CIABOC Resource Book (Sinhala)

iqms<smka foaYhla lrd
iqms<smka mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍfï jevuq¿ ud,dj
iïm;a w;afmd;
iqms<smka mqyqKqlrejka ioyd iïm;aw;afmd;

iïm;a w;afmd;
m%:u uqøKh - 2020 ud¾;=
ISBN- 978-624-5040-19-3
m%ldYkh
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrch
36" u,,fialr udj;" fld<U 07" Y%S ,xldj'
Tel: +94 112 596360 / 1954
Mob: +94 767011954
E-mail: ciaboc@eureka.lk
uqøKh
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124 A, Negombo Road, Kadana.
wka;¾cd;sl ixj¾Okh i|ydjQ weußldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh (USAID) u.ska ls%hd;aul YS% ,xldfõ
m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh iy j.ùu Yla;su;a lsÍfï jHdmD;sh (SDGAP) yryd ,efnk weußldkq
ck;djf.a mß;Hd.YS,S;ajh u; fuu m%ldYkh t<soelafõ' ;jo fuu iïm;a w;afmdf;ys
wka;¾.;h w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ j.lSula jk w;r wka;¾cd;sl
ixj¾Okh i|ydjQ weußldkq ksfhdað;dh;khys fyda weußldkq tlai;a ckmo rcfha u;hhka
lsis whqrlska ms<sônq fkdjk nj ie,lsh hq;=hs'
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ mKsjqvh
—¥IKh ysu .=,shla jeksh' th fmr<S hEu wdrïN jQ úg wksjd¾hfhkau

úYd, fõ˜ ^—Corruption is like a ball of snow. once it’s set a rolling it must
increase˜& hehs 19 jk ishjfia úiQ bx.%Sis f,aLlfhl= jk pd,aia fld,agka
mjid ;sfí' udkj YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNl wjêh ;rïu bmer‚ b;sydihlg
ysñlï lshk ¥IKh kue;s ixisoaêh miq.sh jir oyia .Kkl ld, jljdkqj
mqrd f,dj ÈhqKq -fkdÈhqKq rgj,a /ila fj<d.ksñka me;sfrñka mj;akd nj
¥IKfha m%udKh uek n,k cd;Hka;r o¾Yl wkqj fmkS hhs'
tfy;a j;auka f,dalfha ;j;a iuyr rgj,a ¥IKh keue;s l¿ ysu .=,s
fmr<Su je<elaùug muKla fkdj tajd id¾:lj Èh lr yßñka ¥IKh ue~,sh
yels ixisoaêhla nj l%shdfjka Tmamq lr fmkaùugo fï jk úg iu;a ù ;sfí'
fmdÿ ck Ôú; u; úkdYldÍ f,i n,mEï lrñka ;sfnk ¥IKh

ue~,Sug fjr oerE úúO uÜgïj,g wh;a ¥IK úfrdaëka miq.sh jljdkqj
mqrd jeä mßY%uhla ork ,oafoa ¥IK jHikh iSud lsÍug wjYH wdh;ksl yd
ffk;sl jHqyhka Yla;su;a lsÍu flfrysh'
tfy;a kQ;k f,dalh ;=< ¥IKh ue~,Sfï ch.%yKhka w;alrf.k we;s

rgj,a ish id¾:l;ajfha ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd fokafka wdh;ksl yd ffk;sl
jHqyhka Yla;su;a lsÍu muKla ¥IKh ue~,Sug id¾:l m%;sl¾uhla fkdjk
njh' ¥IKh ch .ekSu i|yd Bg wjYH wdh;ksl yd ffk;sl jHqyhka iúu;a
lsÍug iudka;rj fmdÿ ck;dj ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka oekqïj;a" ixfõ§ iy
l%shdYS,S msßila njg m;a lsÍu b,lal lr.;a wOHdmksl l%shdj,shla meje;Sfï
wjYH;djo fï jk úg f,dj mqrd ¥IK úfrdaë wr., ;=< m%uqL lreKla f,i
ms<s.ekSug ,laj ;sfí'
—Y%S ,xldj f,dj úYsIag;u foaYhla njg m;a lsÍu Wfoid" iqms<smka
yoe;s wNsudkj;a Y%S ,dxflah mrmqrla ìys lsÍu˜ mrudo¾YS wNs,dYh yd oelau
fldg.ksñka iïmdokh fldg we;s" Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu
i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ieliSfuys§o ¥IKhg tfrys igkg úYd,
m%cdjla odhl lr .ekSu flfrys m%uqL wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sfí' bÈß mia jir
;=< ^2019-2023& l%shdjg kexùug kshñ; tu cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuys fojk
Wmdhud¾.h jkafka idrO¾u u; mokï jQ wOHdmkhyd m%cd iyNd.S;ajhhs'
ie,iqfï fiiq Wmdh ud¾. f,i ksjdrK lghq;=" kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï
wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu iy kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s m%;sixialrK y÷kdf.k ;sfí'
idrO¾u u; mokïjQ wOHdmkh yd m%cd iyNd.S;ajh hgf;a <uqka yd

;reKhska i|yd iqms<smka wOHdmkh ,nd§u" rdcH wxYfha oekqïj;aNdjh jeä
lsÍu" j.ùu iïnkaO uyck b,aüla we;s lsÍu wd§ úúO l%shdldrlï /ila
y÷kdf.k we;' rdcH ks,OdÍka w;ßka f;dard.;a 400la w,a,ia-¥IK úIhh
ms<sn| mqyqKqlrejka jYfhka mqyqKq lr" Tjqka u.ska iuia; rdcH fiajfhka 25la
blaujk msßila ¥IK úfrdaOh ms<sn|j oekqïj;a msßila njg m;a lr .ekSfï
b,lalho cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafï Wmdhud¾. w;r m%uqL wx.hls' tu b,lalh
imqrd,Sfï wruq‚ka" rdcH ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd iïmdokh lrk ,o fuu
iqms<smka mqyqKqlrejka ioyd iïm;a w;afmd; Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i ¥IKh
ue~,Su i|yd rdcH ks,OdÍka oekqïj;a lsÍfï ld¾hhg úYd, msájy,la jkq
we;ehs úYajdi lruq'
Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl

l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shdjg kexùu fjkqfjka uQ,H wkq.%yh iy ;dlaI‚l iydh
,ndfoñka wmg iydh jk wka;¾ cd;sl ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ wefußldkq tackaish
u.ska l%shd;aul Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh iy j.ùu Yla;su;a lsÍfï
(SDGAP) jHdmD;shg;a" w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ
fcHIaG ks,OdÍkaf.a ud¾f.damfoaY hgf;a fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh l< SDGAP
jevigyfka WmfoaYljrfhl= jk kS;s{ c.;a ,shk wdrÉÑ uy;dg iy tu
ld¾hhg odhl jQ ieug;a wmf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ'

iïm;a w;afmd;
fm<.eiau msgq wxlh
iqms,smka foaYhla lrd 06

m,uqjk mßÉfPaoh - iqms,smkaNdjh
01 msúiqï fodrgqj 09
02 iqms<smkaNdjh 13
03 rdcH fiajfha iqms,smkaNdjh 19
04 rdcH wxYfha iqms,smkanj by, kexùu i|yd we;s fuj,ï 23
fojk mßÉfPaoh - ¥IKh yÿkd.ekSu

05 ¥IKh hkq l=ulao@ 26
06 ¥IKfha úúO m%fNao 32
07 ¥IKhg fya;= 37
08 ¥IKfha m%;súmdl 39
f;jk mßÉfPaoh- ÿIKhg tfrys cd;Hka;rh

09 ÿießhg tfrys f.da,Sh fm,.eiau 45
10 ÿIKh mer¥ fydxfldx foaYh 54
isõjk mßÉfPaoh- ¥IKhg tfrys Y%S ,dxlsl fm,.eiau

11 ÿießh msgqolsk kS;s 57
12 w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj 68
13 w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ 73
úIh m:hg .efkk jerÈ
miajk mßÉfPaoh-¥IKh msgq±lSfï Y%S ,dxlsl ie,iqï

14 cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau- yeÈkaùu 81
15 cd;sl iqms,smkak ie,eiau 89
16 cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu
ms,sno ckdêm;sf,alï pl%f,aLkh 97
yhjk mßÉfPaoh-Tfí ±kqug ;jrÿg;a

17 w,a,i yd ¥IKh ms,sno ks;r wik m%Yak 99
18 mqyqKqlrejkaf.a mßYS,kh wod, iïm;a ,ehsia;=j 102
iqmsßisÿ rdcH fiajhla" fi!Nd.Hu;a foaYhla Wfoid rdcH fiajfha

iqms<smka nj by< kexùu iy Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfï
cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shdjg kexùu i|yd mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍfï
jevigyka ud,dj'
01' Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla wm
i;=j fkd;snq‚' th idlaId;a lr .kq jia Èjhsk mqrd f.dia ish¨
md¾Yajhkaf.a woyia ,nd .ksñka ilia lrk ,o Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i
yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau 2019 fmnrjdß
ui 05 jk Èk leìkÜ uKav,h úiska wkqu; lrk ,È' tu l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau jir 05l ld,hla i|yd tkï 2019 - 2023 ld,h i|yd wm rg
;=< l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ;h' th ish¨ rdcH wdh;k ;=< l%shd;aul l<
hq;= njg ckdêm;s f,alïf.a wxl PS/ACD$01$2019 ork yd 2019'07'04
Èke;s pl%f,aLh u.ska olajd we;' fuu l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ;=< wm rfÜ
w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd m%Odk Wmdhud¾. 04la y÷kajd §
we;' tajd kï"
a. w,a,i yd ¥IKh ksjdrKh l%ufõoh y÷kajd §u

b. hym;a wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
c. úu¾Ykh iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu
d. kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh yd y÷kajd §u
fuu Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu tla wdh;khl fyda tla
mqoa.,fhl=f.a l¾;jHhla fkdfõ' bÈß jir 05l ld,h ;=< wmf.a
b,lalh úh hq;af;a fï rfÜ w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd iduQysl
yeÕSfuka hq;=j tlsfkldg mejÍ we;s j.lSu yd ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍuhs'
w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu tla wdh;khl fyda mqoa., lKavdhulf.a
W;aiyhlska isÿ l< fkdyels w;r wm ráka w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka
lsÍug ish¨ md¾Yajlrejkaf.a lem ùu iy W;aidyh ;sìh hq;= fõ'
02' j¾;udkfha oi jeoEreï rdcH m%;sm;a;sfha tla m%Odk m%;sm;a;shla jkafka

iqmsßisÿ rdcH fiajhla ;=<ska fi!Nd.Hu;a foaYhla Wod lr .ekSuhs'
iqmsßisÿ rdcH fiajhla <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd rdcH wdh;k mqrd iy rdcH
ks,OdÍka jid me;sr ;sfnk w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lr ksjerÈ
l%ufõohka wkq.ukh lrñka uyck;dj fj; myiq iy úYajdiodhS
rdcH fiajhl bv yir ,nd Èh hq;=h' ta i|yd w,a,i yd ¥IK ;=rka
lsÍfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafï Wmdh ud¾.hka l%shd;aul lsÍu;a ;=<ska
tu wruqKq myiqfjka idlaId;a lr .; yels jkq we;'
03' wm rfÜ ish¨ rdcH wdh;k fuu cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ms<sn|j;a tys
l%shdjg kexùu ms<sn|j;a oekqj;aj isàu w;HjYH fõ' tfukau j¾;udkh
jk úg wm ish¨ fokdf.kau .s,syS f.dia we;s hym;a wdl,am yd yrhka
kej; wm ;=< j¾Okh lr .ksñka rdcH;ka;%h ish¨ ks,OdÍka hym;a
wdl,amj,ska ikakoaO l< hq;=h' ta wkqj by; lreKq imqrd .ekSu i|yd
rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd mqyqKq jevuq¿ rdYshla meje;aùug ie,iqï lr we;'
úfYaIfhkau cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafï m<uq iy fojk Wmdh ud¾. jk
ksjdrK l%ufõo l%shd;aul lsÍu;a idrO¾u mokï lr .;a wdl,am
m%j¾Okh lsÍu;a hk Wmdhud¾. hgf;a rdcH wxYfha oekqj;aNdjh
jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;=" m<d;a iNd yd
m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYfha iyfhda.h we;sj mqyqKq jevigyka ud,djla
ie,iqï lr we;' tys m%Odk wruqKq 02ls'
i' Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiau 2019 - 2023 l%shdjg kexùu ms<sn|j rdcH wdh;k
iy wdh;k m%OdkSka m%uqL rdcH ks,OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu'
ii. rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh j¾Okh i|yd rdcH ks,Odßhd ;=<

idrO¾u iy hym;a wdl,am biau;= lsÍfï wruq‚ka w,a,ia ¥IK
ksjdrK mqyqKq jevuq¿ meje;aùu'
tu wruqKq iïmQ¾K lr .ekSu i|yd ta ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjfhka hq;=

mqyqKq ks,OdÍ msßila isáh hq;=h'
04' ta wkqj" wud;HdxY" m<d;a" Èia;%sla wfkl=;a rdcH wdh;k uÜgfï f;dard
.kakd rdcH ks,OdÍka 400fofkl= f;Èk fkajdisl mqyqKqjla ,nd foñka
mqyqKqlrejka f,i mqyqKq lsÍug;a bkamiq tu mqyqKqlrejka u.ska tla
mqyqKqlrefjl= mqyqKq jevigyka 20 ne.ska jk fia jevigyka 8"000la
mj;ajd rdcH ks,OdÍka 400"000la fj; ¥IK úfrdaOh ms<sn| oekqu yd
mqyqKqj ,nd §ug wfmalaId flf¾'
05' tlS mqyqKqlrejkaf.a miqìï oekqu j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd f;Èk mqyqKq
jevuq¿jg wu;rj fjk;a Wmdh ud¾.hkao Ndú; lrhs' ta w;ßka tla
Wmdh ud¾.hla jkafka fuu iïm;a .%ka:hhs' w,a,i yd ¥IKh yd ine¢
ir, ,sms f,aLk /ilska fuu iïm;a .%ka:h iukaú; ù we;s w;r
mqyqKqlre úiska mßYS,kh l< hq;= ;j;a wKmk;a yd ,sms f,aLk /il
,ehsia;=jlao fuu .%ka:hg we;=<;a lr ;sfí' fuhg wu;rj
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhka 05lao

mqyqKqlrejkag ,nd fokq we;' tu.ska w,a,ia yd ¥IK ksjdrK ie,eiau
l%shd;aul lsÍug wod< mshjrhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla mqyqKqlreg ,nd
.; yelsh'
thg wu;rj mqyqKqlrejka i|yd wKmk;a f,aLk yd ùäfhda

jevigyka /ila iys; fmkav%hsõ tlla ,nd fokq we;'
mqyqKq jevigyka meje;aùug fmr fuu ish,a, uekúka mßYS,kh

lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls'
m<uqjk mßÉfPaoh
iqms,smkaNdjh
1-msúiqï fodrgqj
Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ;=ka
jk jHjia:dj wkqj mrudêm;H n,h uyck;dj i;= jk neúka yd wka i;=
l< fkdyels neúkao uyck;djf.a mrudêm;H n,h l%shdjg kexùu i|yd
m;a lr we;s jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK hk ish¨ wdh;khkays uyck
ksfhdað;hka yd ks,Orhka uyck;j fj; j.lSug yd j.ùug ne£ isà'
kuq;a j¾;udkfha uyck;dj wúYajdifhka yd ielfhka fuu wdh;k

yd ks,Orhka foi ne,Sug mqreÿj we;' thg fya;= ù we;af;a uyck;dj Tjqka
fj; mejrE j.lSu uyck;dj fjkqfjka ksis whqßka bgq fkdùu;a wjxlnj"
úksúonj yd j.ùu fukau iqms<smkanj jeks ,laIK wdh;ksl uÜgñka yd
mqoa., uÜgñka ms<sìUq fkdùu;a w,a,i yd ÿIKfhka wdh;k yd ks,Orhka
fj<df.k ;sîu;ah' wfkla w;g ;ud ljqo hkak;a ck;dj ljqo hkak;a fuu
ish¨ wdh;kj, we;eï ks,Orhkag wu;lj we;' uyck;dj wmf.a iajdñhd
nj;a" wm uyck;djf.a fiajlhka nj;a wu;lj we;'
fufia ùug m%Odk fya;= kï wm ;=< mej;s yrhka wmf.ka .s,S.s hEu;a
ksrka;rfhka uqo,a miq mi ÈjhEu;ah' w;S; Y%S úN+;sh ms<sn| wo Woï wkk
wm" tu yrhka wmf.ka .s,syqfKa ljodo@ ta fya;=j ksidu wmg wysñ jqfKa
fudkjdo@ hkak u|la is;d ne,sh hq;= ld,h t<U we;' uq¿ f,dalfha fukau wm
rfÜo jeishkaf.a hq;=lu iy j.lSu Tjqkag wu;lj .sh ieáhla fmfka' wfkla
rgj,g;a jvd wm rfÜ jeishkag th jvd;a wod< fõ'
fmr Èk wm ñksiqka .ek muKla fkdj i;d isjqmdjd .yfld<" we<

fod<" N+ñh fï ish¨ foau /l n,d .;af;a ta ish,a,gu .re lrk ,oafoa ta
ish,a,gu wms yoj;ska ne£ isá fyhsks' tod wm wmf.a fï uyfmdf<dj u;
hïlsis lghq;a;la wdrïN lrk ,oafoa fmdf<da uyS ldka;djg je| kuialdr
lr wjir .ksñks' f,dalh mj;skafka ysref.a /iaj,ska iy ujf.a lsßj,ska
09
hk wre; ienEjgu jgydf.k isá w;S; jeishka ysreg je| wjir .ksñka
f.dú;eka lghq;= wdrïN lf<a tu fya;=fjks' wmg jf.au Ôj;a ùfï whs;shla
i;d isjqmdjdg;a we;ehs is;+ wmf.a mqrd;khka l=Uqfrka ,shoaola l=re,a,kag
fjka lf<a tfyhsks' tÈfkod wmf.a Ôú;hg wjYHu jk c, ì| wmg fok
jejg" fmdl=Kg" we<g" fod<g" <s|g je| kuialdr lr wjir .;af;a tneúks'
wmg fï iajNdj O¾ufhka ,eî ;sfnk ish¨ odhdohka .ek fiau ñksia in|;d
ms<sn|jo wm mqrd;khka is;=fõ mrd¾:ldó yeÕSfuka hq;=jh' wfkld .ek
iydkqlïmdjla iefjdu ;=<u ;sì‚' ud fukau wfkldgo fï uyfmdf<dj u;
wm foaYh ;=< tldjkaj tlg Ôj;aùfï we;s whs;sh Tjqka ukdj jgyd f.k
;snq‚'
wd.ka;=l i;aldrh
wd.ka;=l i;aldrfhka wfkld .ek WKqjk yfoka hq;=j isá wm

wfkldf.a jevfmd<g Woõ jQfha hula wdmsg n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjkau fkdfõ'
tlsfkldf.a jevg ;u ;uka iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a fjñka iyfhda.fhka jev
l< w;S;hla wmg ;sfí' w;a;ï l%uh Bg fyd|u WodyrKhhs'
ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia úiska foajdkï msh;siai rc;=udg myod ÿkafka

rgl md,lhd" rfÜ whs;slrejd fkdj Ndrldrhd muKla njhs' tl jejlg tl;=
jk c,h we< ud¾. fmdl=rla yryd f.dùka oi oyia .Kklf.a l=Uqre wlalr
,laI .Kklg tljr fnod §ug l%ufõohka ilia lf<a fï rfÜ iïm;aj,
whs;sh tla ;eke;af;l=g muKla fkdj uq¿ uy;a iudchgu idOdrKj fn§ hd
hq;= nj wmg h<s h<s;a isys lrñks' tfukau tu jefjkau jeõ by;a;dfjka c,h
mdkh l< w,s we;=ka uqj fmdõjka wmg u;la lr ÿkafka fï ish¨ iïm;aj,
whs;sh ñksiqkag muKla fkdj jk isjqmdjkago whs;s njh'
iqms<smkanj
fï ish,a,u wo h<s h<s;a u;la lrkakg isÿj we;af;a fï ish¨ yrhka

wo wmg wu;lj f.dia we;s neúks' tmuKla fkdj úfgl fjk;a rglska tu
yrhka wdkhkh lrkakg isÿ fõ oehs isf;k ;rugu fï yrhka wmf.ka
wE;aj f.disks' iqms<smka nj by<skau ;snQ wm rfÜ iqms<ska nj wo .s,syS f.dia
we;' yrhkaf.ka f;dr ñksiqkahehs fjk;a ngysr f,dalfha rgj,g neK w~
.eiQ wmgu Tjqkaf.ka wo iqms<smkanj wdkhkh lrkakg isÿ ù we;' úYajdih"
j.lSu" iydkqlïmdj" kS;s.rel nj" úkh" iDcq nj" m%;sm;a;s.rel nj hk
,laIK j,ska fyì iqms<smka nj Întegrity& wo wm ;=< olakg fkdue;'
iuyr rgl mdr whsfka we;s uqo,d,s flfkl= ke;s m;a;r rdlal we;'
m;a;rfha jákdlu ta i|yd we;s fmÜáhlg m;a;rfha jákdlug iß,k uqo,
oud m;a;rh /f.k hd yelsh' fjk;a rgl ixpdrl w;aoelSï we;s flfkl=g
10
fujeks fndfyda lreKq isysm;a jkq we;' WodyrKhla f,i ;j;a iuyr rgj,
úfõld.drhla ;=< wu;lj .sh rka NdKavhla ojia .Kkla .; jqjo lsisfjl=;a
/f.k fkdhd tf,iskau tysu ;sfnkq olsk w;aoelSïo ke;=jdu fkdfõ'
lsisfjla n,d isáho fkdisáho jrola fkdlsÍug tu rgj, ñksiqka

