E-VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY & POLICY

UNIT-1

PART – A

1.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

An environmental impact is defined as the any change in the environment whether adverse or
beneficial, resulting due to facility activities, products or services.

2.AIR POLLUTION

At present all vehicles relay on the combustion of hydrocarbons (HC) fuels to derive the energy
necessary for their propulsion. Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases
heat and combustion products. An engine converts the heat into mechanical power. The combustion
products are released into the atmosphere.

1. Nitrogen oxide
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Unburned HCs
4. Other pollutants

3.FRONT WHEEL DRIVE

In this drive the power from the engine is delivered to the front wheels of the vehicle. In
FWD, the front wheels are pulling the vehicle and the rear wheels don’t receive any power
on their own. Front wheel drive vehicles are lighter than other types of drivetrains.

APPLICATION:

1.sports car

2. Industrial truck.

ADVANTAGES:

1)Propeller shaft is not necessary.

2)More stable.

3) Compact design.

4) Engine cooling is efficient.

5)More passenger space.

DISADVANTAGES

1) Engine exhausted gases affect the passengers.

2)Reduced tractive effort.

4.REAR WHEEL DRIVE

REAR WHEEL DRIVE (RWD)

RWD offers more precise handling. So it commonly used is sports vehicle and luxuary
vehicles. The rear wheels power the vehicle , while the front ones steer. Vehicles with RWD are
angle, making it easy for the driver to avoid obstacles.

ADVANTAGES
1. The weight of the vehicle is uniform throughout frame.
2. Vehicle turning is easy.
3. More space for passengers and luggages.
4. Engine cooling is easy.
5. Maintenance is easy.

DISADVANTAGES
1. The exhaust gases from the engine affect the passengers.
2. Increased length of the vehicle.

APPLICATIONS
 This drive systems is employed is cars, jeep buses and lorry.

5. ALL WHELL DRIVE (AWD) :

It employs a front, rear and centre differential to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle. The
power is given to both the front and rear wheels all the time. The schematic diagram of AWD is
shown in fig.

AWD vehicles work by sending power from the engine to the centre of the vehicle. The differential
in the centre of the vehicle distributes power evenly between front and rear axles. Some vehicles
will divide the power less equally to the front and rear axles based on road conditions and which
wheels have the most traction. This type of drive train provides more traction and is ideal for
slippery conditions.

ADVANTAGES:

*It improves the performance of ride, since it produces both pulling and pushing.

* If any of the wheels falls in a ditch, it can be driven out easily.

DISADVANTAGES:

* Complicated arrangement

* High fuel consumption

* Maintenance cost is high

APPLICATIONS:

This drive system is employed in jeeps and military trucks.

7. FOUR WHEEL DRIVE:

In this drive the power from the engine is delivered to all 4 wheels. However 4 WD is
typically more robust because it is designed to handle off road driving.
 It does not sent power to the centre of the vehicle before distributing it to the front and rear
axles . With 4WD, both axles move at the same speed, It makes for handling on normal roads very
difficult. However vehicles with 4WD offers a massive amount of traction and safety when road
conditions are very poor. Snow/rain, off roading and mudding are all circumstances in which 4WD
comes in very handy.

7.Compare BEV and ICE

S.No CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE BEV

1 High power density Low power density

2 Emits green house gases No emissions

3 Travels > 300 miles/fill Travels <200 miles/charge

4 Short refilling time Long charging time

5 High maintenance cost Low maintenance cost

6 High running cost low running cost

7 Needs complex gear system Needs only one gear

8 Noisy operation Silent operation

9 Low engine efficiency High motor efficiency

10 Fuel as energy source Battery as energy source

8. ADVANTAGE OF (BEV)

*Energy efficient

*Has regenerative braking system

*Cheaper to run

*Cheaper to maintain

*Less frequent servicing

*Cost effective

*No large power drain during recharging

*No combustion noise

*Good acceleration

*Safety

9.DEFINITION OF BEV

Battery Electric vehicles (BEVs) and more frequently called Electric vehicles (EVs) are fully Electric
vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine.

All energy to run the vehicle comes from the battery pack, which is recharged from the grid. BEVs
are zero emissions or air pollution hazards caused by traditional gasoline powered vehicles.

DRIVING ENERGY FEATURS PROBLEMS

EV TYPE COMPONENT SOURCE
  No emission  Battery price
 Not depend on and capacity
oil  Range is low
 Battery  Range depends  Charging time
BEV  Electric motor  Ultracapacitor largely on the  Availability of
type of battery charging
used stations
 Available  High price
commercially
 Very little
emission  Management
 Long range of the energy
 Electric motor  Battery  Can get power source
HEV  ICE  Ultracapacitor from both  Battery and
 ICE electric supply engine size
and fuel optimization
 Available
commercially

 Cost of fuel
 Very little or no cell
emission  Feasible way
 High efficiency to produce
FCEV  Electric motor  Fuel cell  High price fuel
 Available  Availability of
commercially fueling
facilities

10.COMPARE BEV,HEV AND FCEV

PART-B

1.BLOCK DIAGAM OF BEV

The block diagram of BEV is shown in the fig 1.6 it consists of battery charger battery pack
Mechanical transmission electric motor differential and power converter the description of each part
is given below
BATTERY CHARGER

An AC charger supplies onboard charger which then Converts the AC power in to DC allowing the
battery to charge DC fast charger bypasses the onboard charging device supplying power directly to
the electric vehicle battery

BATTERY PACK

The battery pack given powers to the BEVs it consists of individual battery cells and modules
organized in series and parallel A cell is the smallest unit of battery

The battery pack deliver energy to the motor for driving the wheels and also supply energy to the
vehicle accessories systems such as lighting, air conditioning, power steering, horns, wiper etc. A
lithium ion rechargeable battery is used in BEV. They have a higher energy density than other
rechargeable batteries.

iii) Mechanical transmission

Transmission is used for transferring the motor power to wheel with change in torque and speed as
the driver demand upon load and speed conditions.

iv) Electric motor

BEVS have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The various types of motors
used in BEVS are DC series motor, Brushless DC motor (BLDC), Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM) and Induction Motor.

v) Differential

The differential is a form of differential. The differential provides the required torque for each driving
wheel and allows different wheel speeds. When cornering, the inner and outer wheels rotate at
different speeds because the inner wheels describe a smaller turning radius.

vi) Power converter

DC-DC converter can be used to interface the elements in the electric power train by boosting or
chopping the voltage levels. The five main types of converters are buck, boost, buck-boost, cuk and
charge-pump converters. The buck converter is used for voltage step down, while the boost
converter is used for voltage step up.

2.CONVENTIONAL DRIVETRAIN SYSTEM

The drivetrain consists of the below mentioned components that allow the system to operate.

(a) Transmission

It transfer power from the engine to the wheels but also enables gear-shifting in accordance to
driver needs

(b) Driveshaft

It is a long tube of steel that is linked to a vehicles transmission at one end and the wheels at the
other. It transfer the mechanical power from the transmission to the other components of the
vehicle. The driveshaft allows the transmission to provide torque to the wheels.

(c) CV joints

Constant Velocity (CV) joints are parts of the driveshaft. These joints are designed to be able to bend
in any direction while continuing to turn the drive wheels at a constant velocity.

(d) U-Joint

The Universal joint (U-joint) is a flexible point on the driveshaft (usually at both ends) that allows the
shaft to pivot and move when the vehicle goes overs bumps or dips in the road. It transmits power
allowing for varying angles of drive shaft.

(e) Differential
The differential is where the power makes its last stop before spinning the wheels. Vehicle wheels
rotate at different speeds, especially when the vehicle is turning. If all the wheels were travelling at
the same speed while turning, the vehicle would experience a great deal of suffering or skittering.

Each wheel travels a different distance through the turn, and the inside wheels travels a shorter
distance than the outside wheels. The wheels that travel a shorter distance travel at a lower speed.
The front wheels travel at a different distance than the rear wheels.

