Differential equations

51
Second order differential equations of
d2 y dy
the form a dx2 + b dx + cy = f (x)

constants then y = u + v will give the general solu-

51.1 Complementary function and tion of equation (1). The function v is called the par-
particular integral ticular integral (P.I.). Hence the general solution of
equation (1) is given by:
If in the differential equation
y = C.F. + P.I.
d2 y dy
a 2 + b + cy = f (x) (1)
dx dx

the substitution y = u + v is made then: 51.2 Procedure to solve differential

equations of the form
d2 (u + v) d(u + v) d2 y dy
a +b + c(u + v) = f (x) a 2 + b + cy = f (x)
dx 2 dx dx dx
Rearranging gives: (i) Rewrite the given differential equation as
(aD2 + bD + c)y = f (x).
! 2 " ! 2 "
d u du d v dv (ii) Substitute m for D, and solve the auxiliary
a 2 + b + cu + a 2 + b +cv
dx dx dx dx equation am2 + bm + c = 0 for m.
= f (x) (iii) Obtain the complementary function, u, which
is achieved using the same procedure as in
If we let Section 50.2(c), page 476.
(iv) To determine the particular integral, v, firstly
d2 v dv assume a particular integral which is sug- I
a 2 + b + cv = f (x) (2)
dx dx gested by f (x), but which contains undeter-
mined coefficients. Table 51.1 on page 482
then gives some suggested substitutions for different
functions f (x).
d2 u du (v) Substitute the suggested P.I. into the dif-
a + b + cu = 0 (3)
dx 2 dx ferential equation (aD2 + bD + c)v = f (x) and
equate relevant coefficients to find the constants
The general solution, u, of equation (3) will con- introduced.
tain two unknown constants, as required for the (vi) The general solution is given by
general solution of equation (1). The method of solu- y = C.F. + P.I., i.e. y = u + v.
tion of equation (3) is shown in Chapter 50. The
function u is called the complementary function (vii) Given boundary conditions, arbitrary constants
(C.F.). in the C.F. may be determined and the par-
If the particular solution, v, of equation (2) can ticular solution of the differential equation
be determined without containing any unknown obtained.
482 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Table 51.1 Form of particular integral for different functions

Type Straightforward cases ‘Snag’ cases See

(a) f (x) = a constant
(b) f (x) = polynomial (i.e.
f (x) = L + Mx + Nx 2 + · · ·
where any of the coefficients
may be zero)
(c) f (x) = an exponential function
(i.e. f (x) = Aeax )
(d) f (x) = a sine or cosine function
(i.e. f (x) = a sin px + b cos px,
where a or b may be zero)
(e) f (x) = a sum e.g.
(i) f (x) = 4x 2 − 3 sin 2x
(ii) f (x) = 2 − x + e3x
(f) f (x) = a product e.g.
f (x) = 2ex cos 2x
Try as particular integral:
v=k
v = a + bx + cx 2 + · · ·
v = keax
v = A sin px + B cos px
(i) v = ax 2 + bx + c
+ d sin 2x + e cos 2x
(ii) v = ax + b + ce3x
v = ex (A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
Try as particular integral: problem
v = kx (used when C.F. 1, 2
contains a constant)
3
(i) v = kxeax (used when eax 4, 5
appears in the C.F.)
(ii) v = kx 2 eax (used when eax 6
and xeax both appear in
the C.F.)
v = x(A sin px + B cos px) 7, 8
(used when sin px and/or
cos px appears in the C.F.)
9
10

(iv) Since the term on the right hand side of the given
51.3 Worked problems on differential equation is a constant, i.e. f (x) = 4, let the P.I.
equations of the form also be a constant, say v = k (see Table 51.1(a)).
d2 y dy (v) Substituting v = k into (D2 + D − 2)v = 4
a 2 +b + cy = f (x) where gives (D2 + D − 2)k = 4. Since D(k) = 0 and
dx dx
f (x) is a constant or polynomial D2 (k) = 0 then −2k = 4, from which, k = −2.
Hence the P.I., v = −2.
(vi) The general solution is given by y = u + v, i.e.
Problem 1. Solve the differential equation y = Aex + Be−2x − 2.
d2 y dy
+ − 2y = 4.
dx 2 dx
Problem 2. Determine the particular solu-
d2 y dy
Using the procedure of Section 51.2: tion of the equation 2 − 3 = 9, given the
dx dx
d2 y dy boundary conditions that when x = 0, y = 0 and
(i) + − 2y = 4 in D-operator form is dy
dx 2 dx = 0.
(D2 + D − 2)y = 4. dx
(ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equa-
Using the procedure of Section 51.2:
tion m2 + m − 2 = 0. Factorising gives: (m − 1)
(m + 2) = 0, from which m = 1 or m = −2. d2 y dy
(i) − 3 = 9 in D-operator form is
(iii) Since the roots are real and different, the C.F., dx 2 dx
u = Aex + Be−2x . (D2 − 3D)y = 9.
 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (NON-HOMOGENEOUS) 483

(ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxil- (2D2 − 11D + 12)v = 3x − 2 gives:
iary equation m2 − 3m = 0. Factorising gives: (2D2 − 11D + 12)(ax + b) = 3x − 2,
m(m − 3) = 0, from which, m = 0 or m = 3.
i.e. 2D2 (ax + b) − 11D(ax + b)
(iii) Since the roots are real and different, the C.F.,
u = Ae0 + Be3x , i.e. u = A + Be3x . + 12(ax + b) = 3x − 2
i.e. 0 − 11a + 12ax + 12b = 3x − 2
(iv) Since the C.F. contains a constant (i.e. A) then
let the P.I., v = kx (see Table 51.1(a)). Equating the coefficients of x gives: 12a = 3,
(v) Substituting v = kx into (D2 − 3D)v = 9
gives from which, a = 41 .
(D2 − 3D)kx = 9. Equating the constant terms gives:
D(kx) = k and D2 (kx) = 0. −11a + 12b = −2.
Hence (D2 − 3D)kx = 0 − 3k = 9, from which, ! "
k = −3. i.e. −11 41 + 12b = −2 from which,
Hence the P.I., v = −3x. 11 3 1
12b = −2 + = i.e. b =
(vi) The general solution is given by y = u + v, i.e. 4 4 16
y = A + Be3x −3x. 1 1
Hence the P.I., v = ax + b = x +
4 16
(vii) When x = 0, y = 0, thus 0 = A + Be0 − 0, i.e. (vi) The general solution is given by y = u + v, i.e.
0=A+B (1)
dy dy 3 1 1
3x
= 3Be − 3; = 0 when x = 0, thus y = Ae 2 x + Be4x + x +
dx dx 4 16
0
0 = 3Be − 3 from which, B = 1. From equa-
tion (1), A = −1. Now try the following exercise.
Hence the particular solution is
y = −1 + 1e3x − 3x, Exercise 190 Further problems on differen-
tial equations of the form
i.e. y = e3x − 3x − 1 d2 y dy
a 2 + b + cy = f (x) where f (x) is a
dx dx
constant or polynomial.
Problem 3. Solve the differential equation
d2 y dy In Problems 1 and 2, find the general solutions
2 2 − 11 + 12y = 3x − 2. of the given differential equations.
dx dx
d2 y dy
1. 2 2
+ 5 − 3y = 6
dx dx
Using the procedure of Section 51.2: #
1
$
d2 y y = Ae 2 x + Be−3x − 2
dy
(i) 2 2 − 11 + 12y = 3x − 2 in D-operator I
dx dx
form is d2 y dy
2. 6 + 4 − 2y = 3x − 2
(2D2 − 11D + 12)y = 3x − 2. dx 2 dx
# $
1
x −x 3
(ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equa- y = Ae + Be − 2 − 2 x
3
tion 2m2 − 11m + 12 = 0. Factorising gives:
(2m − 3)(m − 4) = 0, from which, m = 23 or In Problems 3 and 4 find the particular solutions
m = 4. of the given differential equations.
(iii) Since the roots are real and different, the C.F., d2 y dy
3 3. 3 2 + − 4y = 8; when x = 0, y = 0 and
u = Ae 2 x + Be4x dx dx
dy
= 0.
(iv) Since f (x) = 3x − 2 is a polynomial, let the P.I., dx # $
v = ax + b (see Table 51.1(b)). 4
y = 27 (3e− 3 x + 4ex ) − 2
(v) Substituting v = ax + b into
484 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

