at the Algiers port for

wave lenght (m)

Figure 5. Wavelengths at the Algiers port for the

Figure 6. wave periods at the Algiers port for the

Figure 3. Zonal (a) and meridian (b) wind predicted by 0,55

AROME model 0,50

3. Results and Discussions 0,35

The different waves characteristics propagating on Al-

forced by the atmospheric model ALADIN, and the other

4 Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708

The significant height (Figure 4), is a very important References

Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v2i3.708 5