So differential is a gear train designed to transmit the power from engine to the vehicle's wheels
while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. It is particularly useful whenever the vehicle turns
in corner.

(f) Axle shafts

They are a single rotating shaft on either side of the differential, which delivers power from the final
drive assembly to the drive wheels.

3. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

PHEV uses both an ICE and electrical power train like HEV. The difference between them is that the
PHEV uses electric propulsion as the main driving force. So these vehicles require a bigger capacity
than HEVs.

PHEV states in "all electric" mode, runs on electricity and when the batteries are low in charge, it
calls on the ICE to provide a boost or to charge up the battery pack. Here the ICE is used to extend
the range.

PHEV can charge their batteries directly from the grid (which HEVS cannot). They also have the
facility to utilize regenerative braking. PHEVS ability to run solely on electricity for most of the time,
makes it carbon foot print smaller than HEVS. They consume less fuel as well and thus its associated
cost is reduced.

4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

The heart of FCEVS is fuel cells that use chemical reactions to produce electricity. Hydrogen is the
fuel of choice for FCVS to carry out this reaction, so they are often called hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
FCVS carry hydrogen in special high pressure tanks. Oxygen is the another incredient for the power
generating process. It is acquired from the air sucked in from the environment. Electricity generated
from the fuel cells goes to an electric motor, which drives the wheels. Excess energy is stored in
storage systems like batteries or super capacitors.

FCEVS only produce water as a byproduct of its power generating process, which is ejected out of
the vehicle through the tailpipes.

An advantage of such vehicles is they can produce their own electricity which emits no carbon. This
enabling it to reduce is carbon footprint further than any other EV. Another major advantage is the
time required for refilling these vehicles is same as conventional vehicles at a gas pump. A major
current obstacle in adopting this technology is the scarcity of hydrogen fuel stations. There are also
concerns regarding safety in case of flammable hydrogen leaking out of the tanks. The cost of fuel
cells is greater than ICE. If these obstacles were eliminated, FCEVS could really represent the future
of vehicles.

If a plug in fuel cell vehicle with larger battery and small fuel cell, which makes it battery dominant
vehicle. If hydrogen for such vehicles can be made from renewable sources to run the fuel cells and
the energy to charge the batteries comes from green sources, PFCVs will be the future of vehicles.

5. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

HEVS employ both an ICE and electrical power train to power the vehicle. The HEV uses the
electric propulsion system when the power demand is low. It is a great advantage in low speed
condition like urban areas. It also reduces the fuel consumption as the engine stays totally off during
the idle periods, for example traffic jams. This feature also reduces GHG emission. When higher
power is needed the HEV switches to the ICE. The two drivetrains can also work together to improve
the performance.

Hybrid power system enhances the performance by filling the gaps between gear shifts and
providing speed boosts when required. Therefore HEVs are primarily ICE driven vehicles that use an
electrical drivetrain to improve mileage or for performance enhancement.

The energy flows in a basic HEV is illustrated in the fig.1.8. While starting the vehicle, the ICE also run
the motor as a generator to produce some power and stores it in the battery.

Passing needs a boost in speed, therefore the ICE and the motor both drives the power train. During
braking the power trains run the motor as generator to charge the battery by regenerative braking.
While cruising the ICE runs both the vehicle and the motor as generator, which charges the battery.
The power flow is stopped once the vehicle stops.
Here power is splitted between the ICE and the electric motor depends on the vehicle speed, driver's
input, state of charge (SoC) of battery and motor speed to attain maximum fuel efficiency.

UNIT – 2

PART – A

1) Type of Configuration
 Based on the variations in electric propulsion characteristics and energy source, variety of
EV configurations are possible. The possible EV configurations are illustrated. The electric
propulsion replaces the IC engine of a conventional vehicle drivetrain. It consists of an electric
motor, a clutch, a gear box and a differential. The clutch and gear box may be replaced by automatic
transmission. The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the power of the electric motor from the
driven wheels.

2) Performance of Ev?

The driving performance of electric vehicle is usually evaluated by its acceleration time,
maximum speed and gradeability. In EV drivetrain design, proper motor power rating and
transmission parameters are considered to meet the performance specification. The design of
these parameters depends mostly on the speed-power (torque) characteristics of the traction
motor.

3) Energy Consumption?

In transportation, the unit of energy is usually represented in kilowatt-hour (kWh). The

energy consumption per unit distance in kwh/km is generally used to evaluate the vehicle energy
consumption. In ICE vehicles the commonly used unit is fuel volume per unit distance, such as liters
per 100km (1/100km). In battery operated Evs, the unit of original consumption is Kwh. It is
measured at the battery terminals which is more suitable. The battery energy capacity is usually
measured in Kwh and the driving range per battery charge can be easily calculated. Similar to ICE
vehicle, 1/100km (for liquid fuels) or kg/100 km (for gas fuels, such as hydrogen) or mpg, or milles
per kilogram is more suitable unit of measurement for vehicles that use gaseous fuels.

4) Main reason for fuel economy?

5) State the requirements of vehicle powertrain?

The requirements of vehicle powertrains are gelow below

To develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle performance

To Carry sufficient energy on board to support vehicle driving in the given range.

To demonstrate high efficiency.

Emit few environmental pollutants.

6) Advantage & Disadvantages, Applications of BLDC?

Advantage
 a) High efficiency
b) High level control is needed
c) Smaller motor geometry and light weight
d) Long life
e) Higher dynamic response
f) Quite or low noise operation
g) Quickly achieve the maximum rotational speed
h) Additional cooling resources are not required
i) Sparking is reduced
j) Low maintenance cost
k) Heating issue is reduced

Disadvantage
a) Requires complex drive circuity
b) High cost
c) Need additional commulation device to work
d) Need additional sensors to measure rotation
e) Operates at low speed.

Applications

a) Computer hard drives and DVD/CD players

b) Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and electric bicycles
c) Industrial robots, CNC machine tools.
d) Washing machines, compressors and dryers.
e) Fans, pumps and blowers.
7) State the advantages and disadvantages of Hub motor?

Advantages

a) Simple to install
b) Easily convert almost any bike to electric bike
c) Easy to swap out of blown or worn out
d) Easy to upgrade
e) Readily available
f) Have few moving parts, so silent operation
g) Farily reliable

Disadvantages

a) Unsprung weight in the wheel

b) Not efficient as a non-hub
c) Not great mountain climbers.
d) Disrupt the balance towards the front and back.

PART-B
1) Type of Ev Configuration?

Based on the variations in electric propulsion characteristics and energy sources, variety of EV
Configurations are possible. The possible EV configurations are illustrated

The electric propulsion replaces the IC engine of a conventional vehicle drivetrain. It consists of
an electric motor, a clutch, a gear box and a differential. The clutch and gear box may be
replaced by automatic transmission. The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the power of
the electric motor from driven wheels.

The gearbox provides a set of gear ratios. It is used to modify the speed power (torque) profile
to match the load requirement. Which enables the wheels to both sides to be driven at different
speeds when the vehicle runs along a curved path.

The electric motor has constant power in a long speed range. The fixed gearing can replace the
multispeed gear box and reduce the need for a clutch. This configuration not only reduce the
size and weight of the mechanical transmission, the drivetrain control is simplified because gear
shifting is not needed.

The configuration is similar to the drivetrain in the electric motor, the fixed gearing and the
differential can be further integrated into a single assembly, while both axles point at both
driving wheels. The whole drivetrain is further simplified and compacted.

The mechanical differential is replace by using two traction motors. Each of them drives one
side wheel and operates at a different speed when the vehicle running along a curved path.
 In order to further simplify the drivetrain, the traction motor can be placed inside the wheel.
This arrangement called in-wheel drive, a thin planetary gear set may be used to reduce the
motor speed and enhance the motor torque.