d2 y dy (ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary

4. 9 − 12 + 4y = 3x − 1; when x = 0, equation m2 − 2m + 1 = 0. Factorising gives:
dx 2 dx
dy 4 (m − 1)(m − 1) = 0, from which, m = 1 twice.
y = 0 and =−
dx 3 (iii) Since the roots are real and equal the C.F.,
! $
" 3
# 2x 3
u = (Ax + B)ex .
y = − 2 + 4x e + 2 + 4x
3
(iv) Let the particular integral, v = ke4x (see
5. The charge q in an electric circuit at time t sat- Table 51.1(c)).
d2 q dq 1 (v) Substituting v = ke4x into
isfies the equation L 2 + R + q = E,
dt dt C (D2 − 2D + 1)v = 3e4x gives:
where L, R, C and E are constants. Solve the
equation given L = 2H, C = 200 × 10−6 F (D2 − 2D + 1)ke4x = 3e4x
and E = 250 V, when (a) R = 200 ! and (b) R
is negligible. Assume that when t = 0, q = 0 i.e. D2 (ke4x ) − 2D(ke4x ) + 1(ke4x ) = 3e4x
dq i.e. 16ke4x − 8ke4x + ke4x = 3e4x
and = 0.
dt
 ( )  Hence 9ke4x = 3e4x , from which, k = 13
1 5 1
 (a) q = − t + e −50t
 Hence the P.I., v = ke4x = 13 e4x .
 20 2 20 
 1  (vi) The general solution is given by y = u + v, i.e.
(b) q = (1 − cos 50t) y = (Ax + B)ex + 13 e4x .
20
6. In a galvanometer the deflection θ satisfies the (vii) When x = 0, y = − 23 thus
d2 θ dθ − 23 = (0 + B)e0 + 13 e0 , from which, B = −1.
differential equation + 4 + 4 θ = 8.
dt 2 dt dy
Solve the equation for θ given that when t = 0, = (Ax + B)ex + ex (A) + 43 e4x .
dθ dx
θ= = 2. [ θ = 2(te−2t + 1)] dy 1 13 4
dt When x = 0, = 4 , thus =B+A+
dx 3 3 3
from which, A = 4, since B = −1.
Hence the particular solution is:
y = (4x − 1)ex + 13 e4x

51.4 Worked problems on differential

equations of the form Problem 5. Solve the differential equation
d2 y dy 3
d2 y dy 2 2− − 3y = 5e 2 x .
a 2 +b + cy = f (x) where dx dx
dx dx
f (x) is an exponential function
Using the procedure of Section 51.2:

Problem 4. Solve the equation d2 y dy 3

(i) 2 − − 3y = 5e 2 x in D-operator form is
d2 y dy dx 2 dx
−2 + y = 3e4x given the boundary 3
dx 2 dx (2D2 − D − 3)y = 5e 2 x .
dy
conditions that when x = 0, y = −23 and = 4 13 (ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary
dx
equation 2m2 − m − 3 = 0. Factorising gives:
(2m − 3)(m + 1) = 0, from which, m = 23 or
Using the procedure of Section 51.2: m = −1. Since the roots are real and different
3
then the C.F., u = Ae 2 x + Be−x .
d2 y dy
(i) − 2 + y = 3e4x in D-operator form is 3
dx 2 dx (iii) Since e 2 x appears in the C.F. and in the
(D2 − 2D + 1)y = 3e4x . right hand side of the differential equation, let
 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (NON-HOMOGENEOUS) 485