W;aidy .ksñka isákq fmfka' ukd ms<sfj;lg Tjqka mh ;nd we;' th iqms<smka
nfõ wdrïNhhs'
kS;sh ms<smÈkafka kS;shg we;s nh ksid muKo@
wm rfÜ w;aoelSïo fujeksoehs wm wmf.kau úuid .; hq;= ld,h

t<U we;' wo wm kS;shg .re lrkafka fyda kS;shg ysi kukafka kS;s.rel
mqrjeishka jYfhka kS;sh ms<smeÈh hq;= nj is;k ksido" tfia fkdue;s kï
o~qjug we;s ìh ksido hkak wm f;areï fíreï lr .; hq;=h' kS;s.rel
mqrjeishka jYfhka kS;sh ms<smeÈh hq;= nj wm is;k ksid kS;sh ms<s.kS kï
kS;sh lv jQjdo hkak fidhd ne,Sug kS;sh lv l< whg o~qjï §ug ks,OdÍka
wdh;k yd wêlrK wjYH ke;' kuq;a kS;shg we;s nh ksid kS;sh ms<sme§ug
W;aidy lrk wh isák rgl yeu úgu kS;sh lv lrkjdoehs weye .yf.k n,d
isákakg" tfia lv lrk whg o~qjï fokakg ks,Orhka yd wdh;k ;sìh hq;=u
fõ'
r;= mdg ix{dj
ksoiqkla f,i rd;%S ld,hl mdf¾ .uka lrk úg lsisfjl=u fkdue;s

mdrl r;= mdg ix{dj oe,a ù we;s wjia:djl tu ia:dkh miq lrkakg hk jdyk
ßhÿfrl= fld< t<sh oe,afjk ;=re n,d isákjdo tfia fkdue;s kï fmd,sia
ks,Odßfhl= fyda lsisfjl=;a n,d fkdisák ksid r;= t<sh oe,aù ;sìh§u tu
ia:dkh miq lr hkjdo hkak ;SrKh jkafka tu mqoa.,hd kS;shg .re lrkjdo
tfia fkdue;s kï o~qjug nh ksid kS;sh lv fkdlsÍug W;aidy .kakjdo
hk ldrKhhs' wm iqms<smkaNdjh .ek l;d l< hq;= jkafkao fï fya;=j ksidh'
iqms<smkanfjka hq;= mqoa.,fhl= yeuúgu kS;s.rel jkafka" úkh.rel jkafka"
j.lSfuka hq;= mqoa.,fhl= f,i yeisfrkafka" wfkldf.a úYajdih wdrlaId
lrkafka" rgg wdorh lrk mqrjeisfhl= jkafka kS;shg we;s nh ksidu fkdj
Tyq yeu úgu lsisfjl= n,d isáh;a fkdisáh;a ksjerÈ foa lsÍug fmf<fUk
ksidh'
11
yDo idlaIsh
wo Èkfha§ fï iqms<smka nj .ek wm l;d l< hq;= jkafkau tys we;s

w.h ksula fkdue;s ksiduh' w;S; yrhka" w;S; jákdlï h<s le|ùu wjeis
jkafka ta ksiduh' ;ukag ysñ fkdue;s" wfkldf.ka ,nk ;E.a.la .ekSug
;ukag mejÍ we;s lghq;a;la bgq lr §ug ;=gq m~qrla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
wfkld .ek WKqjk yola iy wm fj; mejÍ we;s uyd j.lSu iy Ndrh
ms<sn| jegySula f;areï .ekSula fkdue;s ksid h' fï ksidu lsisÿ ysßls;hlska
f;drj iuia; rglg ysñ iuia; iudchlg ysñ wkd.; ore mrmqrg ysñ iïm;a
tla msßila N=la;s ú¢ñka mßyrKh lrñka ;ukag jdis i,id .ksñka isà'
fmdÿ foam<j, ysñlu rdcH foam<j, ysñlu iuia; iudchgu ;sfíh hkak
tmuKla fkdj wm fï N=la;s ú¢kafka wkd.; mrmqfrka iïm;a Khg b,a,d
f.k nj wo jk úg ish¨ ;k;=re wdjrKh jk mßÈ by< isg my<gu fndfyda
rcfha ks,OdÍkag wu;lj f.dia we;' mqrjeishkag rfÜ iïm;a wm wdrlaId
l< hq;= nj ta ish,af,au whs;sh yefudagu we;s nj wu;lj we;' ish,af,da ;u
;uka .ek muKla is;ñka wd;aud¾:ldónfjka hq;=j ish,a, fmdÈ .iñka isá;s'
w,a,mq f.or mqoa.,hdg jvd by<g hkakg" ta f.or orejdf.a mdi,g jvd Wiia
mdi,lg ;u orejd hjkakg" Tjqka ñ, § .kakd ld¾ r:hg jvd jákdlñka
by< ld¾ r:hla ñ, § .kakg udk n,kjd ñi wo fndfyda fofkl=g yrhkaf.a
we;s jákdlu fkdoefka' fï ksidu yrhka by< isg my<g;a my< isg by<g;a
iudcfha yeu ;rd;srulu mqoa.,fhl= ;=<gu ldjeoaÈh hq;=j we;'
12
2-iqms<smkaNdjh
ngysr w¾:h
iqms<smka hkq bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Integrity hk jpkh w¾: oelaùu i|ydu
iïmdokh lr we;s isxy, jpkhhs' iqms<smkaNdjh hkafkys jpkd¾:h ;j
ÿrg;a ú.%y l< úg zzukd ms<sfj;ska imsß˜ jeks wre;la thska .uH fõ'
Oxford Yío fldaIh Integrity hkak w¾: olajkafka "The quality

of being honest and having strong moral principles" ^wjxlùu iy Yla;su;a
iodpdrd;aul uQ,O¾u mej;Su& f,ih' u,,fialr Yío fldaIh Integrity hkakg
isxy, wre;a iemhSfï§ iDcqlu¦ wd¾cjh¦ wjxl;ajh¦ idOq .=Kh jeks jpk
lsysmhla Ndú; lr ;sfí'
iqms<smkaNdjh hkq l=ulao@ hkakg ksYaÑ; iïu; ks¾jpkhla fuf;la

bÈßm;a ù fkdue;s jqjo ta ms<sn|j bÈßm;a ù we;s úúO ks¾jpk iy meyeÈ,s
lsÍï weiqßka thska .uH jk w¾:h f;areï .ekSug wmyiq fkdfõ'
iqms<smkaNdjh hkq ;udg i;Hjd§ ùuhs' wjxlNdjh jkdyS

wkHkag i;H mejiSuhs'
(Integrity is telling myself the 'truth’ honestly is telling the truth
to other people)
-weußldkq cd;sl f,aLl iafmkai¾ fcdkaika
iqms<smkaNdjh hkq myiq úl,amh iy ksjerÈ l%shdj w;ßka tlla

f;dard .ekSuhs
(Integrity – Choice between what is Convenient and what is right)
-fgdaks vkað
iqms<smkaNdjh hkq wkHhka Tnf.a l%shdj ms<sn| n,d fkdisák

wjia:djl§ mjd ksjerÈ foa lsÍuhs
(Integrity is doing the right things even no one is watching)
-ì%;dkH úoaj;a f,aLl iS'tia' ¨úia
13
by; ks¾jpk iy meyeÈ,s lsÍï

j,ska .uH jk w¾:h wkqj iqms<smkaNdjh
hkq wjxl ùu" iodpdrd;aul ùu"
wdpdrOd¾ñlnj" hy.=K u; msysgd l%shd
lsÍu" iïuq;s úrys;j iodpdrd;aul
uQ,O¾u yd idrO¾uj,g wkql+,j
l%shd;aul ùu jeks jákdlï ^Values) iy
l%shdjkaf.a (Action) iïñY%s; ;;a;ajhla
f,i ie,lSu jvd;a idOdrK nj fmfka'
iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;= iqms<smkaNdjh- mqoa.,fhl=f.a

mqoa.,fhl=" iudch bÈßfha wka whg jákdlï iy l%shdjka w;r
i;Hjd§ mqoa.,fhl= úh hq;=jd fukau iïñY%Khls'
;udf.a yDo idlaIsh bÈßfha ;udgo bx.%Sis cd;sl f,aLl iS'tia' ¨úia
i;Hjd§ mqoa.,fhl= úh hq;=h'
iqms<mkaNdjh yd neÿKq jákdlï
iqms<smkaNdjh yd ne£ we;s jákdlï f,i my; .=Kdx. y÷kd.;

yelsh'
Od¾ñl;ajh - RIGHTEOUS
.re;ajh - HONORABLE
i;Hjd§nj - TRUTHFUL
ksfodianj - BLAMELESS
iqkaor;ajh - GRACEFUL
iDcqnj - UPRIGHT
úkS;nj - DISCIPLINED
Nla;su;a nj - FAITHFUL
mú;%;ajh$Y=oaOnj - HOLY
iqms<smkanj hkq wjxl ùu iy Yla;su;a iodpdrd;aul yd iodpdrd;aul

uQ,O¾u yd idrO¾uj,g wkql+,j yd iïuq;s úrys;j ms<sme§uhs' wdpdrO¾uj,§"
iqms<smkanj flfkl=f.a l%shdjkays wjxlNdjh iy i;Hjd§ nj fyda ksrjoH;dj
f,i ie,fla' iqms<smkanj l=yllug tfrysj ke.S isáh yelsh' iqms<smkanj
m%ñ;Ska iuÕ úksYaph lsÍu hkq wNHka;r wkql+,;d .=KO¾uhla f,i i,lk
w;r" ;uka ;=<u .egqïldÍ idrO¾u we;s md¾Yajhka úIu;djg fya;= úh hq;=
nj fyda Tjqkaf.a úYajdihka fjkia l< hq;= hehs fhdackd lrhs' Integrity hk
jpkh mßKduh jQfha iïmQ¾K fyda iïmQ¾K hk w¾:h we;s ,;ska wlaIr
úkHdifhks'
14
fuu ikao¾Nh ;=<" iqms<smkaNdjh hkq wjxlNdjh iy pß;fha

wkql+,;dj jeks .=Kdx. j,ska ,nd.;a —iqms,smkakNdjh˜ ms<sn| wNHka;r
yeÕSuhs' tksid" wfkla wh ;uka i;= hehs lshd .kakd idrO¾u" úYajdihka
iy uQ,O¾u wkqj l%shd lrk ;dla ÿrg —iqms,smkakNdjh˜ we;s nj flfkl=g
úksYaph l< yelsh'
iqms<smkaNdjfha m%Odk lreKq

iqms<smkaNdjfha m%Odk lreKq 6la mj;sk njg f,dj mqrd ms<s.ekSulg
,laj we;' tlS m%Odk lreKq yd tu lreKqj, ,CIK my; mßÈ úia;r l<
yelsh'
15
iqms<smkanj ms<sn| ,dxlsl ms<s.ekSu-
ziqms<smkaZ hk jpkh ziqmámkakZ keu;s md,s jpkfhka ksIamkak jQ

jpkhls' iqmámkak hkak ix>r;akfha .=Khla jk zukd ms<sfj;ska imsßZ hk
w¾:h ioyd fhdok md,s jokhs' fuhska woyia lrkafka ÿießfhka f;dr njhs'
ta wkqj iqms<smka nj hkq pß; ,CIKhls' iqms,smka mqoa.,hd jerÈ fkdlrkafka
jro yiq ù o~qjï ,efí hehs ìfhka fkdfõ' jrola fkdlsÍfï pß; ,CIKh
ksidh'
fuu pß; ,CIKhkaf.ka fyì Y%S ,dxlslhka .ek b;sydifhkao wikakg

,efí' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud uyd ia;+mh fyj;a rejkaje,s iEh f.dvke.Sfuka
wk;=rej tlS bÈlsÍug odhl jQ mqrjeishkag f.ùï isÿ lsÍu ioyd Wmfhda.S
lr.;a Wml%uh jQfha i;r jdy,alv ldis l,afoarï 4la ;nd ;uka fuu ia;+mh
bÈlsÍfï§ lem l< Y%uhg wod< uqo,a tu l,afoarïj,ska ,nd.kakd f,i m%pdrh
lsÍuhs' tys§ mqrjeishka meñK kshñ; mß§ uqo,a /f.k .sh nj ±lafõ' ia;+m
l¾udka;hg odhl fkdjQ wfhl=g mjd uqo,a ,nd.ekSgu yelshdj ;snqKo tfia
fkdl< nj jd¾;d fõ'
16
wiSre wjia:djkaysoS mjd iqms<smkanj wdrCId lsrSu
wiSre wjia:djl§ mjd ksjerÈ

foh lsÍug yelshdj flfkl= i;= fõ kï
th hym;a udj;g ms<smka mqoa.,fhl= i;=
,laIKhls' iqms<smkanj <Õd lr .ekSu
wmyiq nj" ÿIalr nj flfkl=g yeÕS hd
yels jqjo iqms<smkanj ÿIalr;d uOHfha
jqjo wdrlaId lr .; yels kï mqoa.,
mßmQ¾K;ajh <Õd lr .ekSfï udj;g wm
wj;S¾K jk w;r iEu wxYhlu È.=ld,Sk
meje;au we;s jkq oelsh yels jkq we;'
uqyqfoys;a f.dvìfuys;a tl fia Ôj;a úh yels leianEjl=g È.= ld,Sk

Ôú;hla ysñh' fl;rï ÿIalr;d uOHfha jqjo ish Ôjk meje;au /l .ksñka È.=
ld,Sk Ôú;hla .; lrhs' mßir fjkia ùu ú| ord .ksñka thg uqyqK foñka
ish Ôú;h /l .ekSug W;aiy .kS' iqms<smka udj;g ms<smka mqoa.,hdo fld;rï
ÿIalr;d uOHfha jqjo Rcq yd wp, meje;afuka hq;=j ish .=K oyï fkdkid
mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy lrhs'
tfukau i;Hh yeu úgu i;H fõ' wi;Hh yeu úgu wi;H fõ'
—wka lsisfjla úYajdi fkdl<;a i;Hh ieu úgu i;Hhls''''' wi;H ieu úgu
wi;Hhls''˜
The truth is still the

truth, even if no one
belives it.
A lie is still a lie, even if
everyone belives it.
Buddha’s Teaching & Science
17
úfgl W. Clement Stone kï úoaj;d mjid we;af;a fufiah'
“ Have the courage to say no.

Have the courage to face the truth.
Do the right thing because it is right.
These are the magic keys to living your life with integrity”
jerÈ fohg tfrys jkakg" thg neye lshkakg" ieu úgu i;H l;d
lrkakg" ks;ru ksjerÈ foa lrkakg yels kï Tn iqms<smka Ôú;hlg ms<smka
flfkl= fõ'
nqÿ ysñhka úfgl foaYkd lr we;af;a mqoa.,hd zh:djd§ ;:dldÍ
.=KfhkaZ hq;= úh hq;= njhs'
zlshk foa lrk" lrk foa lshk wfhl=Z úh hq;= njhs'
iqms<smka úh hq;af;a ljqrekao@
iqms<smka úh hq;af;a ljqrekao@ hk m%Yakfha§ mqoa.,hd muKla iqms<smka

ùu m%udKj;a ke;'
1' mqoa.,hd iqms<smka úh hq;=h

2' iudch iqms<smka úh hq;=h
3' wdh;k iqms<smka úh hq;=h
4' rgla iqms<smka úh hq;=h
5' f,dalh iqms<smka úh hq;=h
mqoa., lKavdhï tl;=j ieÿï ,;a iudch;a" ta u;ska wdh;k;a" iuia;

foaYh;a" foaYhkaf.ka ieÿï,;a f,dalh;a iqms<smka úh hq;=h'
úfYaIfhka foaYhl iqms<smkaNdjh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ rgl

iEu ia:rhlau" wdh;khlau iqms<smka úh hq;=h' tys§"
1' kS;sh yok ;ek

2' ks;sh l%shd;aul lrk ;ek
3' hqla;sh mis|,k ;ek
4' rdcH wxYh
5' mqoa.,sl wxYh
6' wd.ñl" udOH yd isú,a iudch we;=¿ ish¨ wxY
7' uyck;dj
8' wkd.; mrmqr jk ;reKhka yd <uqka iqms<smka úh hq;=h'
tu ish¨ wxYhkays wdh;k fukau mqoa.,hka iqms<smka úh hq;=h'

iqms<smka foaYhla <Õd lr .; yels jkafka túgh'
18
3-rdcH wxYfha iqms<smka nj

by; ioyka wxY w;ßka fuys§ úfYaI wjOdkhg fhduq lrkafka rdcH wxYhhs'
rdcH wxYfha iqms<smka nj fldgia folla hgf;a oelaúh yelsh'
1' rdcH wdh;kfha iqms<smka nj
2' rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a iqms<smka nj
rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a iqms<smka nj
rdcH fiajh by< m%ñ;Skaf.ka yd my; oelafjk idrO¾uj,ska hqla;j lghq;=

l< hq;=h'
fiajhg lem ùu
wdpdrYS,S;ajh
wjxl nj
úkS; yeisÍu
fuu id¾O¾u iu. lghq;= lrk rdcH

fiajlhl= iqms<smkaNdjhlska hqla;j
lghq;= lsÍuo wfmaCId lrhs' rdcH
ks,Odßfhl=f.a iqms<smkanj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ ish l%shdj
flfrys j.ùu" ish ld¾h flfrys Integrity: I = a (A C E) – c
we;s ksmqKnj yd wdpdrYS,s meje;au Integrity is the alignment (a) of
we;s wfhl= úh hq;= w;r w,a,iska Accountability (A) / Competence
yd ¥IKfhka f;dr wfhl= úh hq;=h' (C) / and Ethical behaviour (E),
tfukau wjxlnj;a úksúonj;a without corruption* (c)
úYajdijka; nj;a" f.!rjkShnj;a"
wka wh flfrys ie,ls,af,ka hq;=
nj;a" wksjd¾hfhkau ;sìh hq;=u fõ'
iqms<smka rdcH ks,Orhl= f,i Tn l< hq;= foa

Tnf.a rdcldßh yd j.lSï bgq l< hq;=hs'
Tn;a iu. lghq;= lrk iEu wfhl=f.au úYajdih yd lemùu ;yjqre

jk mßÈ Tn ieu úgu jD;a;Suh .=Kd;aul nj mj;ajd .; hq;=h'
rdcH foam< yd uqo,a ksis yd ld¾hCIu f,i fhoùug j.n,d .; hq;=hs'
uyck;dj iu. lghq;= lrk úg§ yels Wmßu uÜgfuka idOdrKj

l¾hCIuj l,g fõ,djg iy ixfõ§ whqßka l%shd lsÍug j.n,d.;
hq;=h'
19
mj;sk ffk;sl rgdjg mgyeks fkdjk mßÈ yels;dla újD;j f;dr;=re

fufyhúh hq;=hs'
kS;shg wkql+,j lghq;= lrñka hqla;sh mis|,Su m%j¾Okh l< hq;=hs'
iqms<smka rdcH fiajlhl= f,i Tn fkdl< hq;= foa
Tnf.a ks, ;;ajh mqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack msKsi wh:d f,i mßyrKh
fkdl< hq;=h' WodyrKhla f,i ks, ;;ajh fya;=fjka ,nd.kakd
f;dr;=re iajlSh mqoa.,sl jdis msKsi fhdod .ekSu fkdl< hq;=h'
Tnf.a rdcldß uÜugfï jdishla fyda n,mEula wfmaCId lsÍug Tnf.a

;srKhkag fyda iqms<smkNdjhg n,mEula ùug bv we;s mqoa.,hka
fj;ska" mqoa.,sl ;Hd." ie,lSï fyda fjk;a m%fhdack .ekSu fkdl<
hq;=h'
ksis wjirhla fkdue;sj ks, f;dr;=re fy<sorõ fkdl< hq;=h' Tn

rdcH fiajfhka neyer jqjo fuu j.lSfuka ñfokafka ke;'
ks,Orhl= úiska iajlSh fm!oa.,sl lghq;=;a rdcldß lghq;=;a w;r

.egqula we;s jk wkaofï lsisu fohla fyda ish ks, lghq;=j,g wjysr
jk wkaofï lsisu fohla fyda fkdl< hq;=h' Tyq iEu úgu yeisßh
hq;af;ao tn÷ .egqï ud;%hlaj;a" wjysrhlaj;a mek keÕSug bvla
fkd,efnk mßoafoka Tyq úiska úfYaIfhkau wdh;k ix.%yfha XXIX
jeks mßÉfþofha iy ;;ald,fha mj;akd úêúOdkhka iqmßlaIdldÍj
ms<smeÈh hq;=h'
rdcH ks,Odßhd ;ud fj; mejÍ we;s uydNdrfha j.lSï ksjeßÈj bgq lrkjdo@
rdcH ks,Odßhd fiajhg wj;S¾K

jkafka rdcH fiajd m%;s{dj ,nd Don’t be impressed by
§fuks' bka miq jirla mdid money, followers,
jif¾ m<uq jk Èk tu m%;s{dj degrees and titles.
Be impressed
kej; kej; ,nd foa' wm ,nd
by kindness,
fok Èjqreu u;la fldg .; integrity, humility
fyd;a rdcH ks,Orhd ;=< ;sìh and generosity.
hq;= iqms<smka nj isyshg kef.kq
20
we;' uyck;djf.a nÿ uqo,ska

jegqma ,nk wm wjxlNdjfhka
hq;=j" úYajdYfhka yd
úksúonfjka hq;=j ld¾hlaIuj
ck;d wfmalaIdjka h:d¾:hla
lsÍug lem ù w,a,iska yd
¥IKfhka f;drj lghq;= lrk
njg Èjqreï foa'
kuq;a wo wmg wm fok Èjqreu wu;lj we;s njla fmfka' uyck;dj wm

fj; úYajdih ;nñka wm fj; mejrE ld¾hhka wm Tjqkaf.a úYajdih
/flk whqßka bgq lrkjdo hkak wm wmf.kau úuid ne,sh hq;=h' ;u
iajdñhd jk uyck;dj hï ld¾hhla bgq lr .ekSug meñ‚ úgl Tjqka
fjkqfjka bgq lsÍug ne£ isák lghq;a;la bgq lr §ug ;=gq m~qrla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iqms<smkanj .s,sS f.dia we;s fyhsks'
fiajdjla ,nkakg wdh;khlg meñfKk ck;djg fndfyda úg ish

ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSug lsysm j;djla meñŒug isÿj we;' jre .Kka
ojia .Kka n,d isákakg isÿj we;' ;u fiajlhd msgqmi je|jefgñka
hkakg isÿj we;'
wfkla w;g flfkla fj; mejreKq rdcldßh ksjerÈj l,g fj,djg

bgq lrkjdo hkak n,d isákakg iqmÍlaIljre ksrka;r oeóug isÿj
we;' ljqre n,d ysáh;a ke;;a ;ud ;udg mejÍ we;s ld¾hh ksjerÈj"
wk,iaj" ld¾hlaIu bgq lrhs kï tfia ksrka;r fidhd ne,Sula wjYH
fkdúh hq;=h'
rdcH wdh;khlg md ;nkakl=g ;udf.a ÿla.ekú,a, úksúo oelsh yels

m%;sl¾uhla ;sfnk nj fmkS hd hq;=h' tfukau tu m%;sl¾uh i;H yd
idOdrKh f,i bIag lrk rdcH ks,OdÍka ienE bgq foúhka fuka
rdcH wdh;kj, jev isák njg;a uyck;djg úYajdi l< yels úh
hq;=h' ish rdcldßh wNsudkj;a f,i ksmqK;ajfhka hq;=j bgq l< hq;=h'
tkuqÿ th úksúo fmfkk f,ig yd idOdrKj kS;shg tlÕj mdúÉÑ
l< njg ck;djg wjfndaO úh hq;=h' iqms<smkanúka msÍ b;sÍ .sh úg
rdcH fiajlhdg f.!rjhla ysñ jkafka ks;e;sks'
wo fndfyda fofkl=g ;ud fj; mejÍ we;s uyd j.lSu iy Ndrh

ms<sn| jegySula fkdue;' fï ksidu lsisÿ ysßls;hlska f;drj iuia;
rglg" iuia; iudchlg" wkd.; ore mrmqrg ysñ iïm;a tla msßila
N=la;s ú¢ñka mßyrKh lrñka ;ukag jdis i,id .ksñka isá;s' fmdÿ
foam<j, ysñlu rdcH" foam<j, ysñlu iuia; iudchu i;=h hkak
21
iqms<smka mqyqKqlrejka ioyd iïm;a w;afmd;
tmuKla fkdj wm fï N=la;s ú¢kafka wkd.; mrmqfrka iïm;a