Fully abandoconing any mechanical gearing between the electric motor and the driving wheel,
the out-rotor of low speed electric motor in the in-wheel drive can be directly connected to the
driving wheel.

The speed control of the electric motor is equivalent to the control of the wheel speed and
hence the vehicle speed. This arrangement as requires the electric motor to have a higher
torque to start and accelerate the vehicle.

2) Configuration of Electric vehicles?

Ev was mainly converted from the existing ICE vehicle by replacing the internal combustion
engine and fuel tank with an electric motor drive and battery pack, while retaining all the other
components. The primary electric vehicle powertrain.

The concept of general EV configuration is the drivetrain consists of three major subsystems.
They are electric motor propulsion, energy source and auxiliary. The electric motor propulsion
subsystem comprises of vehicle controller, power electric converter, electric motor, mechanical
transmission and driving wheels. The energy management unit and the energy refuelling unit.
The auxiliary subsystem consists of The power steering unit, the hotel climate control unit and
the auxiliary supply unit.

Based on the control input received from the accelerator and brake pedals, the vehicle
controller provides proper control signals ot the electronic power converter. The converter
functions are to regulate the power flow between the electric motor and energy source. The
backward power flow is due to the regenerative braking of the EV. This regenerated energy can
be resorted to the energy source, provided the energy source is receptive.
 Mostly EV batteries as well as ultracapacitors and flywheels readily possess the ability to accept
regenerated energy. The energy management unit cooperates with the vehicle controller to
control the regenerative braking and energy recovery, It also works with energy refuelling unit
to control the refuelling unit and to monitor the usability energy source. The auxiliary power
supply provides the necessary power at different voltage levels for all the EV auxiliaries.

3) Architecture of hybrid electric drivetrains?

The architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as the connection between the
components that define the energy flow routes and control ports. Traditionally HEVs
were classified into two basic types. They are series and parallel.
Now the HEVs are classified into four types. They are series hybrid, parallel hybrid,
series-parallel hybrid and complex hybrid. All are represented.

In this a fuel tank-IC engine is taken as a primary power source (steady power source)
and a battery-electric motor is taken as secondary power source dynamic power source
e
Of course the IC engine can be replaced by other types of power sources, such as fuel
cells. Similarly the batteries can be replaced by ultracapacitors or flywheels and their
combinations.
 UNIT-3

PART-A

1.Explain series connection and parallel connection.

Series connection:

Connecting the batteries in series is to increase the overall voltage of the battery
system. This connection does not increase the capacity. To configure the batteries with a series
connection, each battery must have a same voltage and capacity rating, otherwise the batteries may
be damaged.

To connect the group of batteries in series, we connect the positive terminal of one battery to
the negative terminal of another battery and so on until all batteries are connection. The series
connection of batteries is illustrated in the fig.3.6. For example, if we connect three 6V, 100 Ah
batteries, we got the total capacity of the battery as 18V, 100 Ah. The amount of voltage is only
increased, but the total capacity of the battery is not varied.

The negative terminal of the first battery and the positive terminal of the last battery acts as
the lead terminals of the battery pack.

Parallel connection:

Connecting the batteries in parallel is to connect two or more batteries together to

increase the amp-hour capacity is only increased however the battery voltage will remain same.
 When connecting batteries in parallel the positive terminal of one battery is
connected to the positive terminal of all batteries, and the negative of first battery is also connected
to the negative terminals of all batteries. The positive and negative terminals of any one battery acts
as the lead terminals of the battery pack. The battery parallel connection is illustrated in the fig.3.7.
For example if we connect three 6V,100 Ah batteries, we got the total capacity as 6V, 300 Ah.

2. Explain constant current, constant voltage charging.

i) Constant Current Charging:

Constant current chargers vary the voltage applied to the battery and also maintain a constant
current flow. Switching OFF the battery when the voltage reaches the level of full charge. This
method is usually used for charging nickel cadmium and nickel-metal hydride cells or batteries. In
this method the charging time is relatively long. If the battery is overcharged heat may be produced.
So the battery must be monitored and disconnected when it is fully charged.

The charger supplies relatively uniform current, regardless of the battery “state of charge” or
temperature. A split rate charger applies a high initial current to the cell and then switches to a low
rate based on time of charge, voltage or both.

ii) Constant Voltage Charging:

A constant voltage charger is basically a DC power supply. The power supply consist of a step-
down transformer with the rectifier circuits, which provides the required DC voltage to charge the
battery. This method is used in cheap vehicle battery chargers.

The lead acid cells used for vehicles and back up power systems typically use constant voltage
chargers. In addition lithium-ion cells often use constant voltage method. This method is more
complex because it needs additional circuitry for protecting batteries and the user safety.

The constant voltage allows the full current of the charger to flow into the battery, until the
power supply reaches its preset voltage. The current will then taper down to a minimum value once
that voltage level is reached.

3. Explain battery swapping, wireless charging.

i) Battery swapping techniques:

Electric vehicle battery swapping is a place at which an electric vehicle’s discharged battery or
battery pack can be immediately swapped for a fully charged one. This eliminates the delay involved
in waiting for vehicles battery to charge.

Battery swapping is a technique that swapping a discharged electric battery with one that is
already charged. Battery with one that is already charged battery swapping stations offer a quicker
solution where each battery swap takes less than 10 minutes and required much smaller space to
install compared to charging stations. Battery swapping reduces down time and acquisition cost of a
vehicle as customer pays only for the energy.

Charging time is an important factor for functioning of electric vehicle especially in long
hauling applications.

Current most electric vehicle employ a slow charging system to recharge battery . The
charging system usually takes up to eight hours to full charge battery.

Generally electric two wheeler three wheeler and four wheeler have on board chargers can
charge the vehicle at a rate of 2.5-3 kw per hour and four wheeler battery in 5to8 hours.

Hence battery swapping technology plays a vital role by eliminating such issues. If
significantly decrease waiting time by interchange of battery within 3minutes. For this the user just
needs to go to a swapping station and get depleted battery battery replaced with fully charged one
therefore the implementation of battery swapping reduces with fully charged one. Therefore
implementation of battery swapping reduces the timer for electric vehicle electric vehicle charging.

The various type of battery swapping techinques are given below:

(a) Sideways swapping

It is mostly employed in case of vans and other vehicles where the side way position is
the most convenient
(b) Rear swapping
This techniques is utilised for vehicle in which the battery is placed in backwards.

(c) Bottom swapping

The techiniques is used for vehicles whose battery is placed at the bottom of the
vehicle. The swapping stations is built in the manner such that the vehicle is placed on an
elevated platform and the batteries are swapped from the bottom using a robotic arm.
(c) Top swapping

This is most commonly used for the electric buses wherein the batteries are placed at
the top . when the bus is arrived the top roof open and the batteries are swapped by the means
of robotic arms

ii) Wireless charging

Wireless charging or wireless power transfer enjoys a significant interest because of the
conveniences offers . This system does not require the plugs and cables required in wired charging
systems. There is no need of attaching the cable to the vehicle . so low risk of sparks and schoks in
dirty and wet environment and less chance of vandalism.

This technology is not currently available for commercial EVs because of the health and safety
sonserns associated with the current technology. The specification are determined by different
standard organization in different countries. They differ in operation frequency efficiency associated
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and other factors

The comparision of different wirless charging system based on its performance cost size complexity
and power level is shown in . wirless charging for personal vehicle is unlikely to be available soon
because of health fire and safety hazards misalignment problems and range . Roads with WPT
system embedded into them for charge passing vehicle also face major cost issue . only a few wirless
system are available now and those too are in trail.