3 (ii) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary

the P.I., v = kxe 2 x (see Table 51.1(c), snag
case (i)). equation m2 − 4m + 4 = 0. Factorising gives:
(m − 2)(m − 2) = 0, from which, m = 2 twice.
3
(iv) Substituting v = kxe 2 x into (2D2 − D − 3)v = (iii) Since the roots are real and equal, the C.F.,
3 3 3
5e 2 x
gives: (2D2 − D − 3)kxe 2 x = 5e 2 x . u = (Ax + B)e2x .
!
3
" !
3
" ! "
3
(iv) Since e2x and xe2x both appear in the C.F.
D kxe 2 x 3 2x
= (kx) 2 e + e 2 x (k), let the P.I., v = kx 2 e2x (see Table 51.1(c), snag
case (ii)).
by the product rule,
(v) Substituting v = kx 2 e2x into (D2 − 4D + 4)v =
3 # $
= ke 2 x 23 x + 1 3e2x gives: (D2 − 4D + 4)(kx 2 e2x ) = 3e2x
! " % &
3 3 # $ D(kx 2 e2x ) = (kx 2 )(2e2x ) + (e2x )(2kx)
D2 kxe 2 x = D ke 2 x 3
2x + 1
! " = 2ke2x (x 2 + x)
3 #3$
= ke 2 x D2 (kx 2 e2x ) = D[2ke2x (x 2 + x)]
2
! " = (2ke2x )(2x + 1) + (x 2 + x)(4ke2x )
#3 $ 3
+ 2x + 1 3 2x
2 ke = 2ke2x (4x + 1 + 2x 2 )
$ 3 #9 Hence (D2 − 4D + 4)(kx 2 e2x )
= ke 2 x
4x + 3
! " = [2ke2x (4x + 1 + 2x 2 )]
3
x
2
Hence (2D − D − 3) kxe 2 − 4[2ke2x (x 2 + x)] + 4[kx 2 e2x ]
%
3 # $
& %
3 # $
& = 3e2x
=2 ke 2 x 49 x +3 − ke 2 x 23 x +1 from which, 2ke2x = 3e2x and k = 23
%
3
&
3 Hence the P.I., v = kx2 e2x = 23 x2 e2x .
− 3 kxe 2 = 5e 2 x
x
(vi) The general solution, y = u + v, i.e.
3 3 3 3 y = (Ax + B)e2x + 23 x2 e2x
i.e. 9 2x + 6ke 2 x − 23 xke 2 x − ke 2 x
2 kxe
3 3
− 3kxe 2 x = 5e 2 x Now try the following exercise.
3
Equating coefficients of e 2 x gives: 5k = 5, from Exercise 191 Further problems on differen-
which, k = 1. tial equations of the form
3 3 d2y dy I
Hence the P.I., v = kxe 2 x = xe 2 x . a 2 + b +cy = f (x) where f (x) is an expo-
dx dx
(v) The general solution is y = u + v, i.e. nential function
3 3
y = Ae 2 x + Be−x + xe 2 x . In Problems 1 to 4, find the general solutions of
the given differential equations.
d2 y dy
d2 y dy 1. − − 6y = 2ex
Problem 6. Solve 2 − 4 + 4y = 3e2x . dx 2 dx
dx dx ' (
y = Ae3x + Be−2x − 13 ex

Using the procedure of Section 51.2: d2 y dy

2. 2
− 3 − 4y = 3e−x
dx dx
d2 y dy ' (
(i) − 4 + 4y = 3e2x in D-operator form is y = Ae4x + Be−x − 35 xe−x
dx 2 dx
(D2 − 4D + 4)y = 3e2x .
486 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

