HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A Presentation by
P.BHARGAV
16011D4306
M.Tech - PE
 CONTENTS
• Conventional vehicles

• Electric vehicle

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle

• Architectures of HEV

• Energy Management in HEV

• Advantages of HEV

• Key Concerns of HEV

• Commercial Models
 CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES

A conventional vehicle runs with sole propulsion of

ICE or Diesel Engine

• Over dependence on Petrol/Diesel

• Rise in prices of petrol/diesel

• Carbon emission – results in Global Warming

• Noise Pollution
 ELCTRIC VEHICLE

• A Vehicle in which Electric motors are used for the

propulsion

• Powered by a battery or a generator to convert fuel

into electricity

• Eco-friendly

• Low maintenance
BUT..
ELECTRICAL VEHICLE IS NOT RECOMMENDED

• High Initial Cost

• Short Driving Range – Range Anxiety
• Slow Speeds
• Recharging takes longer time
• Lack of charging Infrastructure
• Battery pack takes space and increases weight
of the vehicle
• Grid Load
 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

HEV - Combines a conventional Internal Combustion

Engine(ICE) Propulsion System with Electric Propulsion
System
 ARCHITECTURES OF HEV

• SERIES HEV : Sole propulsion by Electric Motor,

run by on-board energy source

• PARALLEL HEV : Multiple Propulsion Sources

can be combined or drive the vehicle with one
of the energy sources alone

• POWER SPLIT HEV : can work either as a Series

HEV or as a Parallel HEV
ARCHITECTURES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Schematic Diagram of Series System

 SERIES ARCHITECTURE
MODES OF OPERATION

• Battery alone mode : Engine is OFF,

vehicle is powered by motor only
• Engine alone mode : power from
ICE/Generator only
• Combined mode :power from both
ICE/Generator and Battery to the
motor
• Power Split mode : ICE/Generator
power splits to drive the vehicle and
charge the battery
• Stationary charging mode
• Regenerative braking mode
Advantages of Series Architecture

• ICE operation can be optimised and ICE itself can be

redesigned to satisfy the needs
• Size of Engine can be reduced
• High speed engine can be designed
• Single gear box. No transmission is needed
• Simple control strategy

Disadvantages of Series Architecture

• Energy conversion takes place twice(ICE/G then motor) and

battery
• Additional weight due to increased components
• ICE, Generator, Motor are full sized to meet the vehicle
performance needs
ARCHITECTURES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Schematic Diagram of Parallel System

 PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE

MODES OF OPERATION

• Motor alone mode : Engine is OFF,

vehicle is powered by motor only
• Engine alone mode :ICE drives the
vehicle alone
• Combined mode : Both ICE and
motor provide power to drive the
vehicle
• Power split mode : ICE power splits
to drive the vehicle and charge the
battery
• Stationary charging mode
• Regenerative braking mode
Advantages of Parallel Architecture
• ICE operation can be optimised with motor or share the power
from the ICE
• Reduced engine size
• Flexible in configurations and gives room for optimisation of
fuel economy and emissions

Disadvantages of Parallel Architecture

• Complicated control strategy
• Complex transmission
POWER SPLIT ARCHITECTURE
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN A HYBRID
VEHICLE
 MODES OF RUNNING

• AT STARTING : only Electric Motor runs

• FULL ACCELERATION : ICE Power and Battery Power

• CRUISING : ICE Power and Battery charging

• DECELERATION AND BRAKING : Kinetic energy

recuperation for battery charging

ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID ELECRIC
VEHICLE
Optimizes the fuel economy
• Optimises the operating point of ICE
• Stop the ICE if not needed(ultra low speed)
• Recovers the kinetic energy at braking
• Reduced size (hp and volume) of ICE

Reduction in emissions
• Minimises the emissions when ICE is optimised in
operation
• Stop the ICE when it is not needed
• Reduced size of ICE i.e., less emissions
and…
Quiet operation
• Ultra low noise at low speeds
• Quiet motor, motor is stopped when vehicle comes to a
stationary position, with engine already stopped
• Reduced maintenance because ICE operation is
optimised, less hazardous material, fewer tune ups,
longer life cycle of ICE
• Fewer spark-plug changes
• Fewer oil changes
• Fewer fuel filters, antifreeze, radiator flushes or water
pumps
• Fewer exhaust repairs or muffler changes
 Key Concerns of HEV

• High initial cost – Increased components such as

battery, electric machines, motor controller, etc

• Reliability concern – Increased components,

especially power system, electronics, sensors

• Warranty issues – Issues on major electric

components

• Safety – High voltage system is employed in HEV

 Commercial Models

• Toyota Prius

• Toyota Highlander

• Ford Escape

• Mercury Mariner

• Honda Insight

• Honda Civic HEV

• Honda Accord HEV

 CONCLUSION

• Using HEV results in better efficiency and saves a large

amount of fuel in our fuel-deficit nation

• Research and development is in progress to promise a

efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era

• As a responsible citizen of the nation, one should go for

low pollution vehicles