4. Explain nickel iron battery.

Nickel - iron Battery In this battery a nickel (111) hydroxy – oxide (NiooH) acts as positive electrode
and a metallic iron acts as negative electrode .the electrolyte is a concentrated solution of potassium
hydroxide containing lithium hydroxide. Its nominal open circuit voltage is 1.37V. The chemical
reaction done during charging and discharging is shown below. NiOOH+2H²O+Fe 2Ni(OH)²+Zn(OH)²
Charging< >Discharging Nickel-iron batteries suffer from gassing corrosion and self discharge
problems there problems have been solved in prototypes .there batteries are complex due to
maintain the water level and the safe disposal of hydrogen and oxygen released during discharged
process

5. Maintenance of battery pack.

Maintenance of battery in a correct manner is just as essential for extending the life span of our
battery protecting our vehicles.

a. Do not allow battery to drop below 20% power before charging.

b. Allow battery to charge full power uninterrupted. A battery’s

Lifespan is often proportional to the number of charges.

c. Deliver equalizer charge when necessary.

During the process of equalizer charge, the batteries will charge for
A long period of time .this may lead to overheating so the batteries should be monitored
during this process.

d. After fully charging , the battery must cool before being placed into
Service or it may overheat potentially damaging both the battery and the battery and the
electrical circuits.

e. Clean battery with a neutralizing detergent solution on a regular basis.

 f. Avoid using fast charging
During the fast charging so much current into the battery in a short period which strains the
battery and wanes them faster.

g. The batteries may be degraded when EVs are parked with an empty or full battery.

h. Use partial –discharge cycles

Using only 20% or 30% of battery capacity before recharging will extend life considerable full
discharge cycles should not be provided if possible.
i. Avoid charging to 100% capacity
Reducing the float voltage will increase life cycle and service life
j. Selecting correct charge termination method

Selecting a charger that uses minimum charge current termination can also extend battery
life.

k. Limits of battery temperature:

Limiting battery temperature extremes extends battery life. Many battery charges have
provession for measuring battery temperature to assure charging does not occur at temperature
externs.

l. Avoid high charge and discharge currents:

High charge and discharge current and reduce life cycle. High currents place exceesive stress on
the battery.

m. Avoid very deep discharging:

Very deep discharging will quickly and permanently damage a battery most batteries have
protection circuits their battery packs.

n. Charging the battery only to 80% to its maximum charge level.

o. Avoid for parking the vehicle with battery for long period of time
p. Avoid for exposing the battery to extreme hot or cold.
q. Barking to aggressively should be avoided
r. Driving the vehicle over rough terrain should be avoided which can cause viberations that
dectitive the battery electrical system
s. Charging the battery in direct sunlight should be avoided, which can heating the battery
management system.
t. Do not consuming battery power with multiple in vehicle devices.
u. Avoid quick charging frequently, the quick charging can diminish battery life span.

6.EFFECTS OF EV :

Electric vehicles are not just the wave of the future, they are saving the lives today. The
various effects of EV are,

1. Least partially powered by electricity.

2. Saving the climate.

3. Saving the lives.

4. Has only smaller carbon footprint.

5. Better-for the climate.

6. Can be charged anywhere.

7. Truly clean vehicle.

8. Zero-emission vehicle.

9. Less environmental pollution

7. IMPACTS OF POWER GRID :

The power grid is a network for delivering electricity to considered. The power grid includes
generating stations, transmission lines, distribution lines.

The detrimental impact of EV (Negative Impact) charging station loads on the electricity
distribution network cannot be neglected.

The high charging loads of the fast charging stations results in,

1. Increased peak load demand,

2. Reduced reserve margins

3. Voltage instability and

4. Reliability problems.

The penetration of EV on the Indian grid and its positive impact can be seen if the EV's are co-
ordinated. The co-ordinate charging and discharging of EV's can improve the voltage profile and
reduce the power transmission loss.

Currently EV's only account for 2.6% of global car sales and about 1% of the global car stock in
2019. Until 15% of the vehicles on the road go electric there won't be any real impact on. the grid.
That level of uptake is not predicted to happen until 2035 according to Bloomberg new energy
science report.

After a large scale electric vehicles are connected to the distribution network, the load on the
distribution network is increased and power quality of the distribution network is affected.

8. IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT

The EV's are better for the environment. They emit fewer greenhouse gas and air pollutants. The
major benefits are.
1. Improves air quality.

2. No tailpipe emissions.

3. No C02 emission.

4. Reduces air pollution.

5. Clean environment.

6. Better for pedestrians and cyclists.

7. Save an-average of 1.5 million grams of c02 with one EW--

8. Reduced carbon emissions.

9. Reduced noise pollution.

10. Reduces greenhouse gas emission.

PART-B

1.BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM :

Role of Battery Management System (BMS)

Battery management system is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery to

ensure it operates safely and efficiently. BMS is designed to monitor the parameters
associated with the battery pack and its individual cells, apply the collected data to eliminate
safety risks and optimise the battery performance.

Battery management systems are used to monitor and control power storage systems,
assure health of battery cells and deliver power to vehicle systems. The battery management
system monitors individual cells in the battery pack. It then calculates how much current can
safely go in (charge) and come out (discharge) without damaging the battery.

BMS manages a rechargeable battery (single cell or battery pack) by monitoring its state,
calculating secondary data, reporting that data, protecting the battery, controlling its
environment and balancing it.
The block diagram of Battery Management System is shown in the fig.3.5. Electric vehicles
run of high voltage Lithium-ion battery pack. They have higher energy density than other
batteries. These batteries come with a risk of catching fire under unusual circumstances. So
EV batteries should operate in predefined safe limits to ensure the s of the user as well as
vehicle. BMS is responsible, for thermal management of the battery and monitors its
temperature continuously. If required, BMS can adjust cooling and triggering other safety
mechanisms to cease operations and minimize the risk. safety

Overcharging of lithium ion cells can also lead to thermal runaway and potentially an
explosion. BMS continuously monitors the voltage of the pack as well as individual battery
cells and controls the supply of the current to avoid overcharging.

Lithium-ion batteries perform best when their state of charge (SoC) is maintained between
the minimum and maximum charge limits. Overcharging as well as deep discharging
degrades the capacity of the battery, thereby shortening its life.

At the time of charging, BMS determines how much current can safely go on and
communicate the same to the EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment) or charger. During
discharge of the battery, the BMS would communicate with the motor controller to avoid
cell voltages reaching too low. The vehicle can show a corresponding alert to the user to
charge the battery pack. Cell balancing is needed to maintain the cell at equal voltage levels
and maximize the capacity utilisation of the battery pack.

The BMS uses the collected data points (temperature, voltage, current, etc) to estimate the
State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH) of the battery pack. The SoC refers to
available energy in the battery and determines how far the vehicle can go before needing to
charge. The SoH measures the current condition of the battery as compared to its original
capacity. Both SoC and SoH are presented as percentage.

The BMS is responsible for communicating with other ECUS (Electronic Control Units) in the
vehicle. It relays the necessary data about the battery parameters to the motor controller to
ensure the running of the vehicle.
In case of AC charging, BMS communicates with the ON board charger to monitor and
control the charging of the battery pack. For DC charging a communication link is established
directly between EVSE and the BMS. BMS communicates the required output voltage and
current levels to the EVSE, and sends instructions to start and stop the charging process.

The BMS not only performs battery monitoring and control but interfaces with the vehicle
controller via the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus. The BMS can thus be coupled to the
other vehicle systems, for example anti-theft devices which disable the battery.

2. LEAD ACID BATTERIES

This battery uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy
into electrical power, so it is called lead acid battery.

The construction of lead acid battery is shown in the fig.3.1. The lead acid battery consists of
Plates (Electrodes), Separator, Electrolyte, Hard Plastic with a hard rubber case. The plates
are of two types, Positive plate and Negative plate.

