School of Aerospace & Automotive

Engineering
INTRODUCTION

TO

ELECTRIC
VEHICLES

Dr. Rajesh Ravi

Professor Assistant,
School of Aerospace & Automotive
Engineering,
Universite Internationale de
Rabat-11100.
 BRIEF
INTRODUCTION
• An electric vehicle, also called an EV, uses one or more electric motors or
traction motors for propulsion instead of the traditional fossil fuel. 
• First electric carriage was built in 1830s and the first electric automobile was
built in 1891 in the United States. 
• Types : Battery electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicle, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. 
•  Electric vehicles will play a vital role in changing the environment and
economy around the globe in the next two decades.
• “Electric cars ” generally refers to road going automobiles powered by
electricity . Propelled by one electric motor or more using batteries.
•  Electric motors give instant torque, and smooth acceleration
HISTORY
• Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early
20th century 
 Early History
• In 1890s, electric automobiles held many speed and distance records. 
•  Before the 1920s, electric automobiles were competing with petroleum
fueled cars for urban use of a quality service car.
From 1990s to Present 
•  Renewed interest in the perceived independence that electric cars had
from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. 
•  As of July 2012, other electric automobiles, city cars, and light trucks
available in some markets for purchase include the REVAi, Tesla, Volt,
etc. 
EV'S
FA S T E R  A D O P T I O N
COUNTRIES
• In Norway, one in three vehicles (33% approx)
registered is plug -in electric. 
• While only 4% of China’s vehicles are electric, Norway
is rapidly approaching the 50 % mark with 49 % of its
new cars running on electricity in 2018 with Iceland and
Sweden reaching 19 % and 8 % EV penetration. 
•  China’s auto industry is rapidly turning all -electric and
aims at having around 5 lakh public charging stations by
2022. 
•  UK and France are targeting 100 % electric cars by
2040.
 CHALLENGES
IN EV
INDUSTRY
• The average on-road price of electric vehicle is not
attractive enough for consumers.
•  Inadequate charging infrastructure.
•  Reliance on battery imports. 
•  Range anxiety among consumers. 
•  Inadequate electricity supply in parts of India.
•  Lack of quality maintenance and repair options.
•  Changing the mindset of consumers, i.e adopting to a new
technology.
C O M PA R I S I O N

IC Engine Vehicle  EV 

•  Depends on rpm 
•  Initial Torque High 
•  Engine rotates at idle speed i.e. 1200rpm 
•  Less than EV.  •  Engine turns off as the pedal is released 
•  Lower than an EV  •  Efficiency High 
•  High running  •  Space More 
•  High maintenance 
•  Low running cost 
•  Less investment then
•  Low maintenance 
 
COST EFFECTIVENESS

INTERNAL
 ELECTRIC
COMBUSTION ENGI
VEHICLE
NES
PRICE Expensive due to Cheaper than electric
expensive batteries cars.

FUEL RATE Electricity rate may Fuel prices remains

vary from place to almost constant in every
place. region across the world.

SERVICING  Most companies don’t A lot of mechanics know

have certified how to service a
mechanics for servicing combustion cars
of electric cars.
 P O L L U T I O N C O M PA R I S I O N

ELECTRIC CARS COMBUSTION ENGINE CARS 

Zero greenhouse gases from the cars Releases harmful greenhouse gases.

Less carbon emissions than combustion engine cars 27% more carbon emissions than that of electric cars.