d2 y (iii) Since the roots are real and different the C.F.,
3. + 9y = 26e2x 5
dx 2 u = Aex + Be− 2 x .
[y = A cos 3x + B sin 3x + 2e2x ] (iv) Let the P.I., v = A sin 2x + B cos 2x (see
Table 51.1(d)).
d2 y dy t
4. 9 − 6 + y = 12e 3 (v) Substituting v = A sin 2x + B cos 2x into
dt 2 dt (2D2 + 3D − 5)v = 6 sin 2x gives:
! "
1 1
t 2 2 3t
y = (At + B)e + 3 t e
3 (2D2 + 3D − 5)(A sin 2x + B cos 2x) = 6 sin 2x.
D(A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
In problems 5 and 6 find the particular solutions = 2A cos 2x − 2B sin 2x
of the given differential equations.
D2 (A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
d2 y dy 1 = D(2A cos 2x − 2B sin 2x)
5. 5 2
+ 9 − 2y = 3ex ; when x = 0, y =
dx dx 4 = −4A sin 2x − 4B cos 2x
dy
and = 0. Hence (2D2 + 3D − 5)(A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
dx ! # $ "
5 1 1 = − 8A sin 2x − 8B cos 2x + 6A cos 2x
y= e−2x − e 5 x + ex
44 4 − 6B sin 2x − 5A sin 2x − 5B cos 2x
= 6 sin 2x
d2 y dy Equating coefficient of sin 2x gives:
6. 2
− 6 + 9y = 4e3t ; when t = 0, y = 2
dt dt
dy −13A − 6B = 6 (1)
and =0 [y = 2e3t (1 − 3t + t 2 )]
dt Equating coefficients of cos 2x gives:
6A − 13B = 0 (2)
6 × (1)gives : − 78A − 36B = 36 (3)
13 × (2)gives : 78A − 169B = 0 (4)
51.5 Worked problems on differential
equations of the form (3) + (4)gives : − 205B = 36
d2 y dy −36
a 2 + b + cy = f (x) where f (x) from which, B=
dx dx 205
is a sine or cosine function −36
Substituting B = into equation (1) or (2)
205
Problem 7. Solve the differential equation −78
gives A =
d2 y dy 205
2 2 + 3 − 5y = 6 sin 2x. −78 36
dx dx Hence the P.I., v = sin 2x − cos 2x.
205 205
(vi) The general solution, y = u + v, i.e.
Using the procedure of Section 51.2: 5
y = Aex + Be− 2 x
d2 y dy 2
(i) 2 +3 −5y = 6 sin 2x in D-operator form − (39 sin 2x + 18 cos 2x)
dx 2 dx 205
is (2D2 + 3D − 5)y = 6 sin 2x
(ii) The auxiliary equation is 2m2 + 3m − 5 = 0, d2 y
from which, Problem 8. Solve + 16y = 10 cos 4x
dx 2
(m − 1)(2m + 5) = 0, dy
given y = 3 and = 4 when x = 0.
i.e. m = 1 or m = −25 dx
 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (NON-HOMOGENEOUS) 487

Using the procedure of Section 51.2: (vi) The general solution, y = u + v, i.e.
d2 y y = A cos 4x + B sin 4x + 45 x sin 4x
(i) + 16y = 10 cos 4x in D-operator form is
dx 2 (vii) When x = 0, y = 3, thus
2
(D + 16)y = 10 cos 4x 3 = A cos 0 + B sin 0 + 0, i.e. A = 3.
2 dy
√ equation is m + 16 = 0, from
(ii) The auxiliary
dx
= −4A sin 4x + 4B cos 4x
which m = −16 = ± j4.
+ 45 x(4 cos 4x) + 45 sin 4x
(iii) Since the roots are complex the C.F.,
u = e0 (A cos 4x + B sin 4x) dy
When x = 0, = 4, thus
dx
i.e. u = Acos 4x + B sin 4x
4 = −4A sin 0 + 4B cos 0 + 0 + 45 sin 0
(iv) Since sin 4x occurs in the C.F. and in the i.e. 4 = 4B, from which, B = 1
right hand side of the given differential equa- Hence the particular solution is
tion, let the P.I., v = x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x) (see
Table 51.1(d), snag case—constants C and D y = 3 cos 4x + sin 4x + 45 x sin 4x
are used since A and B have already been used
in the C.F.). Now try the following exercise.
(v) Substituting v = x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x) into
(D2 + 16)v = 10 cos 4x gives: Exercise 192 Further problems on differen-
tial equations of the form
(D2 + 16)[x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x)] d2 y dy
a 2 +b + cy = f (x) where f (x) is a sine
= 10 cos 4x dx dx
or cosine function
D[x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x)]
In Problems 1 to 3, find the general solutions of
= x(4C cos 4x − 4D sin 4x) the given differential equations.
+ (C sin 4x + D cos 4x)(1),
d2 y dy
by the product rule 1. 2 − − 3y = 25 sin 2x
dx 2 dx
# $
D2 [x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x)] 3
y = Ae 2 x + Be−x
= x(−16C sin 4x − 16D cos 4x) − 15 (11 sin 2x − 2 cos 2x)
+ (4C cos 4x − 4D sin 4x)
d2 y dy
+ (4C cos 4x − 4D sin 4x) 2. 2
− 4 + 4y = 5 cos x
dx dx
% &
Hence (D2 + 16)[x(C sin 4x + D cos 4x)] y = (Ax + B)e2x − 45 sin x + 35 cos x I
= − 16Cx sin 4x−16Dx cos 4x + 4C cos 4x
d2 y
− 4D sin 4x + 4C cos 4x − 4D sin 4x 3. + y = 4 cos x
dx 2
+ 16Cx sin 4x + 16Dx cos 4x
[y = A cos x + B sin x + 2x sin x]
= 10 cos 4x,
4. Find the particular solution of the differential
i.e. −8D sin 4x + 8C cos 4x = 10 cos 4x d2 y dy
equation 2 − 3 − 4y = 3 sin x; when
Equating coefficients of cos 4x gives: dx dx
10 5 dy
8C = 10, from which, C = = x = 0, y = 0 and = 0.
8 4 dx
 1 
y= 4x
(6e − 51e ) −x
Equating coefficients of sin 4x gives:
−8D = 0, from which, D = 0.
 170 
! "  1 
Hence the P.I., v = x 45 sin 4x . − (15 sin x − 9 cos x)
34
488 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