The positive plate is made of lead dioxide. This is dark brown, hard and brittle substance.
The negative plate is made of pure lead in soft sponge condition. These two plates are
separated using a separator, which is an insulating material. This total construction is kept in
a hard plastic case with an electrolyte. The electrolyte is water and sulphuric acid (dilute
sulphuric acid). The hard plastic case is one cell.

reaction occurs. As a result of which lead sulphate is created on both the plates, and the
electrolyte is converted into water. After the discharge process both the plates are
converted into the same type of material. Due to this, the battery cannot produce enough
voltage to power up the electrical loads. During charging the chemical action is reversed and
once again the positive plate becomes lead peroxide, the negative plate becomes pure lead
and the electrolyte is also restored electrolyte becomes sulphuric acid.

3.WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CHARGING,DISCHARGING OF LEAD ACID BATTERY

When the sulphuric acid dissolves, its molecules break up into positive hydrogen ions (2H)
and sulphate negative ions (SO,") and move freely. If the two electrodes are immersed in
solutions and connected to DC supply, then the hydrogen ions being positively charged and
move towards cathode and the SO, ions being negatively charged (SO and move towards the
anode. This process is illustrated in the fig.3.2.

Each hydrogen ion takes one electron from the cathode and each sulphate ions takes two
negative ions from the anode. The oxygen react with lead oxide and form lead peroxide
(PbO,). Thus during charging the lead cathode remains as lead and lead anode gets
converted into lead peroxide, chocolate in colour. If the DC source is disconnected and
connect the voltmeter between the electrodes, it will shown the potential difference
between them.

(B) Chemical reaction during discharging

When the load is connected, the cell discharges and electrons flow in a direction opposite to
that during charging. It is illustrated in the fig.3.3.
The hydrogen ions move to the anode and reaching anode will receive one electron from the
anode and become hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom comes in contact with a PbO,, so it
forms lead sulphate (PbSO,) whitish in colour and water. Each sulphate ion (SO) moves
towards the cathode and reaching there gives up two electrons radical SO, attack the
metallic lead cathode and form lead sulphate, whitish in colour.

The chemical reaction done in anode and cathode during discharging is explained below.
At cathode: Pb+ H,SO, PbSO, +H* +2 €

At anode:

PbO₂+H₂SO+3H+26 →→ PbSO₂+2H20

The overall chemical reaction will be

Pb+ PbO, + 2H + 2H₂SO,→ 2PbSO, +

(C) Chemical action during recharging

For recharging, the anode and cathode are connected to the positive and negative terminals
of the DC supply. The molecules of the sulphuric acid breakup into 2H and SO, ions.
The positively charged hydrogen ions move towards the cathode and receives two electrons
from there and form a hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom reacts with lead sulphate
(cathode) forming lead and sulphuric acid. The SO, ions moves to the anode, gives up its
additional electrons becomes radial SO,, react with the lead sulphate (anode) and form lead
peroxide and lead sulphuric acid.

The chemical reaction done in cathode and anode during charging is explaned below.
At cathode:

PbSO, + H+ 2e→ Pb+H,SO

At anode:
PbSO,+2H₂O→ PbO₂+H,So,+3H+20
The overall chemical reaction will be
PbSO, PbSO, + 2H,O→→ PbO₂+ Pb+ 2H So,+2H

4. TRICKLE CHARGING

This method is designed to compensate for the set discharge of the battery. For standby use,
continuous and long term constant current charging is required. The charge rate varies
according to the frequency of discharge. This method is not suitable for some battery
chemistries (eg) NI-MH and Lithium, which are susceptible to damage at overcharging. In
some applications, the charger is designed to switch to trickle charging when the battery is
fully charged.

It is the simplest type of battery charger, which charges the battery at its self discharge rate
by applying a constant voltage and current regardless of whether the battery is fully
charged. To prevent overcharging the battery, the charger must be turned OFF aher a
particular period of time.
The charging current can be preset to the trickle charge requirement for the particular type
of battery, which is usually some percentage of the battery's rating. The circuit diagram of
continuous trickle charger is shown in fig.3.10.

In this method, the source output voltage must be compatible with the battery voltage. If it
is not compatible, a regulator must be used in series with the source to regulate the module
voltage down to a battery-compatible level.

The current flow through the shunt control is set at a value that establishes the desired
charging current to the battery. This charger provides the same current to the battery
regardless of the charge state of the battery. This causes the battery to overcharge and
potentially damages the battery once it is fully charged. The diode is used to prevent the
battery from discharging back through the source.
5. DC CHARGING

Fast chargers for EVS make use of DC charging. The AC power is converted into DC power
before entering into the vehicle. After conversion, the DC power directly goes into the
vehicle's battery, bypassing the vehicle's converter.

The DC installation requires a lot of power from the grid. This makes its costs (production,
installation and operation) quite high, resulting in higher tariffs for charging. It usually allows
much faster charging. This type of chargers is mostly found along highways rather than at
home or business locations.

DC charging systems requires dedicated wiring and installation and it can be mounted at
garages of charging stations. They have more power than the AC systems and can charge EVs
faster. As the output is DC, the voltage has to be changed for different vehicles to suit the
battery packs. Modern stations have to do it automatically. All DC charging systems has a
permanently connected Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) that incorporates the
charger.

Depending on the power levels they supply to the battery it is classified into the following
types. Level 1
(1) The rated voltage is 450V with 80A of current. This system is capable of providing power
upto 36 KW..
(ii) Level 2
This system has the same voltage rating of the level system. The current rating is increased
to 200A and the power is increased to 90KW.
(iii) Level 3
The voltage rating of this system is 600V. Maximum current is 400A with the power rating of
240 KW.
The DC charging characteristics defined by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) is shown in
the table 3.A.

6. LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN BATTERY CHEMISTRY

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts into electricity. This is known
as The system that underpins a battery is called: electrochemical cell. A battery can be made
up of one o several electrochemical cells. The battery must be sufficien for the intended
application. This means that it must be able to produce the right current with right voltage.
It must have sufficient capacity, energy and power.

In general, the electric vehicles uses four different types of batteries. They are Lithium ion
(Li-Ion), Molten sa (Na-NICL), Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) and Lithium Sulphu (Li-S). All of
them having the same electric energy storage capacity. The new battery technologies are
discussed below

(a) Nano Bolt Lithium Tungsten batteries

In these batteries tungsten and carbon multilayers nano tubes that bonds to be copper
anode substrate and build up a web like nano structure. This forms a huge surface for more
ions to attach to during recharge and discharge cycles. This makes fast recharge and also it
stores more energy.
(b) Zinc Manganese Oxide batteries

An unexpected chemical conversion is found in a zinc manganese oxide battery. If that

process can be controlled, it can increase energy density in conventional batteries, without
increasing cost. It is used for large scale energy storage.

(c) Organosilicon electrolyte batteries The Lithium batteries are danger because the
electrolyte catching fire or exploding. Searching for something safer than the carbonate
based solvent system in Li-ion batteries. Organosilicon compounds can be used as
electrolyte for Lithium-ion batteries because they are nontoxic, nonflammable as well as
have lower transition temperature, lower vapour pressure and high flash point than
commercial alkyl carbonate. These compounds can improve the electrochemical
performances and safety.

(d) Gold nanowire gel electrolyte batteries

Gold is a better electrolyte for lithium ion batteries, which are not combustible as liquids.
The gold nano wire is coated with manganese dioxide, and covering them with gel. While
nanowires are usually too delicate to use in batteries.

(e) Tank Two String cell batteries

A barrier to the use of electric vehicle is the slow recharging process. This battery contains a
collection of small independent self organizing cells. Each string cell consist of plastic
enclosure, covered with a conductive material that allows it to quickly and easily form
contact with others.

An internal processing unit controls the connections in the electrochemical cell. To facilitate
quick charging of an EV, the little balls contained in the sbattery are sucked out and swapped
for recharged cells at the service station. At the station the cells can be recharged at off peak
hours.