But overall, particulate matter produced is 3.6 times Particulate matter production is less.
more than gasoline cars(in countries relying on natural
resources for electricity). 
A D VA N T A G E S
• Cheaper to run because of low
rates of electricity than petrol. 
•  Zero harmful emissions, better for
environment. 
•  Nearly 100% recyclable batteries. 
•  Reduces noise pollution. 
•  Can be recharged almost
anywhere in urban areas. 
• Eco-friendly.
• Zero combustion and zero exhaust.
• More efficient. 
•  Easy to charge and drive.
D I S A D VA N T A G E S
• Time required to recharge the batteries is more. 
•  Lesser charging stations. 
•  More expensive than the combustion engine cars. 
•  The batteries provided are quite heavy increasing the net
weight of the car.
• Need to change battery in years. 
•  Lithium-ions batteries are much expensive than other. 
•  Not suitable for long distance running. 
•  Problem of availability of charging stations.
L I F E S PA N
OF
ELECTRIC
CARS
• Different type of electric cars
have different life spans. 
•  Battery EVs can run for 5 years
or 1,00,000 miles before fully
disintegrated. 
•  The Plug-in hybrids and hybrids
have a longer life span due to
continuous recharging from the
internal combustion engines and
batteries. 
HOW DOES IT
WORKS?
• The driver presses the accelerator which in turn
sends the signals to the controller .
•  When fully accelerated, maximum voltage is
supplied to the motor .
• On releasing the accelerator, no voltage is
supplied .
• Two potentiometers are connected .
• When both potentiometers show same deviation,
voltage is supplied further and car moves
MAIN COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CAR
• Motor
• Controller 
• Batteries
• Transmission
• Braking  
• Steering 
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N S O F
MOTORS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AC & DC MOTORS

• A.C. motors are powered from alternating current (A.C.) while D.C.
motors are powered from direct current (D.C.), such as batteries, D.C.
power supplies or an AC-to-DC power converter.
• D.C wound field motors are constructed with brushes and a commutator,
which add to the maintenance, limit the speed and usually reduce the life
expectancy of brushed D.C. motors. A.C. induction motors do not use
brushes.
• The speed of a D.C. motor is controlled by varying the armature
winding’s current while the speed of an A.C. motor is controlled by
varying the frequency, which is commonly done with an adjustable
frequency drive control.
 DC MOTOR

ADVANTAGES • Speed control over a wide range both above and below
the rated speed. 
• High starting torque . 
• Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration. 
• Free from harmonics.

DISADVANTAGES • High initial cost. 

• Increased operation and maintenance cost. 
• Cannot operate in explosive and hazard conditions due to
sparking occur at brush.
ADVANTAGES • Produces less heat, friction and are lighter and
more efficient .
• The simple design of the AC motor results in
extremely reliable, low maintenance operation.
• Low Cost due to the simple design of the motor. 

DISADVANTAGES • Inability to operate at low speeds.

• Produce eddy currents due to the production of a
back emf.

AC MOTOR
TYPES OF
EV
VEHICLES
P H E V- P L U G - I N H Y B R I D E L E C T R I C V E H I C L E
• Both the electric motor and the
internal combustion engine
needed to run the car. 
• Combustion engine is used only
to charge the battery 
• Rechargeable batteries-
Recharged by internal
combustion and regenerative
braking. 
• It has a larger battery pack that is
plugged into the electric grid for
charging, increasing the share of
electric power used by the car. 
H E V- H Y B R I D E L E C T R I C V E H I C L E

• Uses a small electric battery to

support the internal combustion
engine. 
• Provides increased fuel
efficiency. 
• The battery is recharged by both
the gasoline engine and
regenerative braking. 
• Regenerative braking captures
kinetic energy to charge batteries
when the driver pushes the
brakes 
B AT T E R Y- V E H I C L E ( F U L LY E L E C T R I C )
• Battery electric vehicles are all
electric. 
• No internal combustion engine 
• Needs large recharge time (7-8
hours) 
• Car halts when the battery dies.
• In order to run 80 plus miles, it
requires a large battery i.e,
18kWH to 36 kWH.
   ABOUT EV'S
 ABOUT