5. A differential equation representing the (D2 + D − 6)y = 12x − 50 sin x

d2 y
motion of a body is + n2 y = k sin pt, (ii) The auxiliary equation is (m2 + m − 6) = 0,
dt 2 from which,
where k, n and p are constants. Solve the
equation (given n ! = 0 and p2 ! = n2 ) given that (m − 2)(m + 3) = 0,
dy i.e. m = 2 or m = −3
when t = 0, y = = 0.
dt
! " #$ (iii) Since the roots are real and different, the C.F.,
k p
y= 2 sin pt − sin nt u = Ae2x + Be−3x .
n − p2 n
6. The motion of a vibrating mass is given by (iv) Since the right hand side of the given differen-
d2 y dy tial equation is the sum of a polynomial and a
+ 8 + 20y = 300 sin 4t. Show that the sine function let the P.I. v = ax + b + c sin x +
dt 2 dt d cos x (see Table 51.1(e)).
general solution of the differential equation is
given by: (v) Substituting v into
y = e−4t (A cos 2t + B sin 2t) (D2 + D − 6)v = 12x − 50 sin x gives:
15 (D2 + D − 6)(ax + b + c sin x + d cos x)
+ ( sin 4t − 8 cos 4t)
13 = 12x − 50 sin x
d2 q dq 1
7. L 2 + R + q = V0 sin ωt represents D(ax + b + c sin x + d cos x)
dt dt C
the variation of capacitor charge in an = a + c cos x − d sin x
electric circuit. Determine an expression
for q at time t seconds given that R = 40 ", D2 (ax + b + c sin x + d cos x)
L = 0.02 H, C = 50 × 10−6 F, V0 = 540.8 V = −c sin x − d cos x
and ω = 200 rad/s and given the boundary
conditions that when t = 0, q = 0 and Hence (D2 + D − 6)(v)
dq = (−c sin x − d cos x) + (a + c cos x
= 4.8
dt
! $ −d sin x) − 6(ax + b + c sin x + d cos x)
q = (10t + 0.01)e−1000t
= 12x − 50 sin x
+ 0.024 sin 200t − 0.010 cos 200t
Equating constant terms gives:
a − 6b = 0 (1)
Equating coefficients of x gives: −6a = 12,
from which, a = −2.
51.6 Worked problems on differential
equations of the form Hence, from (1), b = − 13
d2 y dy Equating the coefficients of cos x gives:
a 2 +b + cy = f (x) where −d + c − 6d = 0
dx dx (2)
f (x) is a sum or a product i.e. c − 7d = 0
Equating the coefficients of sin x gives:
Problem 9. Solve
d2 y dy −c − d − 6c = −50
+ − 6y = 12x − 50 sin x. (3)
dx 2 dx i.e. −7c − d = −50

Using the procedure of Section 51.2: Solving equations (2) and (3) gives: c = 7 and
d = 1.
d2 y dy Hence the P.I.,
(i) + − 6y = 12x − 50 sin x in D-operator
dx 2 dx υ = −2x − 1
+ 7 sin x + cos x
form is 3
 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (NON-HOMOGENEOUS) 489