7.IMPACT ON ECONOMY

EVS provide less operating cost because of their superior efficiency, it can be upto 70%
efficiency. The current high cost of EVs is likely to come down from mass production and
beter energy policies, which will further increase the economic gains of the owners.

V2G also allows the owners to obtain a financial from their vehicles by providing service to
the grid. The power service provides benefit from EV integration mainly by implementing
coordinated charging and V2G. It allows them to adopt better peak saving strategies as well
as to integrate renewable sources.
 UNIT-4

PART-A

1.Define electric mobility policy frame work.

Ans:

The term electric mobility stands for forms of movement using electric motors. Cars,
buses, commercial vehicles, trains, bicycles, ships and smaller aircrafts can be powered by
electric energy.

The polices formed for electric mobility are,

 To promote the use of EV’s

 Conscessions to users
 Subsidy on purchase
 Exemption from road tax
 Exemption from registration charges
 Low interest rates on loans

The various government polices for EV promotion are,

 FAME – I (Faster adoption and manufacturing of Hybrid and EV)

 FAME-II
 PLI(Production Linked Incentive)
 Vehicle scarp page policy
 Make in India
 Enhancement of e-charging infrastructure

2. Explain the action led by OEMs.

Ans:

An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) traditionally is defined as a company whose goods

are used as components in the products of another company which then sells the finished item to
the user.

OEM ANNOUNCEMENT, AS OF APRIL 2017

Chevrolet(GM) 30,000 annual electric car sales by 2017
Chinese OEMs 4.52million annual electric car sales by 2020
Daimler 0.1million annual electric car sales by 2020
Ford 13 new EV models by 2020
 Tesla 0.5million annual electric car sales 2018.
1million annual electric car sales by 2020

3. Explain the need of EV policy.

Ans:

Need of EV policy :

 To improve air quality

 To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
 For low cost
 To reduce overall negative environmental impact
 To enhance energy security
 To reduce air pollution
 To improve driving experience, etc.,

4. Explain the advantages of EV eco system.

Ans:

Advantages of EV eco system:

 Eco –friendly
 No emission of toxic gases
 No smoke in environment
 Clean energy source
 Contributes healthy conditions
 Contributes green climate, etc.,
 Reduced air pollution
 No CO2 emissions

5. Explain ARAI standards for electric vehicle.

Ans:

ARAI Standards:

Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is set up by the Automotive Industry with
the Government of India. ARAI is an autonomous body affiliated to the Mministry of Heavy
Industries, Government of India. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of
Science and Technology, Government of India has recognized ARAI as a Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (SIRO). Further ARAI is a prime Testing and Certification Agency notified by
Government of India.

ARAI approval is done on the basis of components tests, engine tests, vehicle tests and other
requirements. Vehicle type approval is the confirmation that production samples of a type of
vehicle, vehicle system, component or separate technical will meet specified performance
standards. ARAI is a authorized agency for testing and certifying the vehicles and engines used for
both automotive and non automotive applications.

6. Define BS norms.

Ans:

BS Norms:

Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards are laid down by the Government to regulate the output
of our pollutants from internal combustion engine and spark engine equipment, including motor
cycles. The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for petrol and in 1992 for diesel
vehicles. BS I, BS II, BS III, BS IV and BS VI are Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES) that have been
instituted by the Government of India.

7. Define electric vehicle fleet.

Ans:

Electric vehicle fleet:

An electric vehicle fleet contains vehicles that run partially or completely on electric battery
power. EV fleets can include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs). Electric vehicles are a more sustainable option compared to internal combustion engine
vehicles (ICEs).

8. Define AIS.

Ans:

AIS:

AIS stands for Automotive Industry Standards. It is a technical automotive standards for India.
The Automotive Industry Standards are issued by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH), which is the ministry regulating the automotive sector in India.

The following steps should be taken for getting certificate,

  Comprehensive application with required document
 Product testing in India
 On-site production inspection
 Granting of AIS certification upon successful application
 Marking with the AIS certification mark.

9. Define GVW.

Ans:

GVW:

Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) represents the total weight of vehicle including passengers,
which is a rating placed on the vehicle by the manufacturer. The gross vehicle weight should not
be exceeded, otherwise many problems may be created.

10. Define CNG vehicles.

Ans:

CNG vehicles:

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles operate much like gasoline powered vehicles with
spark ignited internal combustion engines. The engine functions is the same way as a gasoline
engine. Natural gas is stored in a fuel tank or cylinder, typically at the back of the vehicle.

PART-B

1. Explain different AIS standards.

Ans:

Automotive Industry Standards (AIS):

AIS stands for Automotive Industry Standards. It is a technical automotive standards for India.
The Automotive Industry Standards are issued by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH), which is the ministry regulating the automotive sector in India.

The following steps should be taken for getting certificate,

 Comprehensive application with required document

 Product testing in India
 On-site production inspection
  Granting of AIS certification upon successful application
 Marking with the AIS certification mark.

Different AIS standards:

a) AIS – 038:
This standard specifies the requirements for the construction and functional safety of
battery operated vehicles (BOVs) for the purpose of establishing compliance to statutory
requirements.
i) AIS – 038 (Rev-1):
This standard specifies the construction and functional safety requirements for
L, M and N categories of electric power drain vehicles.
AIS-038(Rev-1)

Name : AIS-038(Rev-1)
Description : Electrical Power Train Vehicles – Construction and Functional Safety
Requirements
Vehicle types : Bus, Car, Heavy Truck, Light Truck.
Subject Categories : Electrical and Electronics.

ii) AIS – 038 (Rev-2):

Part - 1 : This standard specifies the safety requirements with respect to the electric
power train of motor vehicles of categories M and N.
Part - 2 : This standard specifies the safety requirements with respect to the
Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS) of motor vehicles of
categories M and N.

Part II of this standard does not apply to a battery whose primary use is supply
power for starting the engine and/or lighting and/or other vehicle auxiliaries system.
AIS-038(Rev 2)

Name : AIS-038(Rev-2)
Description : Electrical Power Train Vehicles – Specific Requirements.
Vehicle types : Bus, Car, Component, Heavy Truck, Light Truck.
Subject Categories : Drafts and Proposals (Current).

b)AIS – 039 :

This standard specifies the method of measurement of electrical energy consumption of

Battery Operated Vehicles (BOVs). This also used to verify the performance of the vehicle
with that declared by the manufacturer.

i) AIS-039(Rev 1) :
 This standard specifies the measurement of electrical energy
consumption expressed in Wh/Km for L, M and N categories of Electric
power train vehicles.
AIS-039(Rev 1)

Name : AIS-039(Rev-1)
Description : Electrical Power Train Vehicles – Measurement of Electrical Energy
Consumption
Vehicle types : Bus, Car, Heavy Truck, Light Truck.
Subject Categories : Electrical and Electronics, Emissions and Fuel Consumption.

i) i) AIS – 123 (Part 1) :

This standard lays down the requirements specific to vehicles retrofitted with Hybrid
Electric system (HES) of M1, M2 and N1 category of vehicles, which
(i) Comply - to BS – II are subsequent emission norms
(ii) Operate on either petrol or diesel only
(iii) Have GVW not exceeding 3500kg
(iv) Have not been retrofitted earlier or not operating on any other alternate
fuel.