Khg b,a,d f.k nj wo jk úg ish¨ ;k;=re wdjrKh jk
mßÈ by< isg my<gu rcfha ks,OdÍkag u;la lr.;a hq;=h' wfma
uõìu iïm;aj,ska yd Ok ksOdkhkaf.ka wkQkh' th /l n,d
.kakg;a fmdaIKh lrkakg;a wm N=la;s ú| b;sßh wmf.a uqkqmqre
ñksmsßhka fjkqfjka b;sß lr ;nkakg;a tys Ndrlrejka jk wm
yg j.lSula we;s nj jgyd .; hq;=h'
22
4-rdcH wxYfha iqms<smkanj by< kexùu i|yd we;s fuj,ï

1' yeÈkaùu
rgl iqms<smkanj biau;= lsÍu l< hq;= nj wm ish¨ fokd wújdofhka

ms<s.kakd lreKls' th tfia l< hq;= nj foaYSh jYfhka fukau cd;Hka;r
jYfhkao y÷kd f.k we;'
Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 3jk

jHjia:dj wkqj mrudêm;H n,h uyck;dj i;= jk w;r wka i;= l<
fkdyel' uyck;djf.a mrudêm;H n,h l%shdjg kexùu i|yd m;a lr we;s
jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK hk ish¨ wdh;khkays uyck ksfhdað;hka yd
ks,Orhka uyck;dj fj; j.lSug yd j.ùug ne£ isá'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;sfha ÛNCAC& ys 08 ^01& jk jHjia:dj
wkqj ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shd lsÍu i|yd rdcH md¾Yajhka úiska rdcH ks,OdÍka
w;r úYajdikSh;ajh" wjxlNdjh yd j.lSu hk .;s,laIK jeäÈhqKq l< hq;=
nj;a 08 ^05& jHjia:dj wkqj rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska ish rdcldß bgq lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka u; .egqula we;s úh yels Tjqkaf.a ndysr lghq;=" /lshdjka"
wdfhdack" j;alï yd jákd ;Hd.hka fyda m%;s,dN ms<sn| ksis n,Orhka fj;
m%ldY lsÍu ioyd l%ufõohka we;s l< hq;= nj;a olajd we;'
újD; rdcH md,k yjq,aldß;ajh (Open Government Partnership-

OGP) kue;s nyqmd¾Yaúl tlÕ;djg we;=<;a jQ rgla f,i Y%S ,xldj ck;djg
j.lshk" úksúoNdjfhka yd j.ùfuka hq;= hym;a rdcHmd,khla rg ;=< we;s
lsÍug ne£ isá'
;sridr ixj¾Ok b,lal ;=<ska j¾I 2030 jk úg fi!Nd.Hu;a rgla

i|yd wm hk .ufka§ ish¨ fokdg ixj¾Okfha m%;s,dN <Õd lr Èh hq;= fõ'
idudc idOdrK;ajh hqla;sh ieug tl yd iudkj bgq úh hq;=h' tuKla fkdj
wkd.; mrmqf¾ iïm;a fkdkiñka Tjqka i|yd iïm;a b;sß lrñka lghq;=
lrk wd¾Ól yd iudc ixj¾Okfhka hq;= ;srir ixj¾Okhla Wod lr .; hq;=h'
tys§ rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a iqms<smkanj w;HdjYH idOlhls'
02' rdcH wxYfha iqms<smka nj by< kexùu i|yd j¾;udkfha Ndú; lrk kS;s Í;s iy
l%ufõo
by; miq ìu ;=< wm rg ;=< m%Odk jYfhka rdcH wxYfha iqms<smkanj
jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd y÷kajd § we;s kS;s Í;s iy l%ufõo rdYshla we;'
a. w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka wod< jk kS;s ^fï ms<sn|j fjk;a

,smshlska idlÉPdjg n÷ka lr we;&
23
b. w,a,i yd ¥IKh msgqoelSfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau

c. cd;sl iqms<smka ie,eiau
d. wdh;k ix.%yh" uQ,H fr.=,dis
tys§ rdcH wxYfha iqms<smkanj fldgia folla hgf;a y÷kd.; yel'

I. rdcH wdh;ksl iqms<smkanj by< kexùu
II. rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a iqms<smkanj
03' rdcH wdh;k ;=< iqms<smkanj by< kexùu
rdcH fiajd iemhqï l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j ck;dj i;= fkdoekqj;alu

iy wmeyeÈ,slu by< hk úg wjNdú;hg we;s bvlv jeä fõ' ishü rdcH
wdh;kj, m%OdkSka úiska ;u wdh;kh ;=< w,a,i fyda ¥IKh isÿ ùfï jeäu
wjodkula ;sfnk tall ljrlao hkak fidhd n,d ta i|yd fya;= mdol jk
ÿ¾j, pl%f,aL iy ud¾f.damfoaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug;a uyck;djg ld¾hlaIuj
yd b;du;au myiqfjka fiajh ,nd §ug;a mshjr .; hq;=h'
ta wkqj ch wdh;k iqms<smka lsÍu i|yd w,a,i yd ¥IK msgq oelSfï

cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau u.ska l%ufõo rdYshla olajd we;'
A. iqms<smka ks,Odßhl= ish¨ rdcH wdh;k i|yd m;a lsÍu

B. rdcH wdh;k uÜgñka ¥IK ksjdrK lñgq we;s lsÍu
C. ¥IK ksjdrK wdh;ksl l%shdldÍ ie,iau ilia lsÍu
D. myiqlï imhk ks,Odßhl= m;a lsÍu
E. mqrjeis m%{ma;sh ilia lsÍu yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
F. f;dr;=re oek .ekSfï uyck whs;sh n,d;aul lsÍu
^fuu lreKqj,g wod< mq¿,a úia;rhla iqms<smka w;afmdf;ys olajd
we;s neúka th mßYS,kh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yel'&
04' rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a iqms<smkanj by< kexùu
A. ;E.s .ekSug tfrys isoaOdka; ^;E.s Í;s w;afmd; n,kak&
B. ne¢hdjka w;r .egqug wod< idrO¾u ^ne¢hdjka w;r .egqï

ms<sn| w;afmd; n,kak&
C. ;udf.a ish¨ j;alï" wdodhï yd nerlïj,g wod< úia;r

fy<sorõ lsÍug we;s ne£u ^wdh;k ix.%yh yd 1975 wxl 01 j;alï
nerlï kS;sh&
24
D. rdcH fiajlhka i|yd jQ wpdrO¾u moaO;sh ^wdh;k ix.%yh&

E. iqms<smka .súiqulg$m%;s{djlg ish¨ rdcH fiajlhka hg;a lsÍu'
F. ksrka;rfhka iqms<smkanj ms<sn|j oekqj;anj by< kexùu
25
fojk mßÉfPaoh
¥IKh yÿkd.ekSu
5-¥IKh hkq l=ulao@
ks¾jpkh ^cd;Hka;r&
Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj ¥IKh (Corruption) hkq n,h jxl fyda
jxpdiy.; f,i fhdod.ekSuhs' ("dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in
power") ußhï-fjíiag¾ (Merriam-Webster) YíofldaIhg wkqj ¥IKh hkq
úfYaIfhkau n,j;a mqoa.,hkaf.a kS;s úfrdaë fyda jxl p¾hdjhs' ("dishonest
or illegal behaviour especially by powerful people".) flfia kuq;a ¥IKh ioyd
cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a ksYaÑ; ;ks ks¾jpkhla fkdue;' thg tla fya;=jla jkafka
¥IKh ms<sno kdulrKhka ráka rgg fukau" ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg;a
fjkia ùuhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh u.skao ¥IKh ms<sn|j w¾:
ksrEmkhla ,nd § fkdue;'
¥IKh ms,sno Y%s ,dxlsl kS;suh ks¾jpkh

—w,a,i yd ¥IKh˜ hkak nyq,j Ndú; jk hq., mohla njg m;a ù
we;' ¥IKh iïnkaOj Y%S ,xldfõ ms<s.;a ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s jqjo
kS;suh wjYH;d ioyd Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh ms<sn| ks¾Ñ; w¾: ksrEmkhla we;'
tu m%;smdokh mj;skafka 1994 wxl 20 ork w,a,ia îxfYdaOk& mk; u.ska
ixfYdaê; 1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mkf;a 70 jk j.ka;sh j.ka;sh ;=<h'
tlS j.ka;shg wkqj ¥IKh hkq —wdKavqjg wh;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s
úfrdaê f,i mdvq isÿ lsÍfï fyda ;ud fj; fyda hï ;eke;af;l= fj; whq;=
iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla fyda jdishla isÿ
lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka" fyda wdKavqjg fyda hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= f,i mdvq isÿ
úh yels nj ke;fyd;a hï ;eke;a;l=g whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë
f,i w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla fyda jdishla fyda jdishla ie,fik nj ±k ±ku
my; ±lafjk hï l%shdjla" tkï (-
^w) rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr lsÍug fjk;a hï
rcfha fiajlhl=g n,h mejÍ we;s hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda bgq
lsÍfuka je<lS isàug" fjk;a hï rcfha fiajlhl= fmd<Ujk¦
^wd) rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr ;udg ±k.ekSug
,efnk hï f;dr;=rla mdúÉÑ lrk¦
^we) rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqqrh m%ldr hï ;SrKhka
.ekSfuys,d iyNd.s jk¦
^wE) rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh fl<skau fyda
wkHldrhlska fyda mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda
bgq lsÍfuka je<lS isàug fjk;a hï ;eke;a;l= fmd<Ujk˜
l%shdjla ¥IKhla f,i w¾: ksrEmkh lr we;'
26
w,a,ia mk;g wkqj tjeks l%shdjla wmrdO jrola fõ' fuu jro iïnkaOfhka
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdjg úiska úu¾Yk isÿ lsÍug
n,h mjrd we;s w;r jfrka;=jla fkdue;sj w;a wvx.=jg .; yels jrola f,i
¥IK jro ie,fla' ¥IKh ioyd 1994 wxl 20 ork w,a,ia ixfYdaOk mk; wkqj
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhl mj;ajk ,>q kvq úNd.hlska jrolre jQ úg remsh,a
,CIh olajd ovhlg fyda jir 10la olajd isrovqjulg fyda ovh fyda isrovqu
hk folgu hg;a úh hq;=h' miqj 2018 wxl 22 ork w,a,ia îxfYdaOk& mk;
u.ska w,a,ia kvq mj;ajdf. hEu uydêlrKhgo mjrk ,È'
¥IKh ms<sn| ckm%sh ye¢kaùu
rcfha ;k;=re ;u fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh ioyd jerÈ

f,i fhdod .ekSu'
-f,dal nexl=j
rdcH wxYfha ks,Odßhl= ^foaYmd,k$rdcH fiajh& ;ud fj;

,nd § we;s n,;, iajlSh fm!oa.,sl jdishg fyda ;udg
iïnkaO hful=f.a jdishg jerÈ iy.; wkaoñka fyda kS;s
úfrdaë wkaoñka fhdod .ekSu'
-g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a
¥IKh hkq fm!oa.,sl wxYfha yd rdcH wxYfha mqoa.,hska

w;r isÿ jk fmdÿ NdKav kS;s úfrdaë f,i fm!oa.,sl
NdKav njg m;a lsÍfï .kqfokqjls'
-Bäka fydañia
uyck ks,Odßfhl= fm!oa.,sl;ajh {d;S;ajh" ñ;%;ajh" Okh

fyda n,h jeks fm!oa.,sl wruqKq ksid wjYH j.lSï
W,a,x>kh jk mßÈ yeisÍu'
-fld,ska fya
w,a,ia ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hdf.ka isÿ úh hq;= rdcldßh fyda

Tyqf.ka úh hq;= yeisÍï rgdfjka fjkia jk wkaoñka iDcqj
fyda jl%j w,a,ila fyda fjk hï jerÈiy.; ,dNhla b,a,Su"
ms<s.ekaùu" §u fyda ,nd.ekSu ¥IKh kï fõ'
-hqfrdamd ljqkais,h
fuu yeÈkaùï wkqj n,k l, z¥IKhZ hkakg jHdmdßl ck;dj úiska

foaYmd,{hkag yd rdcH ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia §fï isg rcfha wdh;kj,§ isÿ
lrkq ,nk l=vd fidrlïo rdcH ks,OdÍka ,nd .kakd ikaf;dAIïo olajd me;sr
mj;akd ishü iel lghq;= wd¾Ól foaYmd,k lreKq wh;a nj jgyd .;
27
hq;=h' ¥IKh hkq tlu iajrEmfha ls%hdjla fyda .kqfokqjla fkdj tla tla
wjia:dj,§ tla tla iajrEmj,ska isÿ jkakd jQ ixisoaêhls'
¥IKfha iQ;%h
¥IKh ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< wd¾Ól úoHd{hl= jk frdíÜ la,sÜ.d¾â
(Robert Klitgaard) úiska ¥IKh iïnkaO iQ;%hla yÿkajd § we;' ¥IKhg n,mdk
idOl yd ¥IKh wvqjeä ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl fudkjdo hkak fuu iQ;%h
u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrhs' tu iQ;%h la,sÜ.d¾â iQ;%h (Klitgaard formula) f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí'
la,sÜ.d¾â iQ;%h (Klitgaard formula)
fuu iQ;%hg wkqj taldêldrhg wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h tl;= ùfuka yd j.ùu wvq
ùfuka ¥IKh ks¾udKh jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
fï iQ;%hg wkqj"
taldêldrh jeä jk úg;a
wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h jeä jk úg;a
j.ùu wvq jk úg;a ¥IKh jeä jk nj meyeÈ,sh'
28
la,sÜ.d¾â iQ;%h (Klitgaard formula)
iQ;%hg wkqj oQIKh wvq lsrSfï tla l%shdud¾.hla jkafka w;a;fkdau;sl

l%shd ioyd jk bvlv weysÍuhs" ta u.ska taldêldrh fukau wNsu;dkqidÍ n,ho
wvq lsÍula wfmaCId l, yelsh'
taldêldrh wvq lsÍu yd wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h wvq lsÍu i|yd

wka;fkdau;sl l%shd i|yd jk bvlv wvq l< hq;= fõ" tla mqoa.,hl= i;=j
mj;sk ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:dj fjkqjg ;SrK .ekSu i|yd mqoa., uKav,hla
m;a lsÍu" ;SrK .ekSfï úúO wjia:djka úúO uÜgïj,ska isÿlsÍug wjia:dj
i,id ;sîu" ;SrK .ekSfï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= ld¾h mámdàka yd ks¾Kdhl
yÿkajd §u" ;SrKhka m%;sfYdaOkhg wjia:dj i,id ;sîu" lsysm uÜgulska isÿ
jk wëCIK l%shdj,shla yÿkajd §u wdÈh u.ska w;a;fkdau;sl l%shd ioyd jk
bvlv weysßh yelsh'
la,sÜ.d¾â iQ;%hg wkqj ¥IKh wvq lsÍfï ;j;a Wml%uhla jkafka

kS;sfha wdêm;Hh Yla;su;a lsÍuhs' kS;shfha wdêm;H Yla;su;a lsÍu u.ska
wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h wvq l< yelsh' idOdrK yd Yla;su;a kS;s ilia lsÍu fukau
tlS kS;s yd kS;sfha l%shdj,sh ieug idOdrK f,i l%shdfjys fhoùfuka ;SrK
.ekSu l%udkql+, yd kS;sfhka ms<s.;a l%ufõohlg wkqj isÿ l< hq;= fõ' túg
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha§ mqoa.,hdf.a wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h iSud jk w;ru tu
iSudjka W,a,x>kh lr ;SrK .;a wjia:dj,§ tlS mqoa.,hka kS;sh bÈßhg
meñKùfï wjia:dj ,efnk neúka iEu wfhl=u ;SrK .ekSfï§ ish n,;,
kS;sfhka kshu lr we;s iSudjka ;=< /f|ñka yd ksis l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrñka
isÿ lrkq we;'
29
taldêldrh wvq lsÍu yd wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h wvq lsÍu fukau j.ùu j¾Okh
lsÍu u.skao ¥IKh wju l< yelsh' j.ùu j¾Okh lsÍfï tla l%fudamdhla
jkafka f;dr;=re ksoyfia .,dhEug ie,eiaùuhs' n|jd .ekSï" ñ, § .ekSï"
iykdOdr l%shdj,sh fukau ks¾Kdhl yd mámdàka ms<sno f;dr;=reo ck;djg
±k.ekSug ie,eiaùu wdh;khl kS;sfhka mejreK j.lSula jk wjia:djl§
tlS wdh;kfha ks,OdÍkaf.a j.lSu ks;e;skau j¾Okh fõ' j.ùu j¾Okh jk
úg ¥IKhka isÿùug mj;sk bvlv wju fõ' WodyrKhla f,i ld¾huKav,
n|jd.ekSula isÿ jk wjia:djl§ mj;ajk ,o ;r. úNd.fha yd iïuqL
mÍCIKfha ,l=Kq m%isoaO l<fyd;a yd wjYH whf.a b,a,Su u; ,ndÿkfyd;a
úNd.fhka yd iïuqL mÍCIKfhka wvq ,l=Kq ,nd.;a mqoa.,hka n|jd .ekSug
mj;sk bvlv weysfrk w;r tu.ska {d;s ix.%y ñ;% ix.%y je<lS hhs' f;dr;=re
±k.ekSfï whs;sh ms<sno kS;suh ms<s.ekSul wjYH;dj ¥IK fuj,ula f,i
u;= jkafka fujeks wjia:djkays§h'
j.ùu j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d l< yels ;j;a l%fudamdhla jkafka
ck;d y~ ke.Su j¾Okh lsÍuhs' hï widOdrK l%shdj,shla isÿ jk úg ck;dj
thg tfrysj m%;sl%shd olajkafka kï ks,OdÍkaf.a j.ùu ks;e;skau j¾Okh
fõ' ta i|yd ck;dj f;dr;=re fidhk yd f;dr;=re ms<sn| úuis,su;a jk
msßila fukau tu f;dr;=re u.ska fy<sorõ jk widOdrK l%shdj,g tfrysj
m%;spdr ±laùug ;rï Yla;su;a úh hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau widOdrKhg tfrysj
ke.S isàug iQodkï nj fukau ta i|yd {dkdkaú; Wml%u f;dard.ekSfï
yelshdj iys; msßila úh hq;=h'
¥IKfha md¾Yajfhda
¥IK l%shdj,shl uQ,sl md¾Yaj folla we;'
1 b,a,d isák md¾Yajh
2 imhk md¾Yajh
b,a,d isák md¾Yajh f,i i,lkafka hï mejereK rdcldßhla lsÍug
fyda fkdlsÍug hï w,a,ila b,a,d isák fyda ;u ks,h whq;= f,i
fhdojk md¾Yajhhs' ¥Is; ks,Odßka" ¥Is; foaYmd,k n,OdÍka wdÈh
fuu md¾Yajhg wh;a fõ'
imhk md¾Yajh f,i y÷kajkafka by; úia;r l< b,a,d isák

md¾Yjh b,a,d isák w,a,i fyda m%;s,dNh iemhSug tlÕ jk md¾Yajhhs' fuu
msßig fmdÿ uyck;dj" fldka;%d;alrejka" ksfhdað;hka wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'
fuys§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKla jkafka ¥IKfha§ ieuúg ¥IKhg

uq,mqrkafka b,a,disák md¾Yajhu fkdjk njhs' iuyr wjia:djkays§ iemhqï
30
md¾Yajhu ¥IKh i|yd uq,a fhdackdj b,a,d isák md¾Yajh fj; fhduq lrk
wjia:d mj;S'
ir, WodyrKhla f,i kshñ; m%ñ;sfhka f;drj idok ,o fldkal%SÜ

ud¾.hla kshñ; m%ñ;sfhka hq;=j mj;sk njg jd¾;djla ,ndÿkfyd;a remsh,a
mkaoyil uqo,la ,ndfok njg ld¾ñl ks,Odßhl=g fldka;%d;alrejl= úiska
fhdackd lrkq ,nk wjia:dj ±laúh yelsh'
31
6-ÿießfha úúO uqyqKqjr
w,a,i yd ¥IKh hk hq., mohla Y%S ,xldfõ§ ydú; jqjo w,a,i

hkqfjka y÷kajkafka ÿießfha tla m%fNaohls" ke;fyd;a uqyqKqjrls' ÿießhla
isÿ jk iEu úgu olakg ,efnk fmdÿ isÿùï lsysmhla we;' tkï"
n,h wjNdú;hla
kS;Hdkql+,j n,h ysñ rdcH ks,OdÍka ^mßmd,k $foaYmd,k&
fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack ,eîula
fuu idOl olakg ,efnk ÿießhg wh;a jk fndfyda wmrdO úúO iajrEmfhka
mj;S'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;shg wkqj ÿießfha m%fNao
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaê iïuq;shg wkqj my; i|yka ¥IK

l%shdjkag wmrdO j.lSï mejÍu i|yd rdcHhla úiska kS;s iïmdokh l< hq;=
nj olajhs-
w,a,i
ks,Odßhl= úiska foam< wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSu
n,mEï isÿ lsÍu
ks,;, whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSu
whq;= Okj;a ùu
wmrdOj,ska ,efnk uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh
hqla;sh mis|,Sug ndOd lsÍu
w,a,i
ks,Odßfhl= .kq ,nk ;SrKhlska fyda lrkq ,nk ls%hdjka wkshï

wdldrfha ,dN m%fhdack ,nd§ug lrk fmdfrdkaÿjla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yel'
fuh fomd¾Yajfha wfkHdakH wjfndaOh u; isÿ fõ' l%shdj isÿ lsÍug fmr
w,a,ia ,nd§u isÿ lrhs' th uqo,ska" øjHj,ska" fiajdjlska úh yel' úfYaIfhka
kS;s úfrdaë foaj,a lsÍu i|yd kS;sh ls%hd;aul lrk msßiaj,g w,a,ia ,nd§u
ks;ru olakg we;' Y%S ,dxlsl kS;sh ;=< wmrdOhla f,i y÷kdf.k we;af;a
rdcH ks,Oßhl= úiska w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu fyda rdcH ks,Odßhl=g w,a,ia ,nd§u
muKs' mqoa.,sl wxYfha w,a,ia wmrdO kS;sfha fldgila njg ;ju;a m;a ù
fkdue;'
32
cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaê iïuq;shg wkqj rdcH ks,OdÍka f.a w,a,i" úfoaY rdcH
ks,OdÍkaf.a w,a,i fukau cd;Hka;r rdcH ixúOdkj, ks,OdÍkaf.a w,a,io
wmrdO jerÈ f,i y÷kdf.k we;'
ks,Odßhl= úiska foam< wh:d f,i fhdod .ekSu
hï rdcH ks,Odßhl=f.a ;k;=rg wkqj Tyqg Ndr§ we;s hï foam<la"

rdcH fyda mqoa.,sl uqo,a fyda wem fyda jákdlula we;s fjk;a hï fohla" tu
rdcH ks,OdÍhd úiska Tyqf.a fyda fjk;a hï ;eke;a;l=f.a fyda whq;= m%;s,dNh
ioyd jxpd lsÍu" whq;= f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSu ¥IKhls'
n,mEï isÿ lsÍu
hï l%shdjla isÿ lrk f,i uq,ska b,a,d isá ;eke;a;dg fyda fjk;a hï
;eke;af;l=g hï whq;= jdishla rdcH md¾Yajfha mßmd,kuh fyda rdcH
wêldßhlska ,nd .ekSfï woyilska rcfha ks,Orfhl= fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l=
Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a n,mEu mdúÉÑ lsÍu ioyd tu rcfha ks,Orhdg whq;=
,dNhla fl<skau fyda wkHdldrhlska ,nd§ug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu fyda fhdackd
lsÍu fyda ,nd§u" hï whq;= ,dNhla rdcH md¾Yajfha mßmd,kuh fyda rdcH
wêldßhlska ,nd .ekSfï woyiska rcfha ks,Orfhl= fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l=
Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a n,mEu mdÑÉÑ lsÍu i|yd tu rcfha ks,Orhdg whq;=
jdishla fl<skau fyda wkHdldrhlska ,nd §ug b,a,d isàu fyda Ndr .ekSu
n,mEï isÿ lsÍu f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ks,;, whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSu
hï rdcH ks,Odßhl= úiska ;u ld¾hNdrh fyda Oqrh wksis f,i

m%fhdackhg .ekSu tkï hï rdcH ks,Orhl= ioyd fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=
i|yd fyda hï whq;= jdishla ,nd.ekSfï ld¾hh i|yd Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a
ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍfï§ kS;s lv lrñka hï l%shdjla isÿ lsÍu fyda isÿ lsÍfuka
je<lS isàu is;du;du lrkq ,eîu n,;, whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSuls'
kS;súfrdaê Okj;a ùu
kS;s úfrdaë Okj;a ùu" tkï hï rdcH ks,Odßhl=f.a kS;Hdkql+,

wodhug wod<j Tyqg fyda wehg idOdrK f,i meyeÈ,s l< fkdyels j;alïj,ska
ie,lsh hq;= jeä ùula we;s lr .ekSu ksid is;d u;du lrkq ,enQ úg th kS;s
úfrdaë Okj;a ùu fõ'
33
wmrdOj,ska ,efnk uqo,a úY=oaëlrKh
hï foam<la kS;s úfrdaë l%uhlg ,ndf.k tys kS;s úfrdaë uQ,drïNh

ieÕùu fyda jika lsÍu i|yd tu foam< mßj¾;kh lsÍu fyda mejÍu uqo,a
úY=oaêlrKh fõ'
by; lS wldrhka yereK úg my; ioyka iajrEmfha l%shdjkao ÿießh

f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
jxpdj
hful=f.a fyda f;jk md¾Yajhlf.a jdish ;ld ;j;a mqoa.,hl=