(vi) The general solution, y = u + v, ≡ ex {( − 3C − 4D) sin 2x

i.e. y = Ae2x + Be−3x − 2x + (4C − 3D) cos 2x}
− 13 + 7 sin x + cos x Hence (D2 − 2D + 2)v
= ex {(−3C − 4D) sin 2x
+ (4C − 3D) cos 2x}
Problem 10. Solve the differential equation
d2 y dy − 2ex {(2C + D) cos 2x
2
− 2 + 2y = 3ex cos 2x, given that when
dx dx + (C − 2D) sin 2x}
dy
x = 0, y = 2 and = 3.
dx + 2ex (C sin 2x + D cos 2x)
= 3ex cos 2x
Using the procedure of Section 51.2: Equating coefficients of ex sin 2x gives:
d2 y dy −3C − 4D − 2C + 4D + 2C = 0
(i) − 2 + 2y = 3ex cos 2x in D-operator
dx 2 dx i.e. −3C = 0, from which, C = 0.
form is
Equating coefficients of ex cos 2x gives:
(D2 − 2D + 2)y = 3ex cos 2x
4C − 3D − 4C − 2D + 2D = 3
(ii) The auxiliary equation is m2 − 2m + 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, i.e. −3D = 3, from which, D = −1.
√ Hence the P.I., υ = ex (−cos 2x).
2 ± [4 − 4(1)(2)]
m=
(vi) The general solution, y = u + v, i.e.
√ 2
2 ± −4 2 ± j2 y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) − ex cos 2x
= = i.e. m = 1 ± j1.
2 2 (vii) When x = 0, y = 2 thus
(iii) Since the roots are complex, the C.F.,
u = ex (A cos x + B sin x). 2 = e0 (A cos 0 + B sin 0)
(iv) Since the right hand side of the given dif- − e0 cos 0
ferential equation is a product of an expo-
nential and a cosine function, let the P.I., i.e. 2 = A − 1, from which, A = 3
v = ex (C sin 2x + D cos 2x) (see Table 51.1(f) dy
— again, constants C and D are used since A = ex (−A sin x + B cos x)
and B have already been used for the C.F.). dx
+ ex (A cos x + B sin x)
(v) Substituting v into (D2 − 2D + 2)v = 3ex cos 2x
gives: − [ex (−2 sin 2x) + ex cos 2x] I
(D2 − 2D + 2)[ex (C sin 2x + D cos 2x)] dy
When x = 0, =3
dx
= 3ex cos 2x
thus 3 = e0 (−A sin 0 + B cos 0)
D(v) = ex (2C cos 2x − 2D sin 2x)
+ e0 (A cos 0 + B sin 0)
+ ex (C sin 2x + D cos 2x)
(≡ex {(2C + D) cos 2x − e0 (−2 sin 0) − e0 cos 0
+ (C − 2D) sin 2x}) i.e. 3 = B + A − 1, from which,

D2 (v) = ex (−4C sin 2x − 4D cos 2x) B = 1, since A = 3

+ ex (2C cos 2x − 2D sin 2x) Hence the particular solution is
x
+ e (2C cos 2x − 2D sin 2x) y = ex (3 cos x + sin x) − ex cos 2x
+ ex (C sin 2x + D cos 2x)
490 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
' (
3
y = Aex + Be−2x − 4
Now try the following exercise.
− 21 x − 1 2 1 2x
2x + 4e
Exercise 193 Further problems on second d2 y dy
order differential equations of the form 4. − 2 + 2y = et sin t
dt 2 dt
d2 y dy % &
a 2 +b + cy = f (x) where f (x) is a sum y = et (A cos t + B sin t) − 2t et cos t
dx dx In Problems 5 to 6 find the particular solutions
or product
of the given differential equations.
In Problems 1 to 4, find the general solutions of
the given differential equations. d2 y dy
5. 2
− 7 + 10y = e2x + 20; when x = 0,
dx dx
d2 y dy dy 1
1. 8 2
− 6 + y = 2x + 40 sin x y = 0 and =−
dx dx dx 3
  ) *
x x
y = Ae 4 + Be 2 + 2x + 12 4 5x 10 2x 1 2x
y = e − e − xe + 2
 8  3 3 3
+ (6 cos x − 7 sin x)
17 d2 y dy
6. 2 − − 6y = 6ex cos x; when x = 0,
d2 y dy dx 2 dx
2. − 3 + 2y = 2 sin 2 θ − 4 cos 2 θ 21 dy 20
dθ 2 dθ y = − and = −6
% & 29 dx 29
y = Ae2θ + Beθ + 21 ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)  3

y = 2e− 2 x − 2e2x
 3ex 
d2 y dy + (3 sin x − 7 cos x)
3. + − 2y = x 2 + e2x 29
dx 2 dx