v Emerging tech in the Automobile Industry

v Replaces the traditional mechanical
DRIVE BY systems with the modern Electronic unit
WIRE v The system reduces the number of moving
parts
v Intermediate shafts, pumps, gears,
belts etc are all eliminated
v It can also be wrapped as a computer
network with a vehicle around it.
 WHY DRIVE BY
WIRE?
1. Simplifies designs and lowers
manufacturing costs
2. Makes the engine very
compact as a result
increasing the interior space
3. Easy to install and model
4. Noiseless operations
5. Increases vehicle efficiency
6. Reduces overall weight
 WORKING
PRINCIPLE
Ø Works on the Principle of
Electromechanical
control system
Ø Engine Control Module or the
ECU is the main brain of the
system
Ø Sensors send the signal to the
ECM and the actuators actuates
Ø ECM is connected to several
systems at the same time
Ø ECM controls the signals and
circulates to other sensors
DRIVE BY WIRE    • Brake By Wire
3 - S U B C AT E G O R I E S • Steer by Wire
• Throttle by Wire
    STEER BY WIRE
No mechanical connection between the steering
and the wheels of the vehicle
   THROTTLE BY WIRE
This technology is widely used in the modern
industry and eliminates the use of cables

Ø Accelerator sensor senses the position of the

throttle and sends the signal to the ECU
Ø ECM actuates the servo pump which actuates
the butterfly valve via electronically operated
throttle
Ø Position of the throttle is continuously
monitored by the ECM
Ø A feedback circuit is used for transmitting
and receiving signals
 • It helps in controlling the air-fuel
ratio minimizing fuel consumption
• The ETC is continuously working behind
A D VA N T A G E S d scenes to dramatically improve the ease
OF with which the driver/rider can execute
THROTTLE the throttle and deal with the rapid change
BY WIRE of torque due to rapid accelerations
and decelerations
• It helps in maintaining the stability of
the vehicle
BRAKE BY WIRE
• Eliminates traditional mechanical and
hydraulic components
• Replaces them with modern electronic sensors
and actuators
A D VA N T A G E S O F • Consists of a Rheostat that senses the position of the brake pedal
• Reacts quickly and reduces the stopping distance
BRAKE BY WIRE • Loss of mechanical systems means there is no noise and no vibrations
• Consumes less space making the engine very compact and lighter
AUTONOMOUS
DRIVING

• A vehicle is “driving itself” if it is

operating in a mode in which it is not
being controlled, and does not need
to be monitored, by an individual
 LEVELS OF DRIVING
A U T O M AT I O N
• Level 0: The automated system issues warnings and may momentarily intervene but has no
sustained vehicle control.
• Level 1 ("hands on"): The driver and the automated system share control of the vehicle.

• Level 2 ("hands off"): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle: accelerating,
braking, and steering. The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to intervene
immediately at any time if the automated system fails to respond properly. 
• Level 3 ("eyes off"): The driver can safely turn their attention away from the driving tasks, e.g.
the driver can text or watch a movie. The vehicle will handle situations that call for an immediate
response, like emergency braking. The driver must still be prepared to intervene within some
limited time, specified by the manufacturer, when called upon by the vehicle to do so. 
• Level 4 ("mind off"): As level 3, but no driver attention is ever required for safety, e.g. the driver
may safely go to sleep or leave the driver's seat. However, self-driving is supported only in
limited spatial areas (geofenced) or under special circumstances. Outside of these areas or
circumstances, the vehicle must be able to safely abort the trip. 
• Level 5 ("steering wheel optional"): No human intervention is required at all. An example would
be a robotic vehicle that works on all kinds of surfaces, all over the world, all year around, in all
weather conditions.
BENEFITS
OF EV
BIKES
 COMPONENTS
OF ELECTRIC
TWO WHEELER
 A D VA N T A G E S O F
ELECTRIC SCOOTER
• Let's see how some of the main advantages of choosing to buy an electric scooter in 2019: 
• Storage space: The electric scooter has an area under the seat that allows us to carry bags, packages or
backpacks in any comfort.
• Fuel savings: One of the significant advantages of the electric scooter is substantial for the pocket of
the final consumer: the considerable savings in gasoline.
• Freedom: Get from Point A to Point B fast, no more waiting for the bus, waiting for the taxi. Simply
unfold your scooter and you are ready to go.
• Ecology and respect for the environment: Every time we use an electric scooter we are contributing
our bit to that ecological spirit that should be present in our daily lives.
• Lower maintenance cost among many other differences with gasoline engines: The electric motor
does not need to spend time or money on maintenance tasks such as oil changes, filters, etc.
• Lower acoustic impact:  It has been shown that street noise reduces between 30% and 40% the
productivity of people working in the environment. However, the constant noise suffered by the
motorcyclist affects his concentration on the road over time and to their levels of stress, anxiety, and
aggression. Electric scooter, on the other hand, is less noisy.
 D I S A D V A N T A G E S O F
E L E C T R I C   S C O O T E R