/jàug ls%hd lsÍu fï kñka y÷kajhs' frda.S mqoa.,hskag rcfha wdOdr ,ndfok
wjia:djl§ rcfha ffjoHjrhl=f.ka jHdc iy;slhla ,ndf.k tu wdOdr ,nd
.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu fuu iajrEmfha jrols'
n,y;aldrh
hï l%shdjla lsÍu fyda fkdlr isgSu i|yd hï jákd fohla fyda uqo,la
,nd fok f,ig n, lsÍu n,y;aldrhhs' fuh fkdlr isàu YdÍßl joysxid
yd ;=jd< ùï olajd nrm;< úh yelsh' frda.d;=rj frday,a.;j isák ldka;djla
ffjoHjrhd le|jk f,i b,aÆ úg ;udg ta i|yd uqo,la f.jk f,i Ndr
fyÈh n, lsÍu fï iajrEmfha jrola fõ' th fkdlr isàfuka wod< ldka;dj
ñhhEugo yelsh'
;SrK .ekSfï n,h wksis f,i Ndú;h
hful=g ;u n,h Ndú; lrñka lKavdhulg wkshï wkq.%yhla ±laùu

fyda lKavdhfuka fjkia fldg ie,lSu fuu jrog wh;ah' kS;sh jerÈ f,i
Ndú; lrk úg fyda hï iqúfYaIS ;SrKhka idOdrKSlrKh lsÍug úêu;a kS;s
fyda l%ufõohka fkdue;s úg ks;ru n,h wksis f,i Ndú; lsÍï olakg ,efí'
34
wjYH;d ms<sn| .egqfuka whq;= ,dN bmhSu $ we;=<; fj<odu
whq;= Okj;a ùfï wruqKska hful=f.a ks,hg wh;a fkdjkakd jQ

.kqfokqjl ksr; ùu" ;;a;ajhla fyda fj<o ,dNhla ,eîu ñka woyia fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i rdcH ks,Odßfhla ;ukag ,enqKq f;dr;=re u; rch hï
m%foaYhl úYd, ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla ls%hd;aul lsÍug hk nj ±k .kS' Tyq tu
m%foaYfhka úYd, bvula ñ, § f.k tu m%foaYfha ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍug wjir ,nd§u i|yd uq,a ù ls%hd lrhs' fuu jHmD;sfha wruqK idudkH
ck;djg myiqlï iemhSu jqjo rcfha ks,Odßhd bka whq;= f,i úYd, ,dNla
,ndf.k we;'
kS;s úfrdëa ikaf;daiï" mdßf;daIsl" fldñia ,nd .ekSu
rch iu. hï lghq;a;la lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk md¾Yajhlska hï

jákdlula" uqo,la ,dNhla ,nd.ekSu fuhska woyia fõ' rcfha ks,Odßhl=
fgkav¾ wkqu; lsÍu i|yd uqo,a fyda fldñIka b,a,Su WodyrK fõ'
wksis mCImd;S;ajh
fm!oa.,sl ±kSu" mCI ys;j;alï" cd;sh" wd.u" l=,h" fyda fjk;a

leue;a;la fya;= fldgf.k rcfha ks,Odßhl= fiajdjla fyda iïm;a ,nd §ula
fuhg wh;ah' foaYmd,k iïnkaO;d u; /lshd §u fiajdjka ,nd §u fï
.Khg jefÜ' fuys iqúfYaI;ajh kï iudkH ck;djg fkd,efnk wdldrfha
iqúfYaI ie,lSula fm!oa.,sl leue;a; u; rcfha ks,Odßhdf.a ys;j;dg
,eîuh' uyck foam< wúêu;aj yd wl%uj;aj fn§ hEu fï ksid isÿ fõ'
{d;s ix.%y
rcfha ks,Odßhdg we;s {d;S;ajh ksidu rcfha ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu

fyda fjk;a jdis w;a lr §u fuys iajNdjhhs' foaYmd,{hska ;u keoE ys;j;=ka
;u wud;HxYj,g m;a lr .ekSu fuhg WodyrK fõ' fuh rchl ia:djr;ajh
yd iduQysl;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,mdhs'
35
ks;S úfrdaê m%odkhka
foaYmd,k mCIj,g fyda wdKavq n,h ysñ mCIj,g hï hï lghq;=j,g

ueÈy;a fkdùu fjkqfjka ,efnk m%odkhka fï .Khg wh;a fõ' rdcH
ks,Odßhl=f.a j.ùu meyeryeÍu fjkqfjka ,efnk m%odkhls' fuho tla
wdldrhl w,a,ils'
¥IKfha m%udKh
¥IKfha by; iajrEmhkag wu;rj ¥IKfha mßudj" ¥IKh isÿ jk

ia:dkh wd§ ldreKq i,lñkao ¥IKh j¾.SlrKh yd f;areï .ekSu isÿ l<
yelsh' ta w;r jeo.;a j¾.SlrKhla f,i uyd mßudK ¥IK yd iq¿ mßudK
¥IK f,i jQ j¾.SlrKh fmkajd Èh yel'
uyd mßudK ¥IK

uyd mßudK ¥IKh iukaú; jkafka m%;sm;a;s fyda rdcHfha by<
l%shdldÍ;ajh ;=<h' w;súYd, m%udKfhka isÿ jk rdcH uqo,a fidrlï fyda rdcH
foam< wh:d mßyrKh lsÍï" úYd, mßudKfha rdcH .kqfokqj,§ ikaf;daiï
fyda fldñia ,eîï fuu fldgig wh;a fõ' by< foaYmd,k yd ks,OdÍ
me,eka;sh ;=< fujeks foa isÿ fõ' fujeks .kqfokq fndfyda úg úfoaYSh nexl=
yryd isÿ fõ'
tjeks uqo,a fndfyda úg ;ekam;a jkafkao úfoaY .sKqïj,h' fujeks
uydmßudK ¥IKhkaf.ka ,efnk m%;s,dN u.ska foam< ñ, § .ekSï isÿ
lrkafkao úfoaYj,h' tfiau fuu ¥IKhka kS;sfha /yekg yiq lr .ekSuo
b;du;a wmyiqh'
uyd mßudK ¥IK

rdcH mßmd,k ls%hdj,sfha§ rdcH ks,OdÍka i,ik fiajh Wfoid
idudkH p¾hdfõ fldgila f,i n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ikaf;daiï" fjk;a m%Odk
jeks foa fï hg;g jefÜ' ;ksj .;a l, l=vd jqjo iuia;hla f,i .;a l,
úYd, fõ'
iq¿ ¥IKh hkq my< yd uOHu uÜgfï rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska tÈfkod
lghq;= i|yd mjrd we;s n,h wksis f,i Ndú; lsÍuhs'
l=uk wdldrhlska ¥IKh ls%hd;aul jqjo tyss fmdÿ ,laIKh rdcH

ks,Odßhl= ;u ks,fha lghq;= fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .ekSu fõ'
tfukau th ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shgo wd¾Ólhgo nrm;< ydks isÿ lrhs'
36
7- ÿiershg fya;= y÷kd .ksuq

rgl ÿießh j¾Okh ùug ke;fyd;a mqoa.,hl= ÿießhg nr ùug fya;=
úuiqj fyd;a fndfyda úg iudcfhka ,efnk ms<s;=re jkafka wvq jegm" wvq
wdodhu" mjqf,a m%Yak wdÈhhs' ienúkau fï ÿießhg fya;= fkdj ÿießh i|yd
olajk ksoyig ldrKdh'
ÿießhg ienE fya;= y÷kd.ekSug kï ÿießh ms<sn| la,sâ.d¾â

iólrKh flfrys kej; úuis,su;a úh hq;=h'
´kEu iudchla ;=< ¥IKhg bv i,ik m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla i,ld n,uq'
fuu iQ;%hg wkqj taldêldrh yd wNsu;dkqidÍ n,h jeä jk l%shdjka

yd j.ùu wvq jk l%shdjka ¥IKhg fya;= f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' wm iudch ;=<
mj;sk tjeks fya;= lsysmhla my; mßÈ ,ehsia;= .; l< yelsh''
1 wiSñ; n,dêldrh
hï mqoa.,hl=g fyda mqoa., lKavdhulg úIh fCI;%hl wiSñ; n,hla

f.dvke.S ;sfí kï ta ms<sn|j m%Yak lsÍug lsisjl=g bvla fkd;sîu u; tu
mqoa.,hd fyda lKavdhu w;ska ¥IKh isÿ ùug fyd| bvla ,nd fohs'
2 iSñ; mdroDYHNdjh
rcfha hï l%shdldrlula ck;djg fkdfmkk l%ufõohla u; isÿ fõ

kï ta ;=<ska tu ks,Odßkag ¥IKh isÿ lsÍug mßirh ks¾udKh lrhs'
3 iSñ; j.ùu
rcfha wdh;kfhka iudchg j.lSug ne£ula fkdue;s kï th m%Yak

lsÍug iudchgo bvla ke;' fujeks mßirhla ks¾udKh ù we;s wdh;khl
37
¥IKh isÿ ùug ukd mßirhla ks¾udKh fõ'
4 iSñ; foaYmd,k lem ùu
¥IKh msgq ±lSu i|yd foaaYmd,k{hskaf.a lem ùula fkdue;s ùfuka

rcfha wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka ¥IKhg ks¾Nhj fm<fò' tneúka ¥IKh msgq±lSug
kï foaYmd,k{hska ta i|yd lem ùu wjYHh'
5 ixjrK yd ;=,k l%shdj,sfha iSñ; nj
úOdhl jHjia:dodhl wêlrK hk moaO;s ;=< tlla wksl wNsNjd ±ä

f,i m%uqL ùu je<elaùfï l%uh ixjrK yd ;=<k l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' tla
tallhl l%shdldÍ;ajh wfkla tall fol u.ska mßCIdjg ,la ùu ñka woyia
fõ'
fï u.ska kS;sfha wdêm;Hh Yla;su;a fõ' hï rgl ixjrK yd ;=,k

l%uh ì| jefghs kï fï úOdhl jHjia:dodhl yd mßmd,k wdh;k w;r
wfkHdakH mÍCIdj ì|jefgkq we;' túg tu wdh;k yd tjdfha mqoa.,hka lrkq
,nk ¥IKhka iSud lrk l%ufõohla fkdue;s neúka tjeks rgl ¥IKh nyq,
fõ'
6 ÿ¾j, isú,a iudch
isú,a iudch ixúOdk.; ù fkdue;s kï tlS iudcfha iudðlhska

±kqj;a yd tÈfkod m%Yakj,g ixfõ§ fkdfõ kï tjeks isú,a iudch ÿ¾j,
isú,a iudchla f,i y÷kajhs' ;ukag muKla fkdj wkqkag isÿjk widOdrKfha§o
thg tfrysj ixúOdkh ù tfrys ùu Yla;su;a isú,a iudcfha ,laIKhls'
tneúka ÿ¾j, isú,a iudch rcfha wdh;k ;=< isÿ jk ¥IKhkag tfrys ùula
isÿ fkdjk neúka ÿ¾j, isú,a iudchla iys; rgj, ¥IKh nyq, fõ'
7 l%u úfrdaë p¾hdjka ^ld¾h mámdáhg tfrys ls%hdjka&
rgl rch úiska mqrjeishka i|yd fiajd ie,iSfï l%ufõohla we;'

fuu l%ufõoh kS;sfha n,h u; ilia ù we;' hï msßila tu l%ufõoh neyer
lrñka rdcHfhka ,eìh hq;= fiajdjka yd m%uqL;djka ;u ys;j;alï yd {d;s;ajh
u; fjkia lrhs kï tys§ ¥IKhla isÿ fõ' tjeks l%u úfrdaë p¾hdjka wkqu;
lrk iudcfha ¥IK nyq, fõ'
38
8 ¥IKfha m%;súmdl
ÿießh iudcfhka msgq±lsh hq;= ms<,hla nj ieu fofklau wújdofhka

ms<s.kq we;" úfYaIfhkau idOdrK mqrjeishka ish¨ fokdu ÿießhg tfrys
jkafka tu.ska ;ukag mqoa.,slj w,dNhla isÿ jk ksidu fkdj thg jvd úYd,
ydkshla iudchg isÿ lrk neúkah'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wmrdO yd u;aøjH ms<sn| ld¾hdxYh (UNODC) úiska

mj;akq ,nk ¥IK úfrdaë mdGud,djg wkqj ¥IKh ksid f,djg isÿ jk
m%;súmdl my; ioyka mßÈ ixCIsma; l< yelsh'
1' ;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal wj;lafiare ùu

Undermining the Sustainable Development Goals
¥IKh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal ^Sustainable Development

Goals& idlaId;a lr .ekSug ndOd lrhs' ;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal ¥IKfhka
hgm;a ùug bvlv we;( ta u.ska —ieug jvd fyd| iy ;srir wkd.;hla˜
fndfyda úg iaj,am fofkl=f.a wjYH;djkag wkqj l%shd;aul úh yels w;r
fndfyda fokl= úúOdldr ¥IKhkaf.ka mSvd ú¢h yelsh'
2' wd¾Ól w,dNh yd wld¾hlaIu;dj

Economic loss and inefficiency
ÿießh u.ska wd¾Ól w,dNhla isÿ ùu wksjd¾h lreKls' ¥IKfha wd¾Ól

msßjeh ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ixLHd ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr jqjo" cd;Hka;r uQ,H
wruqof,a (IMF) 2016 jd¾;dfjka weia;fïka;= lr we;af;a w,a,ia i|yd
muKla jirlg fvd,¾ á%,shk 1'5;a 2;a w;r uqo,la jeh jk njhs' fuh
f.da,Sh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka o< jYfhka 2]l iuia; wd¾Ól w,dNhla
ksfhdackh lrhs' fï wkqj ¥IKh ksid f,djg wysñ jk Okh fl;rï±hs
wm l,amkd l< hq;=h'
3' oßø;dj iy wiudk;dj j¾Okh ùu

Poverty and inequality
¥IKh keu;s wdhqOfhka ÿmam;=kag hym;la isÿ fkdfõ' cd;Hka;r f;,a

iud.ula jk fI,a iïnkaOj khsÔßhdfõ" mej;s iqm%isoaO w,a,ia kvqjl§
fy<s jQfha cd;sl whjehg;a jvd jeä uqo,la ¥Is; ks,OdÍkag fI,a iud.u
f.jd we;s njh' fuu w,a,i ksid khsÔßhdkq ck;djg fvd,¾ ì,shk
1'1lg jvd wysñ úh' ^f.da,Sh idlaIslre" 2017& ta wkqj ¥IKh u.ska ck;dj
39
ÿmam;a jk w;ru ¥Is; l=vd lKavdhula wiSñ; f,i Okj;a fjñka iudch
;=< ±ä wd¾Ól wiudk nj;a j¾Okh lrhs'
4' mqoa.,sl mdvq" ìh.ekaùï iy wmyiq;d

Personal loss, intimidation and inconvenience
ñksiqka ¥IKh w;aú¢k úg th l,d;=rlska Okd;aul w;aoelSula fõ' ffjoH

m%;sldr ,nd .ekSug" f.dvke.s,s n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSug" iykdOdr ,nd
.ekSug fyda ÿrl:k fiajd N=la;s ú£ug w,a,ila f.úh hq;=h' wêlrK
fCI;%h ¥Is; jqjfyd;a úksiqrejrfhl= mlaIhlg tfrysj ;Skaÿ ,nd fokafka
kvqfõ lreKq mokï lrf.k fkdj" m%;sjdÈhd w,a,ila f.ùu" n,j;a
;e/õlrejl= okakd ksid fyda tlu jd¾.sl fyda ckjd¾.sl miqìulska
meñ‚ ksidh' fuu ksid ¥IKh u.ska fndfyda fofkl=g mqoa.,sl mdvq isÿ
jk w;r rdcH md,kh idOdrK fkdùu u.ska fndfyda fofkl=g ìfhka yd
wmyiq;djfhka Ôj;aùug isÿ fõ'
5' rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wl%sh;dj

Public and private sector dysfunctionality
;ks ¥Is; l%shdjkaf.a iuqÉÑ; n,mEu wl%sh;djhs' hï fiajdjla rdcHh u.ska

isÿ l<o" fm!oa.,sl wxY u.ska isÿ l<o" fmd,sishg" ffjoHjrekag iy rdcH
ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia ,nd Èh hq;= kï" tu NdKav yd fiajdj, .=Kd;aulNdjh
wvq jk w;r tajd ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh jvd ñ, wêl" ld,h .;jk iy
widOdrK njg m;a fõ'
6' há;, myiqlï ÿ¾j, ùu

Failures in infrastructure
rch úiska há;, myiqlï i|yd úhoï lrk uqo,a ¥IKhg ,la jQ úg tys
wksjd¾h m%;sM,h jkafka tu há;, myiqlï b;du;a ÿ¾j, ;;ajfhka
f.dvke.Suh' 2018 wf.daia;= udifha§ b;d,sfha jrdh k.rhla jk fcfkdajdys
md,ula lvd jeàfuka wju jYfhka mqoa.,fhda 39 fofkla ñh.shy' fuu
md,u lvd jeàu yd ¥IKh w;r tlajru meyeÈ,sj fmfkk in|;djla
fkdjQjo" miqj lrk ,o mÍlaIKj,ska fy<s ù we;af;a zud*shdjZ md,kh
lrk bÈlsÍï iud.ula f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍfï l%shdj,sfha§ znd, isfuka;sZ
Ndú; lr we;s njhs' ^NZHerald" 2018&'
40
7' oKavuqla;sh iy mCImd;S hqla;sh

Impunity and partial justice
¥IKh wêlrK moaO;sh mqrd me;sÍ we;s úg" ñksiqkag ;jÿrg;a ;u rdcldßh
bgq lsÍu i|yd kvq mjrkakka iy úksiqrejka flfrys úYajdih ;eìh
fkdyel' n,j;a whg hqla;sfhka .e,úh yelsh' mqrjeishkag" úfYaIfhka
uqo,a fkdue;s fyda uQ,H fyda foaYmd,k jYfhka n,j;a ñ;=rka fkdue;s
mqoa.,hka widOdrK f,i wmrdO iïnkaOfhka fpdaokd ,en" ksis kvq úNd.
hlska f;drj" jerÈ f,i isr.; l< yelsh'
8' ksoyia fkdjk ckm%shjdofha ke.Su

Rising illiberal populism
2017 jif¾ g%kaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a jd¾;djla iy úoaj;a m%ldYk

lsysmhla fmkajd fokafka wêldß;ajh jeä lsÍu w¾O jYfhka ¥IKhg
fya;= ù we;s njhs' fláfhka lsjfyd;a" ¥IKh wiudk;dj jeä lrhs" uyck
j.ùu iy foaYmd,k m%;spdr oelaùu wvq lrhs" tuÕska mqrjeishka w;r by<
hk l,lsÍï iy ÿIalr;d we;s lrhs'
9' ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO iy ;%ia;jdoh j¾Okh

Organized crime and terrorism
uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh" ryis.; uQ,dY% u.ska ,efnk Okh iy w,a,ia u.ska"

¥Is; wêlrK ks,OdÍka iy ¥Is; foaYmd,k{hska iudcfha idmrdë
lghq;=j,g /ljrKh ,ndfohs' fï ksid m%pKav;ajh" kS;s úfrdaë u;aøjH"
.‚ld jD;a;sh" ,sx.sl jy,aNdjh" meyerf.k hEu iy ìh .ekaùï by< hhs'
10' rdcHfha Odß;dj wvq ùu

Diminished state capacity
.eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd fok f,i mqrjeishka oeä f,i b,a,d isáho" ¥IKh
foaYmd,kfha n,h wvmK lrhs' ksoiqkla jYfhka" w,a,ia" n,mEï
fjf<|du iy rdcH w,a,d .ekSu mq¿,a f,i me;sÍ we;s ;dla ÿrg" foaYmd,k
moaO;sj,g iudÔh .eg¨ úi£ug fkdyels jkq we;'
41
11' O%eùlrKh yd fkdikaiqka;dj jeä lsÍu