AIS-123-Part 1

Name : AIS-123-Part 1
Description : CMVR Type Approval of Hybrid Electric System for Retro – fitment.
Vehicle types : Car, Component, Light Truck, Motorcycle.
Subject Categories : Type Approval and Certification

ii) AIS – 123 (Part 2) :

This standard lays down the requirements specific to Hybrid Electric System
(HES) intended for retro-fitment on vehicles of M and N category having
GVW > 3500kg, which
i) Comply – to BS – II or subsequent emission norms
ii) Have not be retrofitted earlier (e.g. CNG / LPG Electric kits etc)
iii) Are not provided with permits for carrying dangerous or hazardous
goods, as defined in CMVR. (CMVR – Central Motor Vehicle Rules)
AIS-123-Part 2

Name : AIS-123-Part 2
Description : CMVR Type Approval of Hybrid Electric System for Retro – fitment –
Part 2
Vehicle types : Car, Component, Light Truck.
Subject Categories : Type Approval and Certification
 iii) AIS – 123 (Part 3) :
This standard lays down the requirements specific to Electric propulsion kit
intended for conversion of vehicles of L5, M, N1 and N2 category for pure
electric operation, which
(i) Are manufactured on and 1st January 1990
(ii) Are not provided with permits for carrying dangerous or
hazardous goods, as defined in CMVR .
AIS-123-Part 3

Name : AIS-123-Part 3
Description : CMVR Type Approval of Electric Propulsion Kit of Vehicles for Pure
Electric Operation.
Vehicle types : Car, Component, Light Truck.
Subject Categories : Electrical and Electronic, Type Approval and Certification.

2. Explain Key Performance Indicator.

Ans :
Key Performance Indicator:
A) Number of EVs in the city, Number of Electric fleet operates
i) Parameters : Buses, Mini buses
ii) Measures : Actual numbers/ Estimated numbers/ Qualitative
indicators
iii) Data sources : RTO, fleet operators, fleet operator untions. (RTO –
Regional Transport Office)

B) Number of EVs in the city, Number of Electric fleet operates

i) Parameters : Buses, Mini buses
ii) Measures : Actual numbers/ Estimated numbers/
Qualitative indicators
iii) Data sources : RTO, fleet operators, fleet operator untions.
(RTO – Regional Transport Office)

C) Number of EVs in the city, Number of Electric fleet operates

i) Parameters : IPT (Intermediate Public Transport), E-
autorickashaw, E-rickashaw, E- taxis
ii) Measures : Actual numbers/ Estimated numbers/
Qualitative indicators
iii) Data sources : RTO, fleet operators, fleet operator untions.
(RTO – Regional Transport Office)
 D) Number of EVs in the city, Number of Electric fleet operates
i) Parameters : Personal Vehicles, E- cars, LCVs (Light
Commercial Vehicles), E-2 Wheelers, E-Bicycles.
ii) Measures : Actual numbers/ Estimated numbers/
Qualitative indicators
iii) Data sources : RTO, fleet operators, fleet operator untions.
(RTO – Regional Transport Office)
E) Invetment made on promoting EVs
i) Parameters :
a) Investment on deploying charging infrastructure.
b) Purchase of EVs.
c) Deploying monitoring infrastructure such as sensors. (Deployment-
Moving an object to a place where some action can be performed)
ii) Measure :
a) Investment made
iii) Data sources :
Municipal body, Urban development agency, Department of transport,
Department of Finance, Traffic police department.

3. Explain the trends and future developments of Electric Vehicle.

Ans:
Trends and future developments :
Electric mobility will only live up to the hopes pinned on it if the price of vehicles and
batteries falls, charging networks grow and also become more intelligent. Companies and
researchers are continuously working to enhance batteries. Better batteries will increase the
range and reduce charging time.
Emissions are having a serious impact on the climate and environment. More and more
CO2 emission is entering the atmosphere, with the result that the Earth is becoming warmer
and warmer. According to the survey, traffic is responsible for 24% of all CO2 emissions
worldwide. Electric vehicles counter that unlike gasoline and diesdel vehicles.
The growth of EV market is driven by Government funding, subsides and incentives. The
use of renewable energy to power EV charging stations is one of key opportunities in the EV
charging market. Because of decreasing price and easy installation of solar panels, solar
powered charging stations have become ideal for home owners and commercial buildings.
10 solar panels can provide the electricity require to power an EV that can drive
approximately 21,000km every year.
Intelligent transportation system(ITS) is a combination of information and
communication technologies. It is applied in transportation networks and infrastructure to
facilitate vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to charging station communication. This helps in
enhancing safety, traffic managements and environmemtal
 performance.
A robo taxi combines the benefits of an autonomous vehicle ans E-cap hailing services
by operating without a driver and focussing on Mobility as a Service ( MaaS). It is expected
to reduce the cost of ownership and improve fleet management. It would offer a safe,
convenient and economical mode of transportation.
Electric vehicles will grow from 0.7% of the global light duty vehicles (LDV) fleet in 2020
to 31% in 2050, reaching 672million EVs, predicts the US Energy Information Administration
(EIA).
The 6 important trends that will impact fleet electrification are shown below.
i) The EV price tag will continue to drop as battery costs fall.
ii) Electrification will spread into the heavier vehicle segments.
iii) Update the policy and regulation.
iv) Increase in public charger availability and capacity.
v) Collaboration accelerates EV adaptation.
vi) EVs to dominate shared mobility sevices.

UNIT-5

PART-A

1. OBJECTIVES OF EV POLICY:

The Board objectives of EV Policy are

1. To create robust infrastructure

2. To promote innovation

3. To create a pool of skilled workforce

4. To create conductive environment for industry and research institution to focus on EV

technology and reap the benefit from the outcome.

2. POLICY MEASURES OF ELECTRIC CARS TWO WHEELERS :

Nearly 25lakhs personal cars have been registered in Tamil Nadu so for nearly 85% of vehicle
population is two wheelers. There is a great potential for cars and two wheeler in EV segment . The
battery charging requirements for two wheeler segment is relatively low. It enables fast charging
infrastructure . The conversions and creation of charging networks.
3.POLICY MEASERES OF EV IN SHARED MOBILITY:

Within a span of 10 years the state will promote conversion of all auto rickshaw in six major cities
of Chennai , Coimbatore, Trichy , Madurai, Salem, and Tirunelvalli to electri vehiles. This will be
extended to other cities and towns in a gradual manner. Similarly the state will support conversion
of all taxies to EVs within a span of ten years.

4. POLICY MEASERS OF GOODS CARIER:

Small commercial vehicles used for delivering light loads will be encouraged to convert EVs. E-
Commerce and delivery companies in Tamil Nadu will be encouraged to transition their vehicles to
EVs gradually. Due to the current battery capacity constrains , goods transport lorries may require
longer to transition to EVs, as the technology evolves.

5. DEMAND SIDE INSENTIVES OF ELECTRIC TWO WHEELERS:

1. 100% Road Tax exemption up to 30.12.2022

2. Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification.

6.DEMAND SIDE INSENTIVES OF TRANSPORT VECHICLES OF TAXI ,TOURIST CARS AND PRIVATE
CARS:

1. Wavier of taxi permit fees up to 30.12.2022

2. 100%Road taxes exemption up to 30.12.2022

3. Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification

4. Subsidy for STU operated vehicle.

PRIVATE CARS:

1. Owners will be encouraged to switch over to electric cars.

2. Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification.

3. Road tax exemption entered from 50% to 100%upto 30.12.2022.

7. DEMAND SIDE INSENTIVES OF LIGHT GOODS CARRIER

LIGHT GOODS CARRIES INCLUDING ( THREE WHEEIER)

1. No requirements of permit.

2. 100% Road Tax exemption upto 30.12.2022

 3. Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification.

8.SUPPLY SIDE INSENTIVES OF STAMP DUTY EXEMTION:

1. 100% stamp duty exemption till 30.12.2022.

2. Effective up to 30.12.2022.

9.SUPPLY SIDE INSENTIVES OF CAPITAL SUBSIDY:

1. In the case of intermediate product used in the manufacture of EVs and charging infrastructure
15% eligible investments over 10 years (where 100% reimbursement of SGST is not applicable)

2. effective up to 30.12.2025.

10. SUPPLY SIDE INSENTIVES OF STATE GST:

1. Reimbursement 100% of SGST provideon hole of EVs manufactured sold and registered for use in
the state

2. Effective up to 30.12.2030.

11. REVISION OF TRANSPORT REGULATION OF EV:

To distinguish the Electric vehicle (battery operated vehicles) from other vehicles registration mark
( vehicle number plate) shall be exhibted in

1. yellow color on a green background for transport vehicles

2. white color on green background for all other EVs

All the vehicles should fulfill conditions stipulated to register under central motor vehicle rule
(CMVR).