• Like everything in this life, a vehicle with as many features as the electric
scooter also has certain disadvantages. As you can see, these are not big
problems, but it is essential to at least know about them: 
• Low speed: This disadvantage is not common to all electric scooters.
However, it should be noted that in some models, the electric bike has smaller
wheels than a traditional motorcycle which can affect its cruising speed.
• The charging time: Charging the battery of an electric scooter takes more
time than refueling for a scooter with a combustion engine. It is not a
common disadvantage to all electric bikes, but in some cases and models, the
battery of an electric scooter can be discharged more quickly at low
temperatures.
• Recharging points: the extension of the network of charging points for
electric motorcycles is a pending issue that many countries still have,
including the United States. However, with a large battery capacity in 
EMOVE Cruiser, you can travel up to 62 miles on a single charge.
• Laws: Countries like Singapore, has strict laws such as registering the electric
scooter with the local transport authority, in order to get a license and permit
to use the electric scooter in public. 
ELECTRIC SCOOTER-COMPONENTS
 ELECTRIC
SPORTS
BIKES
• The Ultraviolette F77 is a
performance-oriented electric
motorcycle, which claims a top
speed of 147km/h. The company also
claims that the F77 electric bike can
accelerate from 0 - 60km/h in just
2.9 seconds and 0 - 100km/h time of
7.5 seconds.
 B AT T E RY
 The Ultraviolette F77 uses a pack of
three lithium-ion batteries, with a total
capacity of 4.2Kwh. This battery pack
is further mated to a 25Kw electric
motor. This is in the form of a
passively air-cooled permanent
magnet AC motor. The batteries on the
Ultraviolette F77 also come with an
IP-67 rating for dust and water
resistance.

 The electric motor produces a

maximum power output of 33.5bhp at
2250rpm and 450Nm of torque at the
wheel (90Nm of torque at the motor).
 S WA P P A B L E B A T T E R Y

• The Ultraviolette F77 electric bike is offered with three riding modes: Eco, Sport & Insane. 
• The range on the F77 varies between a claimed 130km to 150km on a single charge. The company offers the F77 electric bike with both
standard and fast-charging technology. 
• The standard charging comes in the form of a 1Kw charger which takes around 5 hours to charge the batteries.
TESLA • Manufacturer’s official range in miles: 620
• Approximate real-world miles: 600
ROADSTER
 • Manufacturer’s official range in
TESLA MODEL S miles: 375
LONG RANGE • Approximate real-world miles: 325
KIA SOUL EV

• 280 miles of range

• 150kW First Edition 64kWh 5dr Auto
V O L K S WA G E N I D . 3 •Manufacturer’s official range in
LONG RANGE miles: 340
•Approximate real-world miles: 295
 • Manufacturer’s official range in
P O L E S TA R 2 miles: 310
• Approximate real-world miles: 280
J A G U A R I - PA C E • Manufacturer’s official range in
miles: 292
• Approximate real-world miles: 253
MERCEDES-BENZ • Manufacturer’s official range in miles: 280
EQC • Approximate real-world miles: 225
CONCLUSION