Increasing polarization and unrest
¥IKh" úfYaIfhka rdcHh n,h w,a,d .ekSu iïu;hla njg m;a jQ úg" th
mqrjeishka w;r O%eùlrKhg ;=vq Èh yelsh( ¥Is; md,k ;ka;%hkag iydh
olajk wh iy tlS md,khg úreoaO wh jYfhka iudch ±ä f,i fn§ulg
,la fõ' fuu úreoaO lKavdhï w;r" iïuq;sh yd ;¾ldkql+, idlÉPdj
fkdmj;S' m%;sm;a;sh úksYaph lrkq ,nkafka oDIaájdofha moku u; fyda
jHdmD;shl wdfõksl l=i,;d u; fkdj" m%;sm;a;s fhdackd lrkakka
ljqrekao hkak iy ;r.ldÍ md¾Yajh fj;ska ,efnk m%;s,dN fudkjdo@
hkak i,ld ne,Sfuks'
12' foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi iy ffcj úúO;ajhg jk ydksh

Climate change and damage to biodiversity
ÿießh ksid rdcHhkaf.a mßir" jkÔù yd jk ix¾CIK ks;s u.yer hñka

mßir úkdYhka isÿ lrhs' jk ixrlaIKh yd ;srir jk l<ukdlrK
jevigyka mrdch lrhs" jkÔù yd ëjr wmrdOj,g bkaOk imhhs' fï
fya;=fjka ÿießh f.da,Sh jYfhka foaY.=K úm¾hdihka yd ffcj úúO;aj
ydksh flfrys iDcqju n,mEï we;s lrhs'
13' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍï

Human rights violations-
ÿießh ksid ks;e;skau iqÿiaidg iqÿiq ;ek fkd,eî hhs' hqla;sh bgqùug
ndOd we;s lrhs' tfiau ¥Is; md,lhska isú,a ksoyi n,h ;yjqre lsÍug
ndOdjla f,i i,lkq ,nhs' tneúka ÿießh È.ska È.gu mj;ajdf.k hEu
i|yd ¥Is; foaYmd,k{fhda iy ¥Is; ks,OdÍyq tlaj ck;djf.a udkj
ysñlï W,a,x>kh lr;s'
14' ikakoaO .egqï iy l=ßre wmrdO

Armed conflict and atrocity crimes
¥IKh fya;=fjka we;s jQ rdcH Odß;dj yd ixj¾Okh wvq ùu wkdrlaIs;Ndjhg

yd ikakoaO .egqug mjd ;=vq Èh yelsh ^n,kak" Wod( f,dal nexl=j" 2011¦
f,dal nexl=j" 2017&' we;a; jYfhkau" ¥IKh rdcHhka wia:djr lsÍfï
idOlhla f,i y÷kdf.k we;'
42
15' uyck l,lsÍu iy kqreiaikdnj

Public frustration and cynicism
¥IKh mq¿,aj mj;sk nj;a ¥Is; l%shdldÍka j.lsj hq;= ke;s nj;a tu.ska
ñksiqka kdhlhska" iudc moaO;s ^rdcH wdh;k& iy iuyr úg iudch yd
wdpdrO¾u flfrys mjd úYajdih ke;s lr .kS' foaYmd,k j.ùu fkdjk
úg" tjeks yeÕSï È.a.eiaiqKq ld, mßÉfþohka i|yd mj;sk w;r
mqrjeishkaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajh ySk fõ'
43
44
f;jk mßÉfPaoh
¥IKh yd cd;Hka;rh
9-ÿießhg tfrys f.da,Sh fm<.eiau

—fidrlñka fidhk uqo,aj,g frdao ;sfnk w;r ¥IKfhka fidhk
uqo,aj,g ;gq ;sfí˜ hkqfjka m%jdohla mj;S' tys woyi jkafka tla rgl
¥IKfhka Wmhd.kakd uqo,a fjk;a rgl wdfhdackh lrk njhs' tfiau ¥IKh
hkq f,dj iEu rglgu ms<s,hla jQ fohls' tfiau rgl ¥IKfha n,mEu tla
rglg muKla fkdj rgj,a lsysmhlg n,mdkq we;' tneúka ¥IKhg tfrysj
cd;Hka;r fm<.eiSula mj;S' cd;Hka;rh ¥IKh msgq±lSu i|yd f.k we;s
W;aidyhla lsysmhla úia;r lsÍu fuu mßfþofha wruqKhs'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaê l%shdldÍ;ajh

ÿießh wju lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úYd, fufyhla
bgq lrñka isáhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska iïu; lr we;s fndfyda
udkj ysñlï f,aLkj, ¥IKh msgq±lSug wkqn, fok úúO m%;smdok we;=<;aj
we;' ta yereK úg ¥IKh msgq±lSu ioyd fjku cd;Hka;r iïuq;shla iïu;
lrk ,È' tfiau ÿießh msgq±lSu ioyd fjku ksfhdað; wdh;khlao msysgqjk
,È'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh (UN-UNCAC)

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska 2003 iema;eïn¾ 29 Èk iïu;
lrk ,o fuu iïuq;sfha uqLH mrud¾:h jkqfha f,dj mqrd isÿ jk ¥IKh
wju lsÍuh' ta i|yd wod< ks;suh m%;smdok ie,eiSu yd ¥IKh uev,Su i|yd
cd;Hka;r jYfhka iydh ,nd§fï j.lSula idudðl rgj,aj,g mejÍu fuu
iïuq;sh u.ska isÿ fõ'
wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkd;aul wmrdOj,g tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
iïuq;shg wu;rj ¥IKhg tfrysj cd;Hka;r kS;suh fuj,ula wjYH nj
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska 2002 jif¾ wxl 55$61 ork fhdackdj
u.ska ms<s.kakd ,È' ta wkqj 2002 ckjdß isg 2003 Tlaf;dan¾ olajd ieis jdr
45
y;l§ idlÉPd lr 2003 Tlaf;dan¾ 1 jk Èk fuu iïuq;sh uyd uKav,h úiska

iïu; lrk ,È' miqj th 2003 foieïn¾ 09 jk Èk rdcHhkaa fj; w;aika
lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lrk ,È' iEu jirlu foieïn¾ 9 cd;Hka;r ¥IK
úfrdaë Èkh f,i kï lr ;sfnkafka fuu iïuq;sh w;aika l< Èkh isys lsÍu
fjkqfjks' ta wkqj iïuq;sh 2005 foieïn¾ 14 jk Èk isg n,d;aul úh' fï
jk úg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idudðl rdcHhka 181 we;=¿j md¾Yajhka 186la fuu
iïuq;sfha md¾Yajlrejka ù we;' talai;a cd;Skaf.a idudðl rdcHhka 12la ;ju
fuu iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; lr fkdue;'
Y%s ,xldj fuu iïuq;sh ioyd wdrïNfhau w;aika lrk ,o rdcHhls'

iïuq;sfha m%Odk ld¾hhka 3ls' tkï"
I. jvd;a ld¾hCIu f,i iy M,odhS f,i ¥IK je<elaùfï iy u¾okh

lsÍfï mshjr m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy Yla;su;a lsÍu'
II. j;alï wdmiq ,nd .ekSu we;=¿ ¥IK je<elaùfï§ iy Bg tfrysj

l%shd;aul ùfï§ cd;Hka;r iydh iy ;dCIKsl iydh m%j¾Okh
lsÍu iy wdOdr lsÍu'
III. rcH lghq;= iy rdcH foam< ms<sn| úksYajdikSh;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu'
¥IK úfrdaë cd;Hka;r iïuq;sfha wka;¾.;h

¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh m%Odk fldgia 8lska iukaú; fõ'
I. idudkH úêúOdk-
iïuq;sfha ld¾hNdrh l=ulao hkak úia;r lsÍu" iïuq;sfha úIh m:h

yd iïuq;shg nef|k rdcHhkaf.a iaffjÍNdjh wdrCId ùu ms<sn| m%;smdok
fuu fldgfia we;=<;a fõ' ¥IK úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s yd mßphka ieliSu" ¥IK
úfrdaë wdh;k f.dvke.Su" rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd p¾hdO¾u moaO;s y÷kajd §u"
rdcH m%iïmdokh yd rdcH uqo,a l<ukdlrKh úêu;a lsÍu" uyck;dj fj;
f;dr;=re ,nd§u" kvq mejÍu ms<sn| ld¾hhka úêu;a lsÍu" uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh
je<elaùu" ¥IK je<elaùug fm!oa.,sl wxYfha yd isú,a iudcfha iydh ,nd
.ekSu wdÈh i|yd idudðl rdcHhka úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<sn|j
fuu fldgi u.ska m%;smdok i,id we;'
II. je<elaùfï mshjr
¥IK je<elaùu i|yd idudðl rdcHhla úiska wkq.ukh lsÍug nef|k

mshjrhka fuu fldgi ;=< wka;¾.; fõ'
46
III. wmrdOlrKh iy kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
idudðl rdcHhka úiska ;u rdcHhka ;=< ¥IKh msgq±lSu i|yd ;u kS;s

moaO;sh ;=<g wmrdO jerÈ f,i y÷kajd Èh hq;= wmrdO jerÈ ms<sn| úia;rhlao"
tu jerÈj,g wod<j mÍCIK lsÍfï§ yd kvq fufyhùfï§ wkq.ukh l<
hq;= mßphka ms<sn|j m%;smdoko fuu fldgfia we;=<;a fõ' fuys i|yka úfYaI
lreKla jkqfha mqoa.,sl wxYfha isÿ jk w,a,io wmrdO jrola f,i kS;shg
we;=<;a l< hq;= njhs'
IV. cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;dj
¥IKh msgq±lSu i|yd idudðl rdcHhka úiska ;j;a idudðl rdcHhl

iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSu" wmrdO úu¾Ykhka i|yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu"
tldnoaOj úu¾Yk isÿ lsÍu iellrejka Wo¾mkh" wfkHdkH kS;s wdOdr"
wmrdO kS;s lD;Hhka udre lsÍu" kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu
wd§ lreKq ms<sn|j m%;smdok fuu fldgi ;=< we;=<;a fõ'
V. j;alï wdmiq ,nd.ekSu
¥Is; wdldrfhka Wmhd.kakd ,o j;alï kej; rchg ,nd.ekSu

ms<sn|j idudðl rdcHhka úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= kS;suh l%shdud¾. iïnkaO
m%;smdok fuu fldgfia we;=<;a fõ' úfYaIfhkau ¥Is; l%u u.ska Wmhd.;a
j;alï úfoaYj, mj;sk úg tu j;alï rdcika;l lsÍul§ úfoaY rdcHhkaf.a
iydh ,nd.kakd wdldrh ms<sn|jo m%;smdok fuu fldgi ;=< we;=<;a fõ'
VI. ;dCIKsl iydh iy f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu
¥IKh msgq±lSu i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re idudðl rdcHhka w;r yqjudre

lr .ekSu yd ¥IKh msgq±lSu i|yd wod< mqyqKq ùï yd l%ufõo" w;a±lSï ;dCIKsl
fiajdjka yqjudre lr .ekSu ms<sn| m%;smdok fuu fldgi ;=< wka;¾.; fõ'
VII. l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ hdka;%Kh
fuu iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd idudðl rdcHhkaf.a iïfï,khla

ia:dmkh lr we;s w;r tu iïfï,kh u.ska iïuq;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdldrh
ms<sn| m%;smdok fuu fldgi ;=< wka;¾.; fõ'
47
VIII. wjidk úêúOdk-
iïuq;shg iïnkaO ùï" idudðl rdcHhka w;r wdrjq,a úi|Sï" iïuq;sh

n,d;aul ùu yd iïuq;shg ixfYdaOk tl;= lsÍï wd§ m%;smdok fuu fldgi ;=<
wka;¾.; fõ'
wmrdO yd u;aøjH i|yd jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld¾hd,h- UNODC
1997 jif¾§ wdruN jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a u;aøjH md,k yd wmrdO

je<elaùfï ld¾hd,h 2002 jif¾§ wmrdO yd u;aøjH ioyd jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ld¾hd,h f,i kdulrKh flßKs'
¥IK ksjdrKh ms<snoj ks,jYfhka j.lSu mejÍ we;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ksfhdað; wdh;kh jkafka fuu wmrdO yd u;aøjH ms<sn|j jQ ld¾hd,hhs'
kS;súfrdaë cdjdrï iy u;aøjH wksis Ndú;h" wmrdO je<elaùu iy wmrdO
hqla;sh" cd;Hka;r ;%ia;jdoh iy foaYmd,k ¥IKh ms<sn| wka;¾ iïnkaê;
m%Yak jvd fyd¢ka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg
iydh ùu i|yd UNODC msysgqjk ,È' fuu wruqKq uQ,sl ld¾hhka ;=kla yryd
isÿ lrkq ,efí( tkï úúO wmrdO" u;aøjH" ;%ia;jdoh" iy ¥IKhg iïnkaO
iïuq;Ska" .súiqï yd fm%dfgdaflda,hka fukau ;dlaI‚l$uQ,Huh wdOdr o iïu;
lr l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ rchkag m¾fhaIK" u. fmkaùu iy iydh §uhs'
u;aøjH" wmrdO" ;%ia;jdoh iy ¥IKhg iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£u i|yd rchka jvd
fyd¢ka ikakoaO lsÍu" rcfha wdh;k iy fiiq wdh;k w;r fuu lreKq ms<sn|
oekqu Wmßu lsÍu iy uyckhd w;r by; lreKq ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjh by<
kexùu fuu ld¾hd,fha wruqKhs'
tfiau fuu ld¾hd,h tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sfha rdcH md¾Yajhkaf.a
iïfï,kfha (Conference of the States Parties (CoSP) to the UNCAC) ys f,alï
ld¾hd,h f,io lghq;= lrhs' ¥IK úfrdaë ud¾..; mdGud,djka fufyhjhs'
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh - Transparency International-TI
¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lrkq ,nk m%uqL fmf<a rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdkhls' tlu o¾Ykhla fnod .kakd f.da,Sh jHdmdrhla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh
yelsh' fuys o¾Ykh jkafka rch jHdmdrh isú,a iudch iy ck;djf.a ffoksl
Ôú;h ¥IKfhka f;dr f,dalhla njg m;a lsÍuhs'
1993 jif¾§ mqoa.,hka lsysm fofkl=f.ka wdrïN l< fuu jHmdrh

fï jk úg rgj,a 100lg wêl rgj,a .Kkla mqrd úys§ we;'
48
¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh- Corruption Perception Index-CPI
g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a wdh;kh úiska 1995 jif¾ isg jd¾Islj

m%ldYhlg m;a lrkq ,nk o¾Ylhls' rgj,a ms<sn|j isÿ lrkq ,nk ióCIKhka
u.ska ¥IK wkqj rgj,a fY%aKs.; lsÍu fuu o¾Ylh u.ska isÿ lrhs' fuu
o¾Ylh ilia lsÍu i|yd ¥IKh f,i i,lkq ,nkafka —uyck n,h mqoa.,sl
m%fhdackh i|yd wksis f,i fhdod.ekSu˜ hkakhs'
fuu o¾Ylh ilia lsÍu i|yd rdcH wxYfha ¥IK uÜgu ms<sn|j
jHdmdßlhskaf.a iy rg ;=< isák úfYaI{hskaf.a u;h îxcdkkh& tlsfklg
fjkia jQ wdh;k lsysmhla u.ska ,nd.kshs'
2020 ckjdßfha m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o 2019 ¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylhg

rgj,a 180la fYa‚.; lr we;' tfia fY%aKs.; lr we;af;a ,l=Kq 100 ^b;d msßisÿ&
isg 0 ^w;sYh ¥Is;& olajd mßudKfhks' fvkaud¾lh ^,l=Kq 88& kjiS,ka;h
^,l=Kq 87& iy *ska,ka;h ^,l=Kq @& f,dalfha ¥IKh wju rgj,a f,i ie,flk
w;r tu rgj,a cd;Hka;r uQ,H úksúoNdjh w;ska wLKavj by< uÜgul isáhs'
f,dalfha jvd;au ¥Is; rg fidaud,shdj jk w;r th ,nd.;a ,l=Kq m%udKh 10ls'
Y%S ,xldj 38l w.hla ysñ lrf.k rgj,a 180 w;ßka wiQ kj jk ^89&
ia:dkfha miqfjhs' ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a w;ßka ;=ka jk ^03& ia:dkh ysñ
lr .ekSug Y%S ,xldj iu;a ù we;;a th miqjkafka ms<sfj<ska f,dalfha úis
miajk ^25& iy ye;a;E wg ^78& jk ia:dk ysñ lr .kakg iu;a jQ N+;dkh iy
bkaÈhdjg miqmisks'
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh olajk wdldrhg" rgl mj;akd

¥IK uÜgfï ;ru iy tu rg fldmuK uÜgulg m%cd;ka;%jd§o hkak w;r
iïnkaOhla mj;S' tu wdh;kh olajk wdldrhg" mQ¾K m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,a"
¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylfha ,nk idudkH w.h 75la jk w;r ÿ¾j, m%cd;ka;%jd§
rgj,a ,nd .kakd idudkH w.h 45la f,i jd¾;d fõ' m%cd;ka;%jd§ tfy;a
taldêm;s m%jK;d iys; fouqyqka rdcHhkaj, idudkH w.h 35 jk w;r wju
idudkH w.hla iys;j krlu ;;ajfhka miqjkafka taldêm;s md,kh iys;
rgj,a fõ' tu rgj, idudkH w.h 30la f,i oelafõ' ta wkqj fuu ú.%yfhka
fhdað; wdldrhg" Y%S ,xldj ÿ¾j, m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ kuq;a taldêm;s
m%jK;d fmkakqï lrk fouqyqka md,khla mj;akd rgj,a w;r ia:dk.; ù we;'
¥IKh msgq oel m%cd;ka;%jdoh ienE f,i ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd"

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh" ish¨ rchka fj; my; oelafjk b,a,Sï
fhduq lr isáhs'
49
foaYmd,k n,h ixjrKh iy ;=,kh lsÍfï j.lSu i|yd msysgqjd

we;s ish¨ wdh;k Yla;su;a lr tajd n,mEï iy ndOdjkaf.ka
f;drj ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul jk njg iy;sl lsÍu¦
¥IK úfrdaë kS;s iy th m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsÍu w;r mj;akd

mr;rh ÿre lsÍu¦
foaYmd,k l%shdldrlï iy rdcH úhoï ms<sn| foaYSh jYfhka

wëlaIKh lrk isú,a ixúOdk iún, .ekaùu¦
udOH wdh;kj, iajdëk meje;aug iyh §u iy udOHfõ§kag

ìfhka iy ysßyerj,ska f;drj jd¾;dlrKh isÿ l< yels
mßirhla iy;sl lsÍu'
f.da,Sh ¥IK nefrdaógrh- Global corruption Barometer- GCB

f.da,Sh ¥IK nefrdaógrh f,dj úYd,;u uyck u; úuiqu f,i
yÿkajkq ,efí' f,dj m%uqL;u ¥IK úfrdaë jHmdrh jk g%dkaiafmarkais
bkag¾keIk,a ys fufyhùfuka fuu uyck u; úuiqu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
th Pkao úuiSula jeksh' cd;sl uÜgñka yd cd;Hka;r uÜgñka ¥IKh ;ks
mqoa.,hkag n,mdkafka flfiao iy f,dj mqrd ¥IK uevmeje;aùu ioyd .kakd
W;aidyhka ms<sn| ìï uÜgfï woyi l=ulao hkak ±k.ekSu i|yd o¾Ylhka
imhhs'
rgl mj;sk ¥IKfha úúO iajrEmhka yd ¥IKfha keUqre;d ms<sn|j

fuu nefrdaógrh yryd wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'
újD; wdKavqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajh- OGP
újD; wdKAvqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajh 2011 j¾Ifha§ wefußld tlai;a ckmoh

úiska wdrïN lrk ,È' fuys wruqK jQfha foaYSh wdKavqlrK m%;sixialrK
l%shdldÍkag ish wdKavq jvd;a újD;j" j.ùfuka hqla;j yd ck;djg m%;spdr
olajk mßÈ isÿ lsÍug wjYH cd;Hka;r fõÈldjla ilia lsÍuhs' wdrïNfha§
fuu ixOdkh ioyd rgj,a 8la iïnkaO jQ w;r fï jk úg rgj,a 65la fuys
yjq,aldÍka f,i lghq;= lrhs' tfukau f,dj mqrd úys§ we;s cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r
isú,a iudc ixúOdk 90la muKo fuys idudðlhska f,i l%shdldÍj lghq;= lrhs'
fuu ish¨ rgj,aj, wdKavqj yd isú,a ixúOdk tlaj újD; wdKavqlrK
m%;sixialrK ieliSu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fuu yjq,aldÍ;ajfha w¨;au
yjq,alre jkafka Y%S ,xldjhs'
50
iqÿiqlï ,eîu i|yd jk Wmudk
hï rgla újD; wdKavqlrKh yjq,aldÍ;ajh i|yd idudðl ùug

uQ,slj iqÿiqlï ,nkafka tu rdcHh úiska uQ,H úksúONdjh" f;dr;=re i|yd
m%fõYh" wdodhï yd j;alï fy<sorõ lsÍu yd mqrjeis iyNd.S;ajh hk wx. y;r
ksishdldrj l%shdjg k.kafka kï muKs'
fï wkqj fuu tla tla wx. i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd §ula isÿ lrkq ,nk
w;r Y%S ,xldj fï jk úg iuia; ,l=Kq 16ka 14la ,ndf.k we;'
yjq,aldÍ wdKavqj, j.lSu
fuu yjq,aldÍ;ajfha idudðl;ajh ,nk iEu rdcHhlau iqÿiqlï

,eîfï Wmudk fj; <Õd ùu" újD; wdKavqlrK m%ldYkh je<|.ekSu" uyck
ixjdohla ;=<ska ilia lrk ,o iúu;a újD; wdKavqlrK m%;sixialrK iys;
cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula bosßm;a lsÍu yd ish m%.;sh iajdëk f,i jd¾;d lsÍu
isÿ l< hq;=h'
újD; wdKavqlrK m%ldYkh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï úYaj m%ldYh" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK

úfrdaë m%{ma;sh yd udkj ysñlï yd hymd,khg wod< wfkl=;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
f,aLkhkays we;=<;a lreKq ms<s.ksñka ish¨ ck;djg újD; wdKavqlrKhla
b,a,d isàfï whs;sh fuu m%ldYkh u.ska ms<s.kshs' tfukau úúO rdcHhka
újD; wdKavqlrKfha úúO mshjrhkays miq jk njo y÷kdf.k we;' tfukau
fuu m%ldYkh uÕska úksúoNdjh by< kexùu" ¥IKhg tfrysj igyka lsÍu"
mqrjeishka Yla;su;a lsÍu" wdKavqj jvd;a M,odhS yd j.ùfuka hqla; ùu i|yd
kj ;dCIKh je<| .ekSu wjYH nj ish¨ rdcH úiska ms<s.kshs' tfukau
wdKavqlrKfha újD;Ndjh by< kexùug fmdfrdkaÿ fjhs' tfukau wdKavqfõ
l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd §u by< kexùug" isú,a iyNd.S;ajhg
iyh oelaùug" mßmd,k fCI;%h ;=< by< uÜugfï jD;a;Sh iqms<smka njla
mj;ajdf.k hEu yd újD;Ndjh yd j.ùu j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd kj ;dCIKh
fhdod .ekSug fmdfrdkaÿ fõ'
51
újD; wdKavqlrK uQ,O¾u
újD; wdKavqlrK uQ,O¾u 4la újD; wdKavqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajh úiska

ms<s.ekSug ,la lr we;' tkï
úksú|Ndjh
j.ùu
mqrjeis iyNd.S;ajh
;dCIKh yd kjHlrKh
újD; wdKavqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajh yd Y%S ,xldj
rdcH j.ùu Yla;su;a lsÍug yd úksúoNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug .kq ,enQ

mshjrla f,i Y%S ,xldj fuys idudðl;ajh ,nd .ekSfï b,a,Sula 2015 Tlaf;dan¾
ui 21 jk osk wêlrK wud;H;=ud úiska újD; wdKavqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajfha iu
iNdm;sjreka fj; fhduq lrk ,È' ta wkqj fuys idudðl;ajh Y%S ,xldj i|yd
ysñ jQ w;r ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< fuu yjq,aldÍ;ajfhys idudðl;ajh ,enQ
tlu rg Y%S ,xldjhs'
cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
újD; wdKavqlrK yjq,aldÍ;ajh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldj m<uq

jrg 2016-2018 i|yd m<uq cd;sl ie,eiau ilia l< w;r fojk cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau 2019-2021 i|yd fïjk úg ilia lr leìkÜ wkque;sh ,ndf.k we;'
fuys ne£ï 15la we;s w;r tys wxl 1 f,i i|yka jkafka —rdcH wdh;k ;=<
iqms<smka ks,OdÍka fhoùu ;=<ska w,a,i iy ¥IKh je<elaùu ioyd mqrjeis
iyNd.S;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu˜hs' ne£ï wxl 2 jkafka —ld¾hCIu j;alï m%ldYk
l%ufõohla ia:dms; lsÍu ;=<ska j;alï m%ldY bÈßm;a lsÍu ;yjqre lsÍu iy
uyck m%fõYh myiq lr,Su˜hs' fuu ne£ï folu iDcqju ¥IKh je<elaùug
iïnkaO l%shdldrlï fõ'
;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: - Sustainable Development Goals-SDG
È<sÿlu msgq±lSu" ñys;,h /l.ekSu iy ieug fi!Nd.Hh Wod lr §u

uQ,sl lr .ksñka ;srir ixj¾Ok kHdh m;%fhys wx.hla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh úiska 2015 j¾Ifha§ ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: t<solajk ,È'
;srir ixj¾Okh ioyd kHdh m;%h —wmf.a f,dalh fjkia u.lg

fhduq lsÍu˜ m%ldYh u.ska ;srir wNsu;d¾: 17la y÷kajdfok ,È' tu wNsu;d¾:
bgq lr .ekSu i|yd b,lal 169lao" tu b,lal lrd <Õd jQ nj iy;sl lsÍu
52
ioyd ks¾Kdhl 244lao fï jk úg y÷kdf.k we;'
ta wkqj ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: w;r 16 jk wNsu;d¾:h jkafka

—;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd iduldó iy ish,a, we;=<;a iudc m%j¾Okh lsÍu"
ieug hqla;sh i|yd m%fõYh ,nd §u" ish¨ uÜgïj, M,odhs j.ùu iy we;=<;a
wdh;k f.dvke.Su˜hs' tys fuu wNsu;d¾:h bgq lr .ekSu i|yd jk 5jk
b,lalh jkqfha —ish¨ wdldrfha w,a,i yd ¥IKh ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska wvq
lsÍu˜hs'
fuu b,lalh bgq ù ;sfío hkak oek .ekSu ioyd jk ks¾Kdhl fol jkqfha
miq.sh udi 12 ;=< rcfha ks,Odßfhl= iuÕ wju jYfhka tla

iïnkaO;djhla fyda rdcH ks,Odßfhl=g w,a,ila ,nd ÿka fyda
w,a,ia b,a,d isá mqoa.,hskaf.a wkqmd;h'
miq.sh udi 12 ;=< rcfha ks,Odßfhl= iuÕ wju jYfhka tla

iïnkaO;djhla fyda rdcH ks,Odßfhl=g w,a,ila ,nd ÿka fyda
tu rdcH ks,OdÍka w,a,ia b,a,d isá jHdmdrj, wkqmd;h'
fï wkqj kS;s Í;s yd iïuq;s fukau iyfhda.h ,ndfok wdh;k jHqyhlao

¥IKhg tfrysj fm<.eiS mj;S'
53
10-ÿießh merojQ fydxfldx foaYh
fydxfldxys mej;s ÿießh
fydxfldxys 1960 iy 70 oYlj, YS>% fjkila isÿ úh' ck.ykfha

oejeka; j¾Okh iy ksIamdok l¾udka;fha fõ.j;a jHdma;sh" iudc yd wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okfha fõ.h jeä lf<ah' kS;sfha md,kh mj;ajdf.k hk w;ru ksjdi
yd fjk;a fiajdjkays w;HjYH oE ,nd §fï§ j¾Okh jQ ck.ykfha wiSñ;
wjYH;d imqrd,Sug rchg fkdyels úh' fuu jd;djrKh m%;sm;a;shla fkdue;s
¥Is;hkag f;da;ekakla úh' uQ,sl fiajdjka muKla fkdj Ôjfkdamdhla iy
iqrlaIs;Ndjhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fndfyda fofkl=g ksis l%ufõofhka neyerj
f.dia ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia § ish ld¾hh lrjd .ekSug isÿ úh'
rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh me;sÍ ;snq‚' frda.sfhl= /f.k hEug fmr .s,kar:
ld¾h uKav,h w,a,ia b,a,d isáhs' frday,a fiajlfhda mjd frda.Skag we| we;sß,s
fyda j;=r ùÿrejla ,nd §ug fmr w,a,ia b,a,d isáhy' fmdÿ ksjdi" mdi,a
wOHdmkh iy fjk;a uyck fiajdjka i|yd whÿï lsÍfï§ wod< ks,OdÍkag
w,a,ia §uo wjYH úh' fmd,sia n,ldh ;=< ¥IKh úfYaIfhka nrm;< úh' ¥Is;
fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq" iQÿj iy u;aøjH l%shdldrlïj,g wdrlaIdj iemhQy' kS;sh
yd iduh ;¾ckhg ,la úh' mqrjeishka fndfyda fofkla ¥IKhg f.dÿre ù
mSg¾ f.dân¾ isÿùu

1973 jif¾§ fydxfldxys m%Odk fmd,sia wêldßjrhd jQ mSg¾ f.dân¾
^Peter Godber)g tfrysj úu¾Ykhla wdrïN úh" fpdaokdjka jQfha fydxfldx
fvd,¾ ñ,shk 4'3lg wêl wh:d j;alï bmehSuhs' Tyq b;d ¥Is; l%u u.ska fuu
j;alï Wmhdf.k we;s nj wkdjrKh flfrñka ;sìh§ f.dânß ráka mek
.sfhah' ta i|yd rch bvlv ie,iQ njg ck;dj úiska fpdaokd lrk ,È'
fuu l%shdjg tfrysj úYd, ck;d fm<.eiaula we;s úh' úlafgdaßhd

WoHdkfha mej;s uyck /,shla i|yd isiqka fmruqK .;a w;r ¥IK .eg¨j
úi£ug rch wfmdfydi;a ùu ms<sn|j úfrdaOh m< lrñka th fy<d ÿgq
Woaf>daIlfhda fï iïnkaOfhka läkï l%shdud¾.hla .kakd rchg n, l<y'
—¥IKhg tfrysj igka lrkak" f.dân¾ w;awvx.=jg .kak˜ jeks igka mdG
iys; úfrdaO;dlrejka lshd isáfha kvq úNd.hg fmkS isàu i|yd f.dân¾
kej; rgg f.kajk f,ihs'
54
wef,iafghd¾ úu¾Ykh
jeä jk uyck Woaf>daIKhkag m%;spdr jYfhka rchg läkï mshjr

.ekSug isÿ úh' f.dân¾ 1973 cqks 8 jk Èk mek hEfuka miq f.dân¾f.a m,dhEu
ms<sn|j úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdjla msysgqùu i|yd fcHIaG úksiqrejrfhl= jQ
Y%Su;a wef,iafghd¾ íf,hd¾-fl¾ (Sir Alastair Blair-Kerr) m;a lrk ,È' Tyq
jd¾;d folla iïmdokh lf<ah' m<uqjekak f.dân¾ mek hEfï ;;ajhka
úia;r lrhs'
ish fojk jd¾;dfõ Y%Su;a wef,iafghd¾ fmkajd ÿkafka" ¥IKh

je<elaùu ioyd iajdëk wdh;khl wjYH;djhs' —¥IK úfrdaë ld¾hd,h
fmd,sisfhka fjka fkdjkafka kï" ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍug rch ienúkau
woyia lrk nj j.lsjhq;= wdh;kj,g idudkHfhka fkdyefÕkq we;'˜
hkqfjka Tyq ish jd¾;dfõ fï nj i|yka lf<ah'
whsiStaiS Wm;
íf,hd¾-fl¾ jd¾;djg wkqj hñka" tjlg wdKavqldr Y%Su;a uf¾

uelaf,fydaia (Sir Murray MacLehose) 1973 Tlaf;daïn¾ udifha§ jHjia:dodhl
iNdjg l< l:djl§ iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë ixúOdkhl wdrïN lsÍfï jeo.;alu
m%ldY lf<ah'
rcfha fndfyda fofkl=g fï wjia:dfõ fjkia ùug wjYH nj ±kqKs'

M,odhS ¥IK úfrdaë ;ka;%hl Wm; i|yd rch fõÈldj ieliSu wdrïN lf<ah'
¥IKhg tfrys iajdëk fldñIka iNdj ^whsiStaiS&

¥IKhg tfrys iajdëk fldñIka iNdj ^whsiStaiS& 1974 fmnrjdß
udifha§ msysgqjk ,È' fldñIka iNdj wdrïNfha isgu kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu"
je<elaùu iy wOHdmkh hk ;%súO m%fõYhla Ndú; lrñka ¥IKhg tfrysj
igka lsÍug lem ù isà' whsiStaiS ys m<uq jeo.;a ld¾hh jQfha f.dân¾ hqla;sh
bÈßhg f.k tauhs' kvq úNd.h i|yd 1975 uq,a Nd.fha§ f.dân¾ tx.,ka;fhka
msgqjy,a lrk ,È' fpdaokd l=uka;%K jrola iy w,a,ia ,nd .ekSuls' f.dân¾
fuu lreKq foflysu jerÈlre jQ w;r jir y;rl isr ovqjula kshu flßKs'
tla flduidßiajrhl=f.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a l%shd;aul jk wiStaiS

ys ld¾h uKav,h 1400la muK fõ' fï w;ßka yß wvla muK jir 10lg jvd
fiajd ld,hla we;s whhs' m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, 10ls' f,dj Yla;su;aj ¥IKh úfrdaë
l%shd;aú;h f,i whsiStaiS ye¢kaúh yelsh' ^úia;r i|yd msúfikak https://
www.icac.org.hk/en/about/history/index.html) fydxfldx foaYh wo ¥IKfhka
f;dr rdcHhka w;r m%uqL fmf<a miqfõ'
55
56
isõjk mßÉfPaoh
¥IKh msgq±lSfï Y%s ,dxlsl fm<.eiau
11-¥ießh msgq±lSu i|yd mj;sk kS;suh m%;smdok

ÿießh fyj;a ¥IKh (corruption) wju lsÍu ioyd kS;suh m%;smdok
/ila YS% ,dxlsl kS;s moaO;sh ;=< mj;S' tlS kS;suh m%;smdok ms<sn|j ixCIsma;
yÿkd.ekSula isÿ lsÍu fuu igyfka wruqKhs' ÿießh wju lsÍu ioyd Y%S
,dxlsl kS;sfha m%;smdok /ila mj;S' ta w;ßka m%Odku kS;suh m%;smdok my;
mßÈ ,ehsia;=.; l< yelsh'
1' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

2' 1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;
3' 1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk;
4' 1994 wxl 19 ork w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk;
5' oKav kS;s ix.%yh ^15 jk wêldrh&
6' 1982 wxl 12 ork fmdÿ foam< úIfhys,d isÿ lrk jerÈ ms<sno mk;
7' 2006 wxl 5 ork uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je<elaùfï mk;
8' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sjdislï mk;
9' 2018 wxl 19 ork cd;sl ú.Kk fldñIka iNd mk;
10' 2006 wxl 6 ork uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk;
11' 1996 wxl 21 ork Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj mk;
12' ue;sjrK mk;a ^ckdêm;sjrK$md¾,sfïka;= uy ue;sjrK$m<d;a iNd
Pkao úuiSï$m<d;a md,k Pkao úuiSï&
13' 1981 wxl 17 ork mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia mk;
14' 1948 wxl 17 ork mÍCIK fldñIka iNd mk; ^393 jk wêldrh&
57
15' 1978 wxl 7 úfYaI ckdêm;s mÍCIK fldñIka iNd kS;sh

16' wdh;k ix.%yh
17' uQ,H fr.=,dis
18' m%iïmdok ud¾f.damfoaY

¥IK je<elaùfï wruqKskau fkdjqjo ¥IKh je<elaùug wkqn, fok
m%;smdok /ila wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj ;=< we;=<;a ù we;'
1'1' uQ,sl hq;=lï
wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ IVjk mßÉfþoh ck;djf.a uQ,sl hq;=lï

yd j.lSï olajñka tys 28^1& j.ka;sfha —fmdÿ foam< iqrCIs;j wdrCId lsÍuo
fmdÿ foam< wh:d m%fhdackhg .ekSug yd kdia;s lsßug tfrysj ls%hd lsÍuo YS%
,xldjdiS iEu ;eke;af;l=f.au hq;=lu jkafkah˜ hkqfjka olajd ;sfí'
1'2' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj III jk mßÉfþofha i|yka jk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| m%;smdok ;=<ska ¥IK isÿùug we;s bvlv wvq ù hhs' tlS mßÉfþofha
i|yka hï whs;sjdislula rcfha úOdhl fydaa mßmd,k ls%hdj;a u.ska W,a,x>kh
ù we;akï fyda W,a,x>khg w;Hdikak kï ta ms<sn|j fY%aIaGdêlrKhg fyda YS%
,xldj udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdjg meñKs,a,la lr iyk ,nd.; yelsh' ta
ksid ¥Is; ls%hdjka u.ska fuu mßÉfþofha i|yd whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh ùula
je<elaùug m%;smdok ieliS we;'
WodyrK f,i wdKavq l%u jHjia:d 12 ^1& jHjia:dj wkqj —kS;sh

mis|,Su iy ls%hd;aul lsÍuo kS;sfha /ljrKho i¾jidOdrK úh hq;af;ah˜
hkqfjka i|yka lr we;' tfiau ¥IK je<elaùug we;s m%uqL wjYH;dj u;
f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug we;s whs;sh wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 14^w& jHjia:dj u.ska
iy;sl lr we;'
1'3' rdcH uQ,H md,kh
wdKavq l%u jHjia:d XVII mßÉfþohg wkqj rdcH uQ,H ms<sn| iïmQ¾K
md,kh md¾,sfïka;=j i;= fõ' fï wkqj rch i;=j taldnoaO wruqo,la mj;sk
w;r tlS taldnoaO wruqof,ka uqo,a bj;a lr .ekSu iïmQ¾Kfhkau md¾,sfïka;=
md,kh i;=j mj;S'ta wkqj m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g uqo,a fjka lsÍu jd¾Isl
whjeh u.ska isÿ lrk w;r tu uqo,a úhoï lsÍu ms<sn|j md¾,sfïka;=j
58
iqmÍCIdldÍ fõ' ia:djr lñgq u.ska tu úhoï lsÍï wkqu; kS;sÍ;sj,g wkqj
isÿ lr ;sfío hkak úuis,su;a fõ'
1'4' ú.Kldêm;s
rdch uQ,H ms<sn|j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 153

jHjia:dj u.ska ú.Kldêm;sjrhd m;alrkq ,nhs' Tyqf.a ld¾h yd l¾;jH
154^1& jHjia:dfõ olajd we;' ta wkqj ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg m<d;a md,k wdh;k
we;=¿j rcfha ish¨ wdh;kj, yd rdcH .sKqï iud.ïj, ú.Kkh lsÍfï n,h
we;' ta i|yd"
- ish¨ fmd;am;a" jd¾;d" iy fjk;a ,shlshú,s ,nd .ekSugo

- .nvdj,g iy fjk;a foam<j,g msúiSugo
- tu ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd wjYH úh yels f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï§
lreKq meyeÈ,s lrjd .ekSugo n,h we;'
ú.Kldêm;sjrhd fuu wdldrhg isÿ lrkq ,nk ú.Kk jd¾;d

jd¾Islj md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk w;r tys§ fy<s jk ¥IKh ms<sn|
wmrdO mÍCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j mÍCIK meje;aùu yd kvq mejÍu isÿ lrkq
,nhs'
tfiau md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska ish ia:djr lñgq fol jk rdcH jHjidh ms<sn|
ldrl iNdj (COPE) yd rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj (COPA) u.ska rdcHh wdh;k
ms<sn|j úu¾Yk isÿ lrkafkao ú.Kldêm;sjrhdf.a jd¾;dj mokï lr f.kh'
1'5' iajdëk fldñIka iNd
rdcH fiajfha úúO fCI;%hka kshdukh yd úu¾Ykh ioyd jk

fldñIka iNd 10la wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a iajdëk fldñIka iNd f,i
y÷kdf.k we;' fï w;ßka fldñIka iNd 8lau iDcqu ¥IK wju lsÍu i|yd
wod< fõ' tkï(-
wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj" Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj"
rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj" ue;sjrK fldñIka iNdj" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñIka
iNdj" m%iïmdok fldñIka iNdj" ú.Kk fldñIka iNdj iy w,a,ia fyda
¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdjhs'
1'6' Tïnqâiaukajrhd
mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßiaZ hk §¾> kdufhka

y÷kajk Tïnqâiaukajrhd ms<sn|j m%;smdok wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ta 156
jHjia:dj ;=< olajd we;' ta wkqj rcfha wdh;kj,ska isÿ jk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
lvùï yd fjk;a widOdrK l%shdjka ms<s|j isÿ lrkq ,nk meñKs,s fpdaokd
úu¾Ykh lr ks¾foaY ,nd §ug Tïnqâiaukajrhdg n,h we;'
59

1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk; u.ska w,a,ia yd ¥IK jerÈ l=ulao
hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lr we;s w;r tu jerÈ isÿ jk wdldr ms<sn|j yd wod<
o~qjï y÷kajd § we;' w,a,ia yd ¥IK msgq±lSu i|yd we;s m%uqL;u mk; w,a,ia
mk; f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' w,a,ia fyda ¥IK ms<sn| jro jfrka;=jla fkdue;sj
w;awvx.=jg .; yels jrola f,i fuu mk; olajd we;'
2'1' w,a,i
w,a,ia mkf;a 90 jk jyka;shg wkqj w,a,i hkafkka mkf;a II jk

fldgfia hï úOdkhla W,a,x>kh lrñka hï ;=gq mvqrla msßkeóu" whe§u fyda
Ndr .ekSu ke;fyd;a tn÷ hï úOdkhla W,a,x>kh lrñka lrkq ,nk fjk
hï l%shdjla woyia fõ'
2'2'wh:d j;alï bmehSu
hï ;eke;a;l=f.a oek.;a wdodhï fyda ,eîï ud¾.hlska yer fjk;a

wdldrfhlska uqo,a fyda foam< /ia lrkafka kï tu ;eke;a;d úiska Bg mgyeksj
lreKq Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la tlS uqo,a fyda foam< w,a,ia ud¾.fhka /ia l<
njg i,lkq ,efí'
2'3' ¥IKh-
1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;g tlalrk ,o 1994 wxl 20 ork w,a,ia
îxfYdaOk& mk; u.ska Y%S ,dxlsl kS;shg ¥IKh keu;s jro y÷kajd § we;' ta
wkqj tlS ¥IKh hkq"
—wdKavqjg wh;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i mdvq isÿ lsÍfï fyda
;ud fj; fyda hï ;eke;af;l= fj; whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i
w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla fyda jdishla isÿ lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka" fyda wdKavqjg fyda
hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= f,i mdvq isÿ úh yels nj ke;fyd;a hï ;eke;a;l=g
whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla fyda jdishla
fyda jdishla ie,fik nj ±k ±ku my; ±lafjk hï l%shdjla" tkï(-
rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr lsÍug fjk;a hï

^w& rcfha fiajlhl=g n,h mejÍ we;s hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda bgq
lsÍfuka je<lS isàug" fjk;a hï rcfha fiajlhl= fmd<Ujk"
60
^wd& rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr ;udg ±k.ekSug

,efnk hï f;dr;=rla mdúÉÑ lrk"
^we& rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr hï ;SrKhka

.ekSfuys,d iyNd.s jk"
^wE& rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh fl<skau fyda

wkHdldrhlska fyda mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda
bgq lsÍfuka je<lS isàug fjk;a hï ;eke;a;l= fmd<Ujk
hï rcfha fiajlhl=" ¥IKh ms<sn| jro iïnkaOfhka jrolre
3' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk;

1975 wxl 1 ork fuu j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk; u.ska ;u
j;alï yd nerlï rchg m%ldY lsÍu j.lSu we;s ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|j olajd we;'
ta wkqj rdcH wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka fukau uyck ksfhdað;hskao wod< ;k;=rg
m;a ù udi 3la we;=<;"
1' ;udf.a ish¨ j;alï yd nerlï

2' ;u újdyl md¾Yajfha ish¨ j;alï yd nerlï
3' orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï ^wújdyl&
kshñ; wdlD;sfhka hq;=j bÈßm;a l< hq;=j we;'

th m<uq j;alï yd nrlï m%ldYh isÿ lsÍfuka miq jirla mdid m%ldYh isÿ
lsÍug j.lSula we;'
kshñ; ld,h ;=< j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY ,nd fkd§u" idjoH m%ldY
,nd§u" ksis mßÈ f;dr;=re ,nd fkd§u fuu mk; hgf;a jrola jk w;r" tla
mqoa.,hl=f.a uq,a j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYh B<`. j;alï nrlï m%ldYh w;r
we;s fjki meyeÈ,s lsÍug Tyqg j.lSula we;'
fï wkqj w,a,ia yd ¥IK l%shdj,ska Wmhd.;a Okh we;akï fï mkf;a

m%;smdok wkqj Tyq jrolrejl= njg m;a fõ'
4' 1994 wxl 19 ork w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk;
w,a,i yd ¥IKh ms<sn|j úu¾Ykh lsÍu yd kvq mejÍu ioyd mQ¾K
n,e;s w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj msysgqùu fuu 1994
wxl 19 ork w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; u.ska isÿ
úh' w,a,ia mkf;a i|yka w,a,i yd ¥IKh ms<sn| jerÈ ms<sn|j fukau j;alï
yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk; hgf;a jk jerÈ ms<sn|j úu¾Yk isÿ lsÍu yd
kvq mejÍuo fuu fldñIka iNdfõ uQ,sl ld¾hhka fõ'
61

w,a,i wmrdO jrola njg y÷kajdÿka m,uq kS;sh jkafka 1889 j¾Ifha§
iïu; lrk ,o oKav kS;s ix.%yhhs' tys IX jk mßÉfþoh fjkaj we;af;a
—rcfha fiajlhka úiska lrkq ,nk jerÈ fyda rcfha fiajlhka iïnkaO jerÈ˜
fjkqfjks'
oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 158 j.ka;shg wkqj rcfha fijlhl= ks, l%shdjla
iïnkaOfhka kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk f.ùï yer l=vq mvqrla .ekSu jrola f,i
olajd ;sfí' th jir ;=kl isro~qjï yd ovhlska o~qjï ,eìh hq;= jrols'
tfiau tys 159 jk j.ka;sh olajkafka ¥Is; fyda kS;s úfrdaê ud¾.j,ska
rcfha fiajlhl=g n,mEï i|yd ;=gq mvqrla .ekSu jrola jk w;r jir ;=kl
isro~qjï yd ovhlska o~qjï ,eìh hq;= jrola njhs'
tfiau oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 160 jk j.ka;sfhka ±lafjkafka rcfha

fialjhl= flfrys fm!oa.,sl n,h mdúÉÑ lsÍu i|yd ;=gq m~qrla .ekSu jrola
jk w;r jirl ld,hl isro~qjï yd ovhlska o~qjï ,eìh hq;= jrola njhs'
1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk; ks;S.; ùfuka miqj oKav kS;s ix.%yfha
m%;smdok Ndú; fkdlr w,a,ia mkf;a m%;smdok Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
rdcH ks,OdÍkag iïnkaO fuu m%;smdokj,g wu;rj ue;sjrKhl§