12. CITY BUILDING CODES:

The various city building codes are,

1. Amendment to building and construction laws will be made to ensure that charging
infrastructre is integrated at the planning stage itself for all new construction and apartments in
cities.

2. All existing apartment association with 50+ families will be encouraged to provide charging
points in parking lots.

3. Existing residental township with 500+ families will be encouraged to install charging stations.

4. At least 10% of parking space will be earmarked for EVs in commercial building such as hotels,
shopping malls, cinema halls, apartment etc. and charging stations will be set up in the earmarked
space.

13.CHARGING STRUCTURE:
 The charging structure is designed and implemented with formation of high level committee
(steering committee) to monitor the implementation E vehicle.

1. The chief secretary govt, of Tamilnadu (chairman)

2. committee members are ,

* Additional chief secretary, Home dept

* Principal secretary, Transport dept

* Principal secretary ,Energy dept

* Principal secretary, Highways dept

* Principal secretary , Industries dept

* Principal secretary, MA&WS dept

* The chairman , Transport dept

* The chairman , TANGENDCO

*MD& CEO, TN Industrial guidance Bureau

14. CENTERE OF EXECLLENCE:

1. The state Government will partner with premier Technical Institution and research
establishments across the state for establishing centers of excellence for conducting market
focoussed research on Battery Technologies Battery Management EV motors and controllers.

2. The state Government will seek industry participation and levarage with Government of India to
provide grant to these centres

3. Research programs in collaboration with EV Industry with a focus on battery innovation will be
introduced in Engineering Collage/Universities.

PART – B

1. DEMAND SIDE INCENTIVES:

1. PURCHASE OF ELECTRIC TWO WHEELERS: *100% Road Tax exemption up to 30.12.2022

*Wavier of Registration charges as per GOI notification

2. THREE SEATER AUTO RICKSHAWS:

*Wavier of E- auto permit fees up to 30.12.2022

 * 100% Road Tax exemption up to 30.12.2022

3. TRANSPORT VEHICLES(TAXI TOURIST CARS, ETC):

* Wavier of Tax permit fees up to 30.12.2022

* 100% Road Tax exemption up to 30.12.2022

* Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification.

* Subsidy for STU operated vehicle.

4. LIGHT GOODS CARRIES INCLUDING (THREE WHEELERS):

* No requirements of permit

*100% Road Tax exemption up to 30.12.2022

*Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification

5.PRIVATE CARS:

* Owner will be encouraged to switch over to electric cars.

* Wavier of registration charges as per GOI notification.

* Road Tax exemption entered from50% to 100% up to 30.12.2022.

6. CHARGING STATION:

*Adequate policy support for development of charging infrastructure

*state active thrust with TANGEDCO and private

* Capital subsides to private operators.

* provision for charging station commercial buildings

* To stepup3*3grid charging major cities.

* To step one charging station for each 25Kms inverial on both sides of NHAI& state Highway.

*To provide charging station at Government office parking lots.

* TANGEDCO to invest to setup both slow and fast charging network.

* Investment for infrastructure development of charging station by TANGENDCO with private

operation in public private partnership model.

* EV charging service provides can step up their own renewable energy generating station.

* LT twiff –IA-230V/415V as per tariff TP NO 1 of 2017Dt 11.8.2017 for private charging station
(PCS)tobe determined by TNERC.
* Supply of Renewable energy on preferential basis with zero connection cost.

2. SUPPLY SIDE OF INCENTIVES TO PROMOTE EV MANUFACTRING:

1. SGST

* Reimbursement 100% of SGST hole of EV’s manufactured sold and registered for use in the
state.

* Effective up to 30.12.2030

2. CAPITAL SUBSIDY:

* In the case of intermediate product used in the manufacture of EV’s and charging infrastructure
15%

on eligible investments over 10 years (where 100% reimbursement of SGST is not applicable)

* Effective up to 31.12.2025.

3.ELECTRICTY TAX:

* 100% Exemption.

* Effective up to 31.12.2025.

4.STAMP DUTY:

* 100%Exemption.

* Effective up to 30.12.2022.

5. COST OF LAND:

* 15% subsidy on the cost of land obtained from SIPCOT, SIDCO, etc….

* 50% subsidy in the investment in southern districts

* Effective up to 30.12.2022

6. EMPLOYMENT:

* Reimbursement of employer’s constitution of EPF for all new jobs.

* Effective up to 30.12.2025

* Maximum of 48,000/_ Per employee.

7. EV BATTERY MANUFACTRING:

* Special package

* higher subsidy of 20%

 * For about 20 years

* 50% subsidy in lower districts

* Effective up to 31.12.2015

8.CREATION OF EV PARTS AND VENDER ECO SYSTEM:

* Developments of EV parts

* Common facilities can be provide for phototyping, testing, training, etc..

*Applicable MSME sectors

*Plug and play manufacturing facilities will be created9. MSME SECTOR :

* 20% additional capital subsidy

* 6% interest subvention will be provided

* Effective up to 3101202025

10. TRANSITION SUPPORT :

* One time re-skilling allowance for every existing employee in the production line.

3. RE-CYCLING OF EV ECO SYSTEM :

* The Government will encourage the re-use of EV batteries that have reached the end of life and
setting up recycling business in collaboration with battery and EV manufactures that focus on
“Urban Mining of rare

material with in the battery for re-use manufactures.

*charging station operators will be encourage to operate as end-of life battery recycling agencies.

* Electrical vehicle owners can be deposit their vehicle batteries that have reached their end of life.

* The Government of Tamil Nadu will invite battery recycling business to establish their presence in
Tamil Nadu.

* Appropriate protocols and investment subsides for setting up such a business shall be notified by
the Government of Tamil Nadu after consultation with stake holders .

* OME’s should take responsibility of recycling of old batteries and its components.

4. POLICY MEASURES OF ELECTRIC CARS AND TWO WHEELERS :

Nearly 25lakhs personal cars have been registered in Tamil Nadu so for nearly 85% of
vehicle population is two wheelers. There is a great potential for cars and two wheeler in EV
segment . The battery charging requirements for two wheeler segment is relatively low. It
enables fast charging infrastructure . The conversions and creation of charging networks.
 5. POLICY MEASURE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT:

Around 21,000 public transport buses are operated by State Transport Undertakings
(STUs) in the state .STU’s will strive to replace 5% of buses as EV every year and around
1000EV buses may be introduced every year.

Buses are expected to be charged at the Bus Depots using 3 phase electric connection.
In addition small top up charging can be done en-route station or bus terminals. One slow-
charging

Unit for every electric bus and one fast charging station for every 10 electric buses shall be
provided. Private operators of buses will also be encouraged to transition to EV buses.

6. POLICY MEASERS OF GOODS CARIER:

Small commercial vehicles used for delivering light loads will be encouraged to convert
EVs. E-Commerce and delivery companies in Tamil Nadu will be encouraged to transition
their vehicles to EVs gradually. Due to the current battery capacity constrains , goods
transport lorries may require longer to transition to EVs, as the technology evolves.

13.CHARGING STRUCTURE:

The charging structure is designed and implemented with formation of high level committee
(steering committee) to monitor the implementation E vehicle.

1. The chief secretary govt, of Tamilnadu (chairman)

2.committee members are ,

* Additional chief secretary, Home dept

* Principal secretary, Transport dept

* Principal secretary ,Energy dept

* Principal secretary, Highways dept

* Principal secretary , Industries dept

* Principal secretary, MA&WS dept

* The chairman , Transport dept

* The chairman , TANGENDCO

*MD& CEO, TN Industrial guidance Bureau