Pkaoh §u i|yd fyda uka;%SOqr wfmaCIlhl= f,i bÈßm;a ùfï ld¾hhg n,mEï
lsÍu i|yd w,a,ia §u jrola nj oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 169 wd j.ka;sfha ±lafõ'
6' 1982 wxl 12 orK fmdÿ foam< úYfhys,d isÿlrkq ,nk jeros ms<sn\ mk;
fuu mk;g wkqj fmdÿ foam< úIfhys wk¾:h isÿ lsÍu" fmdÿ foam<
fidrlï lsÍu" fmdÿ foam< fld,a,lEu" fmdÿ foam< úIfhys jxl jHdmyrKh
idmrdë úYajdih lvlsÍu" jHdc f,aLk iE§u iy .sKqï jrojd fmkaùu wmrdO
jerÈ f,i y÷kdf.k we;'
mk;g wkqj fmdÿ foam< hkafkka —wdKavfõ foam<o" hï

fomd¾;fïka;=jl" jHjia:dms; uKavh,hl" rdcH ixia:djl" iuQmldr iñ;shl
fyda iuQmldr ix.uhl foam<o woyia fõ'˜
fpdaokdjg wod< foam<ys jákdlu remsh,a 25"000lg jvd jeä jk

wjia:djl§ fujeks jrolg w;awvx.=jg m;ajQ whl=g wem ,nd Èh yelafla
iqúfYaIS lreKq u; muKs'
62
7' 2006 wxl 5 orK uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je<elaùfï mk;

w,a,i yd ¥IKh u.ska Wmhd .kakd ,o Okh iDcqju bÈßm;a lsÍfï§
iudcfha ielixld u;= jk neúka fndfyda fofkla w,a,i yd ¥IKfhka Wmhd
.kakd Okh fjkia .kqfokqj,g Ndckh lr iudchg bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' th
uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ¥IKh je<elaùfï§ uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh
je<elaùu m%uqL wjYH;djla fõ'
fuu mk;g wkqj uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh wmrdO jrola f,i y÷kdf.k

we;' tjeks jerÈ mss<sn|j uydêlrKh§ kvq úNd. l< hq;= w;r jrolre jk
;eke;af;l=g úY=oaêlrKh l< foam<ys jákdlu fuka ;=ka.=Khl ovhlao jir
my isg úiai olajd isro~qjïo kshu lrkq ,efí' tfiau uqo,a úY=oaêlrKfhka
Wmhd.;a foam< rdcika;l lrkq ,efí'
mkf;a 3jk j.ka;shg wkqj uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh hkq"

—hï foam<la iDcqju fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaê l%shdldrlulska fyda
hï kS;súfrdaê l%shdldrlulska ,;a uqo,lska jHq;amkak jQ fyda Wm,íO jQ nj
±kqj;aj fyda ±k.kq ,eîug fyaa;= we;sj-
^w& tfia iDcqju fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaê l%shdldrlula ke;fyd;a

hï kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,la uqo,lska jHq;amkak jQ fyda
Wm,íO jQ fyda hï foam<la ms<sn| .kqfokqjl iDcqju fyda jl%j
fhfok(
^wd& iDcqju fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ke;fyd;a

hï kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,;a uqo,lska jHq;amkak jQ fyda
Wm,íO jQ hï foam<la Ndr.kakd" ika;lfha ;nd .kakd" iÕjd
.kakd" neyer lrk fyda Y%S ,xldjg f.k tk" Y%S ,xldfjka
msg;g f.k hkq ,nk fyda Y%S ,xldfõ wdfhdackh lrkq ,nk˜
wjia:djls'
8&' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sjdislï mk;

úksúONdjh j¾Okh lsÍu ¥IKh je<elaùfï m%uqL wjYH;djls'
fmdÿ wêldÍkaf.a úksúONdjh yd j.ùu j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iïu; lrk ,o
f;dr;=re whs;sjdislï mk; u.ska ish¨ mqrjeishkag fmdÿ wêldÍkaf.a Ndrfha
ika;lfha fyda md,kfha mj;sk f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu ioyd l%ufõohka y÷kajd
§ we;' tfiau mk; u.ska mqrjeishkag fmdÿ wêldÍkaf.a f;dr;=re b,a,d ,nd
.ekSug whs;shla i|yd m%;smdok i,iajd we;s w;r mqrjeishkag ksrka;rfhka
wjYH jk f;dr;=re m%.dój m%isoaO lsÍfï j.lSï fmdÿ wêldÍka fj; mjrd
we;'
63
n|jd.ekSï Wiiaùï m%iïmdok yd fldka;%d;a iykdOdr l%shdj,sh jeks f;dr;=re

ndOdjlska f;drj ck;djg ,efnk úg ¥IKh wju lsÍfï yelshdj we;" tfiau
mk; u.ska hï wdldrhlg ¥IK úfrdaë y~k.kakkaf.a wdrCIdj i,id ;sîuo
ie,lsh hq;a;ls'
9&' 2008 wxl 19 orK cd;sl ú.Kk fldñIka iNd mk;

ú.Kk l%shdj,sh jvd;a iajdëk lsÍu i|yd ú.Kk mk; kS;s.;
lr we;' tu.ska ú.Kk fiajdj i|yd iajdëkj ld¾h uKav, n|jd .ekSu
ioyd wjia:dj i,id § we;s w;r ú.Kk l%shdj,sh i|yd jvd;a n,d;aul
lr we;' tfiau wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ i|yka lr we;s ú.Kldêm;sjrhdf.a
n,;, yd ld¾hNdrh jvd;a ksYaÑ; lr ;sfí' tfiau uyck meñKs,s u;
ú.Kldêm;sjrhdf.a úu¾Yk ms<sn|j ksYaÑ; m%;smdok i,iajd we;s neúka
¥IK úfrdaë l%shdj,shg ck;dj jvd;a ióm lr.; yelsh' ú.Kk l%shdj,sh
id¾:l yd iajdëk ùu u.ska m%iïmdok l%shdj,sfha yd md,k l%shdj,sfha§ isÿ
úh yels ¥IKhka wju ùu isÿ fõ'
10&' 2006 wxl 6 ork uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk;

uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh iy ;%ia;jdoh fjkqfjka uqo,a iemhSu j<lajd,Su"
wkdjrKh lsÍu yd iellghq;= uQ,H .Kqfokq ms<sn|j o;a; tl;= lsÍu i|yd
wod< wdh;kj,g j.lSï mejÍu;a ta i|yd úfYaI jQ uQ,H nqoaê tallhla
msysgqùu;a fuu mk; u.ska m%;smdok i,id ;sfí'
ta wkqj ¥Is; wdldrfha uQ,H .kqfokq nexl= yd fjk;a uQ,H wdh;k yryd isÿùu
fuu mk; u.ska j<lajd ;sfí'
11&' 1996 wxl 21 ork Y%s ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj mk;
rdcH wxYfha isÿjk w,a,ia fyda ¥IK l%shdjka u.ska mqoa.,hl=f.a uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khka isÿ jkafka kï fyda isÿ ùug w;Hdikak jkafka kï
tjeks wjia:djl Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj fj; meñKs,s lsÍug
fuu mk; u.ska wjia:dj i,id we;' tu.ska ¥IK l%shdjka isÿ lrk rdcH
ks,OdÍkag tfrysj ks¾foaY ,nd§u yd w.;shg m;a md¾Yajhkag jkaÈ yd iyk
ksfhda. fokq ,efí'
64
12& ue;sjrK mk;a

1981 wxl 15 ork ckdêm;sjrK mk;" 1981 wxl 1 ork md¾,sfïka;=
uy ue;sjrK mk;" 1988 wxl 2 m<d;a iNd Pkao úuiSï mk; yd 1946 wxl
55 ork m<d;a md,k Pkao úuiSï wd{d mk; wkqj Pkao úuiSul§ ksoyiaj
Pkaoh Ndú;d lsÍu je<elaùu ioyd w,a,ia §u" ix.%y lsÍu yd whq;= n,mEu
jrola f,i olajd we;' fuu jerÈ tu mk;aj, olajd we;s ¥IK l%shd keu;s
jerÈ .Khg jefgk w;r tjeks jrlg jrolre jqjfyd;a isr o~qjug yd ovhg
wu;rj jir y;l ld,hla Pkaoodhlhl= f,i ,shdmÈxÑ ùu Pkaoh Ndú; lsÍu
yd wfmaCIlhl= f,i bÈßm;a ùu ;ykï fõ'
13&' 1981 wxl 17 ork mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia mk;
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ i|yka jk Oqrhla jk mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn|
md¾,sfïka;= flduidßiajrhd fyj;a TïnQâiaukajrhdf.a ld¾hh ms<sn|
mámdáhg wod< lreKq fuu mkf;a wvx.= fõ'
rdcH wdh;kj,ska isÿ jk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùï yd fjk;a

widOdrKlïj,g tfrysj TunQâiaukajrhdg meñKs,s lr iyk ,nd.; yelsh'
14&' 1948 wxl 17 ork mÍCIK fldñIka iNd mk; ^393 jk wêldrh &
mkf;a fojk j.ka;shg wkqj hï rdcH wdh;khl isÿ jQ l%shdj,shla
iïnkaOj f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu uyck iqnidOkh yd wdrCIdjg wod< njg
ckdêm;sjrhdg yeÕS hk wjia:djl§ ta ms<sn|j fidhd n,d ckdêm;sjrhdg
jd¾;d lsÍu msKsi fldñIka iNdjla m;a lsÍug ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h mjrd
we;'
fuu m%;smdok Ndú; lrñka ¥IK isÿùï jQ njg m%isoaO jQ wjia:djkays§
ckdêm;sjreka úiska fldñIka iNd m;a lr jd¾;d le|jd ;sfí'
fuu mk;g 2019 j¾Ifha§ isÿ lrk ,o ixfYdaOkhg wkqj fldñIka iNdfõ
ksÍCIK yd fidhd.ekSï u; w,a,ia mk; hgf;a fyda j;alï nerlï m%ldY
lsÍfï mk; hgf;a jrola isÿ ù we;s nj wkdjrKh jQ úg tlS kS;s m%ldrj
wmrdO kvq mjrk f,i w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj
úiska wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd fj; úOdk lrkq ,eìh yelsh'
fuu ixfYdaOkh u.ska ckdêm;s fldñIka iNdjka u.ska wkdjrKh

lrkq ,nk ¥IK l%shd iïnkaOfhka kvq mejÍï läkï flf¾'
65
15&' 1978 wxl 7 úfYaI ckdêm;s mÍCIK fldñIka iNd kS;sh

rdcH wdh;kj, fyda rdcH ks,Odßhl=f.a l%shdldÍ;ajh mÍCId lsÍu
uyck wdrCIdjg fyda uyck iqnidOkhg wod< nj ckdêm;sjrhdf.a u;h
jk wia:djl§ ta ms<sn|j fidhdn,d jd¾;d lsÍu msKsi úfYaI úu¾Yk fldñIka
iNdjla m;a lsÍug fuu mkf;a fojk j.ka;sh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg n,;,
mj;S'
16&' wdh;k ix.%yh

rdcH wdh;kj, udkj iïm; l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| jQ mámdáuh
lreKq wdh;k ix.%yh ;=< we;=<;a fõ' rdcH fiajlhl= rdcldß isÿ lsÍfï§
l< hq;= foa fkdl< hq;= foa fukau wkdjrKh l< hq;= lreKqo fï ;=< we;=<;a
fõ'
úfYaIfhkau XXIX mßÉfþofha tkï bvï w;am;a lr .ekSu yd Wlia
ms<sn| mßÉfþofha j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY ,nd§u bvï w;am;a lr.ekSu yd
wdhdackh fldgia iy fjk;a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j olajk m%;smdok u.ska rcfha
ks,Odßhl= ¥IKhka u.ska foam< w;am;a lr .ekSu j<lajd we;'
tfiau XLVII jk mßÉfPaofha m%;smdok u.ska rdcH fiajlhska g wod,

;Hd. ,nd.ekSï ms,snoj iSudjka mkjd ;sfí'
tfukau wdh;k ix.%yh wkqj rdcH fiajh wmlS¾;shg m;ajk wdldrfha

l%shdjla isÿ lsÍu ovqjï Èh yels jrola f,i olajd we;
17&' uQ,H fr.=,dis

rdcH wxYfha fN!;sl iïm;a ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍug wod<
l%shdj,sh úia;r jkafka uQ,H fr.=,dis u.sks' tu.ska rdcH wdh;k i;= fN!;sl
iïm;a wh:d f,i mßyrKh i|yd jk bvlv wju lr we;'
18&' m%iïmdok ud¾f.damfoaY

m%iïmdok fldñIka iNdj úiska 2019 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 12 jeks fikiqrdod
Èk yd wxl 2144$68 ork w;s úfYaI .eiÜ m;%h u.ska - m%iïmdok ud¾f.damfoaY
-2019 m< lr we;'
rdcH wdh;k úiska NdKav" jev" fiajd iy f;dr;=re moaO;s m%iïmdokh

lr.kq ,eîfï§" ld¾hlaIunj" idOdrKnj" hqla;s iy.;nj" úksúoNdjh"
;r.ldß;ajh iy úhoï iM,;dj ;yjqre lrk m%iïmdok l%shdj,sh ;=<ska
66
uqo,g iß,k jákdlu ;yjqre lrkq ,nk uQ,O¾u iy mámdá ia:dms; lsÍu
fuu ud¾f.dam ix.%yfha wruqK nj tys olajd we;'
iuia;hla f,i .;a l, rcfha m%iïmdok l%shdj,sfha isÿ úh yels

¥IK wju lsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqKls'
fjk;a kS;suh m%;smdok

by; ioyka wKmk;aj, yd ud¾f.damfoaYhkays i|yka m%;smdok
yereK úg 2005 wxl 25 ork ;%ia;jd§kag uqo,a iemhSu uevmeje;aùfï iïuq;s
mk;" 423 jk wêldrh jQ úksuh md,k mk; jeks ;j;a wK mk;a /ila u.ska
¥IKh wju lsÍu ioyd kS;suh m%;smdok i,id we;"
thg wu;rj NdKavd.dr pl%f,aLk yd rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aLk

yrydo ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd kS;suh m%;smdok i,id ;sfí'
ta yereK úg Y%S ,xld kS;s fCIa;%h ;=< mj;sk fndfyda mk;a u.ska
msysgqjd we;s wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka w,a,ia mk; hgf;a rcfha ks,OdÍka f,i
i,lk njg i|ykaj mj;S' tu.ska W;aidy lrkafkao tu wdh;k ;=< ¥IKh
wju lsÍu ioyd wjYH m%;smdok ie,iSuhs'
fuu kS;suh m%;smdok yereKq úg wmrdO úkaÈ;hska iy idCIslrejka

wdrCId lsÍfï mk; u.skao ¥IK ms<sn|j úu¾Yk isÿlsÍfï§ úkaÈ;hskaf.a yd
idCIslrejkaf.a wdrCIdj ie,iSula wfmaCId lrk neúka ¥IKh uev,Su i|yd
tu mk;o WmldÍ fõ'
fï wkqj ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd kS;suh m%;smdok /ila Y%S ,xld
kS;srduqj ;=< mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
67
12- w,a,ia fyda oQIK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj
n,;, yd ld¾hdNdrh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula
b;sydih
w,a,i keu;s jro 1883 jif¾§ ix.Dys; lrk ,o oKavkS;s ix.%yhg
we;=<;a jrola jQ w;r ta ms<sn|j uq,a ld,fha úu¾Yk lghq;= fmd,sia
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska isÿ lr kvq mejÍu kS;sm;sjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È' oKav
kS;s ix.%yh hgf;a jQ w,a,i keu;s jrog uyck ksfhdað;hskg tfrysj fpdaokd
ke.sh fkdyels úh' ta Tjqka rdcH ks,OdÍka fia fkdie,flk neúks' tneúka
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ksfhdað;hka yd fld<U uy k.r iNdfõ ksfhdað;hska
isÿ l< w,a,ia jerÈ ms<snoj fidhd ne,Su ioyd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd m;a
lrk ,È' tï'tka o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj" mSg¾ flkuka fldñIka iNdj yd
tï'ví,sõ'tka o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj hk fldñIka iNd 3la jßka jr m;a
lrk ,È'
w,a,i ms<sn|j mq¿,a kS;shl wjYH;dj u;= jQ neúka 1954 jif¾§

w,a,ia mk; rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska iïu; l< w;r tlS mk;g wkqj w,a,ia
flduidßiaOqrhla we;s lrk ,È' miqj 1958 wxl 40 ork w,a,ia îxfYdaOk& mk;
u.ska w,a,ia mk;g isÿlrk ,o ixfYdaOkhlg wkqj w,a,ia fomd¾;fïka;=j
msysgqjk ,È' ta wkqj w,a,i ms<sn| úu¾Yk lghq;= w,a,ia fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska isÿ l< w;r kS;sm;sjrhd úiska kvq mejÍu isÿ flßKs' miqj 1975 wxl
1 ork j;alï nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï kS;sh iïu; jQ miq tlS mk; hgf;a jerÈ
ms<sn| úu¾Ykho w,a,ia fomd¾;fïka;=jg mejßKs'
miqj 1994 jif¾§ 1994 wxl 19 ork w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNd mk; iïu; lsÍu;a iu.u w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNdj ia:dmkh úh' 1994 jif¾§ w,a,ia mk; ixfYdaOkh ù ¥IKh
keu;s kj jro y÷kajd ÿka w;r ¥IKh ms<sn|j úu¾Yk yd kvq mejÍfï n,ho
fldñiug ysñ úh'
17 jk yd 19 jk wdKavl%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOk u.ska flduidßiajreka

m;a lsÍu i|yd jvd;a iajdëk l%ufõohka yÿkajd fok ,È' 2015 jif¾§ 19
jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska w,a,i iïnkaO iaj fufyfhùu
u; kvq mejÍfï n,;, fldñIka iNdjg mejßKs' 2018 jif¾§ iïu; lrk
,o 2018 wxl 22 ork w,a,ia îxfYdaOk& mk; u.ska ¥IKh keu;s jro i|yd
uydêlrKfha kvq mejÍfï n,;, fldñIka iNdjg ,eìKs' 2019 jif¾§ iïu;
jQ 2019 wxl 03 ork mÍCIK fldñIka iNd mk;g isÿ lrk ,o ixfYdaOkhka
wkqj ckdêm;s fldñIka iNdjl idCIs u; kvq mejÍfï n,;, fldñiug
mjrk ,È'
68
fldóIka iNdfõ ixhq;sh
flduidßiajreka
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk;g wkqj

fldñIka iNdj flduidßiajreka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ' ckdêm;s;=ud
úiska wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ ks¾foaYh u; jir myl ks,ld,hla i|yd
flduidßiajreka m;a lrkq ,efí' fuu flduidßiajreka w;ßka fofofkl=
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha fyda wNshdpkdêlrKfha úY%dñl úksiqrejreka úh hq;=
njo tla flduidßiajrhl= wmrdO úu¾Yk yd kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|j
m<mqreoaola we;s wfhl= úh hq;= njo mk; olajd isáhs' fuu ;sfokd w;ßka
úY%dñl úksiqrejrhl= ckdêm;s;=ud úiska iNdm;s f,i m;a lrkq ,efí'
wOHCI fckrd,a
mk; hgf;a fldñIka iNdjg mejÍ we;s ld¾hhka bgq lsÍug fldñiug
iyh ùu msKsi wOHCI fckrd,a Oqrhla ia:dmkh lr we;' flduidßiajreka
úuid ckdêm;s;=ud úiska wOHCI fckrd,ajrhd m;a lrkq ,efí'
69
fldñIka iNdfõ úIh m:h

fldñIka iNdfõ uQ,slu ld¾hhka jkafka ish úIhm:hg wod< jerÈ
iïnkaOj úu¾Yk isÿ lsÍu yd kvq mejÍuh'
fldñIka iNdfõ úIh m:h uQ,sl jYfhka fldgia y;rlska iukaú;

fõ'
1' w,a,ia mk; hgf;a w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu b,a,Su fyda ,nd§u
2' w,a,ia mkf;a hgf;a jk ¥IK
3' w,a,ia mk; hgf;a wh:d j;alï bmhSu ^rdcH ks,Odßhl= úiska&
úu¾Ykhka isÿ lsÍu yd kvq mejßu
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; hgf;a w,a,ia
fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdjg ,nd § we;s n,;,j,g wu;rj
2015 jif¾§ wdKavql%u jHjia:djg tla lrk ,o 19 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska
úfYaIS n,hla ,nd § we;'
tkï —Y%S ,xldj md¾Yajhla jk" ¥IKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

iïuq;sh iy ¥IKh je<elaùug wod< fjk;a hï cd;Hka;r iïuq;s l%shd;aul
lsÍu msKsi .; hq;= mshjr" i|yd úêúOdk ie,eiaùu˜ fõ'
fldñIka iNdfõ n,;,
by; lS w,a,ia fyda ¥IK jerÈ fyda j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï
mk; hgf;a jerÈ iïnkaOfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍu yd kvq mejÍfï n,h fldñIka
iNdjg we;' meñKs,a,la fkdue;sj jqjo ;udf.au fufyhùfuka w,a,ia fyda
¥IK fpdaokdjla ms<sno uQ,sl mÍCIK meje;aùfï n,h fldñiug we;' úu¾Yk
lghq;= i|yd"
jdÑl fyda ,sÅ; idCIs ,nd.ekSu yd m%Yak lsÍu
m%Yak lrkq ,eîu ioyd fldñIka iNdj bÈßhg mqoa.,hka le|ùu
wikq ,nk hï m%Yakhlg wod<j Èjqreï m%ldY ,ndfok f,i

kshu lsÍu
;ud ika;lfha fyda Ndrfha mj;sk f,aLk fyda fjk;a fohla

bÈßm;a lsÍu ioyd ;eke;af;l= le|ùu
70
w,a,ia fpdaokdjlg ,lajQ whl=f.a mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a fyda Tyq wOHCIOqrh

orK iud.ul wOHCIjrhl=f.a nexl= .sKqïj,g wod< úia;r ,ndfok f,i
nexl= l<ukdlrejkag úOdk lsÍu
w,a,ia fpdaokdjlg ,lajQ whl=f.a mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a fyda Tyq wOHCIOqrh

ork iud.ul wOHCIjrhl=f.a wdodhï úia;r ,ndfok f,i foaYSh wdodhï
flduidßia fj; ±kqï§u
hï f,aLkhl iy;sl msgm;a imhk f,i rdcH wdh;khl m%OdkSkag ±kqï§u
w,a,ia fpdaokdjla ,la jQ whf.a mjqf,a whg hï foam<la w;am;alr.;a Èkh

i|yka lrk f,i úOdk lsÍu
w,a,ia fpdaokd ,enQjl=f.a mjqf,a whf.a foam< ms<sn|j úia;r iys; Èjqreï
m%ldY ,ndfok f,i úOdk lsÍu
hï pQÈ;hl=g udi ;=kl ld,hla olajd úfoaY.l ùu j<lajk f,i wd.uk

ú.uk md,ljrhdg okqï§u
j;alï nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk; hgf;a jQ jerÈ iïnkaOj úu¾Ykh lsÍu
ia:dk mÍCId lsÍfï n,h
.sKqï jd¾;d f,aLk bÈßm;a lrk f,i ksfhda. lsÍu
fldñIka iNdfõ n,;,
fldñiu úiska wdldr 4l meñKs,s Ndr.kq ,nhs'

1' w,a,ia b,a,Su fyda w,a,ia §ug fm<Uùu ms<sn| meñKs,s
2' ¥IK ms<sn| meñKs,s
3' wh:d j;alï bmhSu ms<sn| meñKs,s
4' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu fyda idjoH m%ldY
bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| meñKs,s
fldñiu fj; meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍu(
1' iDcq ÿrl:kfhka

2' fldñiu fj; meñK ^1954 u.ska&
3' ;eme,a u.ska
4' *elaia u.ska
71
5' Bfï,a u.ska

6' fldñIka iNdfõ ks, fjí wvúh u.ska
7' flá mKsúv ñ.ska
8' cx.u ÿrl:k u.ska isÿ l< yelsh'
meñKs,a,l we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq
w,a,ia b,a,Su fyda ,nd§u iïnkaO meñKs,a,l§ meñKs,slref.a ku

ioyka lsÍu w;HdjYH fõ' wfkl=;a jerÈ ms<sn|j meñKs,s lsÍfï§ ks¾kdñlj
jqjo isÿ l< yelsh' ta wkqj iEu meñKs,a,lu isÿùu" fpdaokd ,nk mqoa.,hdf.a
ku" ;k;=r yd ,smskh" jro isÿ jk ia:dkh" Èkh" f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels
mqoa.,hkaf.a úia;r wdÈh ioyka l< hq;=h'
fldñIka iNdfõ lghq;=j, ryiHNdjh

fldñIka iNdfõ idudðlhska yd wOHCI fckrd,a we;=¿ ish¨ ks,OdÍyq
mk; hgf;a úêúOdk n,d;aul lsÍfï ld¾hh i|yd yer mk; hgf;a lghq;=
lsÍfï§ ;ukag ,efnk f;dr;=re lsisjla wkdjrKh fkdlsÍfï Èjqreulska ne£
isá;s'
wi;H meñKs,s isÿ lsÍu jrola nj
wi;H lreKla nj ±k ±ku fldñIka iNdj fj; wi;H fpdaokdjla

isÿ lsÍu" mk; hgf;a jrola jk w;r tjeks mqoa.,hl=g jir oyhla olajd
isro~qjï fyda remsh,a ,CI foll ovhla fyda tu o~qjï folu kshu l< yelsh'
fldñIka iNdjg isÿ lrk jerÈ
w,a,i ¥IKh yd j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk; hgf;a úu¾Yk

isÿ lrk wjia:djl§ thg ndOdldÍ f,i isÿ lrk my; l%shdjka jerÈ f,i
y÷kdf.k we;'
is;dishlg wjk; fkdùu

fldñIka iNdj bÈßfha idCIs ,nd§u meyer yeÍu
fldñIka iNdj fj; wi;H meñKs,s lsÍu
fldñIka iNdj fj; Èjqreïmsg wi;H m%ldYhla isÿ lsÍu
fldñIka iNdfõ lghq;=j,g m%;sfrdaoh mEu
fldñIka iNdfõ lghq;=j,g wh;= f,i ueÈy;a ùu
wêlrKhl idCIs §u fyda fkd§u ioyd hï wfhl= fm<Uùu
72
13-w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ úIh m:hg wh;a
jerÈ
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ úIh m:hg wh;a
jerÈ mk;a 2la Tiafia olajd we;' tkï"
1' 1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;'

2' 1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï j.lSï mk;'
1' w,a,ia mk; hg;a jerÈ
w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jerÈ 3la iïnkaOfhka w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd
úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska úu¾Yk lsÍu yd kvq mejÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
tkï"
w,a,i
wh:d j;alï bmhSu
¥IKh
1' 1' w,a,i
w,a,ia mkf;a 90 jk j.ka;shg wkqj w,a,i hkqfjka y÷kajkafka

mkf;a II jk fldgfia hï úOdkhla W,a,x>kh lrñka hï ;=gq m~qrla
msßkeóu" whe§u fyda Ndr .ekSu ke;fyd;a tn÷ hï úOdkhla W,a,x>kh
lrñka lrkq ,nk fjk hï l%shdjls'
fuu fldgi hgf;a jerÈ rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a iajNdjh wkqj úia;r lr ;sfí'
wêlrK ks,Orhl=g fyda md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhl=g" ;u

;;a;ajh wkqj hï l%shdjla lsÍu fyda je<elaùu i|yd ;=gq
m~qrla msßkeóu fyda tjeks ks,Orhl= by; ld¾hhla i|yd
;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda whe§u jrols' ^14jk j.ka;sh&
hï ;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka rcfha fiajlhl= fyda wêlrK

fyda w¾O wêlrK ld¾hla isÿ lrk rcfha ks,Odßhl= iu.
iïuqL idlÉPd lsÍu ioyd hï ;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda
wheo isàu jrols' ^15 jk j.ka;sh&
73
jrolrejkag kvq mejÍu" Tjqka fidhd.ekSu fyda Tjqkag

o~qjï §u msKsi hï ;;a;ajhlska fiajfha fhdojd isák hï
fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=" idu ks,Odßhl= úiska" h:d mßÈ jQ hqla;sh
mis|,Sulg ndOd lsßu fyda hï jrola lrùug fyda lsÍug
myiqlï ,nd§u fyda hï jrola lrkakd fidhd .kq ,eîfuka
fyda o~qjï lrkq ,eîfuka wdrCId lsÍu fyda ;u n,;, hï
;eke;af;l=g ydkslrj ke;fyd;a mSvdodhlj whq;= f,i
fh§u i|yd fm<Tùula fyda ;Hd.hla jYfhka ta ks,Odßhdg
fyda fiajlhdg hï ;=gq m~qrla msßkeóu fyda tlS ks,Odßhd
úiska ;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu jrols' ^16 jk
j.ka;sh&
hï jevla bgq lsÍu" hï fiajhla iemhSu" hï fohla lsÍu" fyda

hï NdKavhla" WmlrKhla fyda øjHhla iemhSu msKsi rch
iu. lr .kq ,nk hï .súiqula ,nd§u" wkq.%yh lsÍfï§ fyda
tn÷ hï .súiqul uqo,la f.ùfï§ rcfha fiajlhl=f.a iydh
,nd.ekSu ioyd ;=gq m~qrla ,nd§u fyda tjeks ld¾hhla i|yd
rcfha ks,Odßhl= úiska ;=gq mvqrla ,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu
jrola fõ ^17 jk j.ka;sh&'
rcfha .súiula fyda fgkavrhla ,nd.ekSfï wruqKska tjeks

.súiqula fgkavrhla bÈßm;a l< ;eke;af;l=g tu .súiqu fyda
fgkavrh b,a,d wia lr .ekSu ioyd ;=gq m~qrla msßkeóu
fyda tjeks fgkavrhla b,a,d wia lr .ekSu ioyd ;=gq m~qrla
,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu jrols ^18 jk j.ka;sh&'
rcfha fiajlhl= úiska hï ks, ld¾hhla bgq lsÍu fyda bgq

lsÍfuka je<lS isàu i|yd fyda tlS rcfha fiajlhd úiska
fyda fjkhï rcfha fiajlhl= úiska hï ks, ld¾hhla blauka
lsÍu" m%udo lsÍu" thg ndOd lsÍu ke;fyd;a th je<elaùu
i|yd fyda rch iu. hï lghq;a;la lsÍfï§ hï ;eke;af;l=g
wdOdr lsÍu"
mCI.%dyS ùu" ndOd lsÍu fyda m%udo lsÍu ioyd fm<Tùula

fyda ;Hd.hla jYfhka hï ;=gq m~qrla ta rcfha fiajlhdg
msßkeóu fyda tjeks ld¾hhla i|yd rcfha ks,Odßhl= úiska
;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu jrols ^19 jk j.ka;sh&'
wdKavqfõ ld¾hd,hlska b,a,Sï" f.ùï" m;alsÍï" fiajfha

fhoùï" m%odk" nÿ §ï iy fjk;a m%;s,dN iïnkaOfhka jQ
74
ld¾hhka bgq lr.ekSu i|yd fyda je<elaùu i|yd ;=gq m~qrla

msßkeóu fyda tjeks ld¾hhla i|yd ;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu
fyda wheo isàu jrols ^20 jk j.ka;sh&'
wdKavqj iu. hï .kqfokqjla mj;sk mqoa.hl= úiska tu

ld¾hd,fha fiajlhl==g ;=gq m~qrla msßkeóu fyda tjeks
wdh;khl fiajlhl= úiska tjeks .kqfokqjla mj;sk
mqoa.,hl=f.ka ;=gq m~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu jrols
^21 jk j.ka;sh&'
;ukag mCImd;S f,i Pkaoh ,nd.ekSu i|yd" úmCIj Pkaoh

§u je<elaùu i|yd" hï .súiqula m%odkh lsÍu i|yd" hï
ks,ld¾hhla bgq lsÍu je<elaùu i|yd" blauka lsÍu i|yd
fyda ndOd lsÍu i|yd wdOdr lsÍug m<d;a md,k wdh;khl
fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl
md,l uKav,fha idudðlhl= fyda tnÿ wdh;khl ks,Odßhl=
fyda fiajlhl=g ;=gq m~qrla msßkeóu fyda tjeks wdh;khl
tjeks whl= úiska by; lS ld¾hhkag wdOdr lsÍu i|yd
;=gqm~qrla ,nd.ekSu fyda wheo isàu jrols ^22 j.ka;sh&'
m<d;a md,k wdh;khl fyda Wmf,aL.; wdh;khl fyda

Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl md,l uKav,fha idudðlhl=f.a
Pkaoh flfrys n,mEï lsÍu msKsi ;¾ckh lsÍu fyda jxpd
lsÍu jrols ^23 j.ka;sh&'
75
w,a,ia jro
by; úia;r lr we;s wjia:djl§ w,a,ia .ekSu w,a,ia §u fukau

w,a,ia b,a,Su ^whe§u& yd w,a,ia §ug fhdackd lsÍuo jrols' tfiau by; jerÈ
i|yd ;e;a lsÍuo jrols' tfiau tu jerÈ i|yd wkqn, §uo jrols' tfiau
hï ld¾hhla bgq lr §fï fmdfrdkaÿj u; w,a,ila ,nd.;a ks,Odßhl= tu
fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ld¾hh bgq lr fkd;snqKo ;=gqm~qr ,ndf.k ;sfí kï w,a,ia
,nd.ekSfï jrog jrolre fõ'
w;rueoshl= u.ska w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu
w;rueÈfhl=f.a ±kqu fyda tl.;dj we;sj tlS ;eke;a;d fyda fjkhï

;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka fl<skau fyda wka whqrlska ´kEu w,a,ia jrola l<fyd;a
tlS jro uq,a ;eke;a;d lrk ,o lrk ,o jrola f,i kS;sh i,lhs ^89 jk
j.ka;sh&'
w,a,ia jrolg o~qjï
fuu jerÈ jfrka;=jla fkdue;sj w;a wvx.=jg .; yels jerÈ jk

w;r kvq mejÍu fld<U uydêlrKfha§ isÿ fõ' kvq úNd.fhka miqj jrolre
jqjfyd;a jir 7la olajd isr o~qjï fyda remsh,a mkaoyila olajd ov fyda tu
o~qjï folu fyda kshu l< yelsh' thg wu;rj ,nd.;a ;=gq m~qf¾ jákdlu
ovhla f,i f.jk f,i wêlrKhg ksfhda. l< yelsh' tfiau fuu jrolg
jrolre jQ mqoa.,hl= ue;sjrKhl§ Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍu fyda wfmaCIl;ajh ,eîu
i|yd jir 7la olajd kqiqÿiafil= fjhs' Tyq rdcH fiajhg kej; we;=¿ ùugo
kqiqÿiail= fjhs'
;=gq m~qr
w,a,i hk jro ixhq;al ùfï§ ,nd.kafka fyda ,ndfokafka ;=gq

m~qqrls' ;=gq m~qr hkak w,a,ia mkf;a 90 jk j.ka;sh olajd we;af;a fufiah(
^w& uqo,a fyda hï ;E.a.la" Khla" .dia;=jla" mdßf;daIlhla" fldñia

uqo,la" jákd wemhla" ke;fyd;a hï j¾.hlg wh;a pxp, fyda
ksYap, foam<la fyda foam<l iïnkaO;djla"
^wd& hï Oqrhla" rCIdjla fyda .súiqula
^we& hï Khl" .e;slul fyda fjk;a ljr fyda ne£ul iïmQ¾Kfhka
fyda fldgia jYfhka jQ hï f.ùula" ñ§ula" ksoyia lsÍula fyda
wEjr lsÍula
76
^wE& muqKqjd we;s fyda meñKúh yels hï oKavkhlska fyda fkdyelshdjlska

ke;fyd;a tjlg;a wdrïN lr ;sfnk úkhuh fyda oKavkuh
iajNdjhlska hq;= kvqjlska fyda kvq lghq;a;lska wdrCIdj we;=¿ iy
hï whs;sjdislula fyda hï ks, n,hla fyda hq;=lula l%shdfõ fhoùu
fyda l%shdfjys fhoùfuka je<lS isàu we;=¿" ljr j¾.hl fyda wh;a
fjk hï fiajdjla" Wmldrhla fyda jdishla iy"
^b& by;ska jQ ^w&"^wd&"^we&"^wE& iy ^wE& fþohkays w¾:dkql+, jQ hï ;=gq

m~qrla msßkeóu" §ug fyda ne£u fyda fmdfrdkaÿ ùu — wkqj w,a,fia§
yqjudrejk —;=gq mvqr˜ hkakg fN!;sl fohla fukau fN!;sl
fkdjk fohlao wod< jk nj meyeÈh' uE;ld,Sk kvq ;Skaÿ wkqj
,sx.sl myio ;=gqmvqrla fia i,ld we;'
w,a,i yd ;Hd.h
w,a,i yd ;Hd.h w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila we;' ;Hd.hla msßkeófï§
fyda Ndr .ekSfï§ tys lssisÿ jroldÍ woyila fkdue;' kuq;a w,a,ila msßkeófï§
ieuúgu jroldÍ woyila we;'
1' 2' wh:d j;alï bmehSu

mkf;a 23^1&1 w j.ka;shg wkqj hï ;eke;a;l=f.a oek.;a wdodhï fyda
,eîï ud¾.hlska yer fjk;a wdldrfhlska uqo,a fyda foam< /ia lrkafka kï
tu ;eke;a;d úiska Bg mgyeksj lreKq Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la tlS uqo,a fyda
foam< w,a,ia ud¾.fhka /ia l< njg i,lkq ,efí'
ta wkqj tjeks wh:d j;alï bmhSu yd tjeks j;alï ±Íu jrola jk

w;r fujeks jrola isÿ l< mqoa.,hl=g jir 7la olajd isr o~qjula iy remsh,a
mkaoyil ovhla kshu l< yelsh' tfiau tu foam< rdcika;l lsÍfï ksfhda.
hla ksl=;a l< yelsh'
1' 3' ¥IKh
1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;g tla lrk ,o 1994 wxl 20 ork w,a,ia
îxfYdaOk& mk; u.ska Y%S ,dxlsl kS;shg ¥IKh keu;s jro y÷kajd § we;' ta
wkqj tlS ¥IKh hkq —wdKavqjg whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i mdvq
isÿ lsÍfï fyda ;ud fj; fyda hï ;eke;af;l= fj; whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s
úfrdaë f,i w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla fyda jdishla isÿ lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka" fyda
wdKavqjg fyda hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= f,i mdvq isÿ úh yels nj ke;fyd;a hï
;eke;a;l=g whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i w¾:,dNhla" wkq.%yhla
fyda jdishla fyda jdishla ie,fik nj ±k ±ku my; ±lafjk hï l%shdjla"
77
tkï (
rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr lsÍug fjk;a hï
^w& rcfha fiajlhl=g n,h mejÍ we;s hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda bgq
lsÍfuka je<lS isàug" fjk;a hï rcfha fiajlhl= fmd<Ujk¦
rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr ;udg ±k.ekSug

,efnk hï f;dr;=rla mdúÉÑ lrk¦
^wd&
rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqrh m%ldr hï ;SrKhka
.ekSfuys,d iyNd.s jk¦
^we&
rcfha fiajlhl= jYfhka jQ iajlSh Oqqrh fl<skau fyda
wkHldrhlska fyda mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka hï l%shdjla bgq lsÍug fyda
^wE& bgq lsÍfuka je<lS isàug fjk;a hï ;eke;a;l= fmd<Ujk hï
rcfha fiajlhl=" ¥IKh ms<sn| jro iïnkaOfhka jrolre úh
hq;= w;r''''˜
ÿIKh keu;s jro isÿ lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hl= ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha fyda
uydêlrKfha kvq úNd.hlska miqj jrolre jqjfyd;a jir 10la fkdblaujk
ld,hlg nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍulg fyda remsh,a ,CIhla fkdblaujk ovhlg
fyda tu ovqjï folgu hg;a fõ'
rdcH fiajlhd
w,a,ia mk; hg;a w,a,ia .ekSu iïnkaOfhka yd ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka

jro mejfrkafka rdcH fiajlhkagh' w,a,ia mkf;a 90 jk j.ka;sfha rdcH
fiajlhd hkak fufia w¾: ksrEmKh lr we;'
78
—rcfha fiajlhd hkakg wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrhl=

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 45 jk jHjia:dj hgf;a m;a lrk ,o wud;Hjrhl="
l:dkdljrhd" ksfhdacH l:dkdhljrhd" ldrl iNd ksfhdacH iNdm;sjrhd"
ksfhdacH wud;Hjrhl=" m<d;l wdKavqldrjrhl= m<d;l wud;H uKav,fha
wud;Hjrhl=" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhl=" rcfha iEu ks,Orhl=" fiajlhl= fyda
fiajd kshqla;slhl= fyda mdßY%ñlhla ,enqjdjQo fkd,enqjd jQo m<d;a iNdjl"
m<d;a md,k wdh;khl fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl fyda fldgiaj,ska ishhg
mkylg jeä m%udKhla wdKavqj úiska orkq ,nk 1982 wxl 17 ork iud.ï
mk; hgf;a ixia:d.; lrk ,o iud.ul hï iNdm;sjrhl=" wOHCIjrhl="
wêm;sjrhl=" idudðlhl=" ks,Orhl= fyda fiajd kshla;slhl=" m<d;l rdcH
fiajfha idudðlhl=" cQß iNslhl=" iEu n,h,;a ñkskafodarejrhl= iy hï
wêlrKhla úiska fyda fjk;a hï rcfha ksis n,Orhl= úiska hï lghq;a;la
fyda ldrKhla ;SrKh lsÍu fyda jd¾;d lsÍu msKsi fhduq lr we;s iEu
fíreïlrejl= fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=o we;=<;a fõ'
tfia jqjo" hï m<d;a md,k wdh;khla úiqrejd yer we;s yd ta

wdh;kfha lghq;= mßmd,kh lsÍu hï ;eke;a;l= fj; mejÍ we;s wjia:djl"
ta wdh;kh úiqrejd yeÍug by;ska tu fiajfhys kshqla;j isáhd jQ iy th
úiqrejd yeÍfuka miqj ;jÿrg;a fiajfhys kshqla;j isákakd jQ ta m<d;a md,k
wdh;kfha iEu fiajd kshla;slhl=u fï mkf;a ld¾hh i|yd rcfha fiajlhl=
f,i i,lkq ,eìh hq;=h'˜
fï wkqj by; i|yka mqoa.,hka yd w,a,ia mkf;a Wmf,aLfha we;=<;a

wdh;kj, fiajlhka w,a,ia mk; hgf;a rdcH fiajlhka f,i i,lkq ,efí'
fuhg wu;rj mk;a u.ska rdcH wdh;k msysgqjk wjia:dj,§ tu mk; u.skau
tu wdh;kfha fiajlhska w,a,ia mkf;a w¾:dkql+,j rcfha fiajlhka jk njg
m%;smdok i,id we;' WodyrKhla f,i 1996 wxl 21 ork Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï
fldñIka iNd mkf;a 27jk j.ka;sh olajkafka —fldñIka iNdj w,a,ia mkf;a
w¾:dkql+,j Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khla f,i i,lkq ,eìh hq;= w;r ta mkf;a
úêúOdk ta wkqj f;areï .kq ,eìh hq;=h˜ hkqfjks'
79
2' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk; hgf;a jerÈ
2' 1' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï j.lSu
1975 wxl 1 orK fuu mk; u.ska Y%S ,xldj ;=, fyda bka msg; ;ukag
we;s j;alï yd nerlï rchg m%ldY lsÍu j.lSu we;s ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|j olajd
we;' ta wkqj rdcH wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka fukau uyck ksfhdað;hskao wod<
;k;=rg m;a ù udi 3la we;=<;'
1' ;udf.a ish¨ j;alï yd nerlï

2' ;u újdyl md¾Yajfha ish¨ j;alï yd nerlï
3' orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï ^wújdyl&
kshñ; wdlD;sfhka hq;=j bÈßm;a l< hq;=j we;'
th m<uq j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYh isÿ lsÍfuka miqj wod< ;k;=r fyda Oqrh
ork;dla ÿrg iEu jirlgu ud¾;= 31 jk Èkg wod< j;alï yd nerlï ms<sn|j
cQks 31 Èkg fmr j;alï nerlï m%ldYhla isÿ l< hq;=h' ^1988 wxl 74 ork
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï îxfYdaOk& mk; wkqj& tla mqoa.,hl=f.a uq,a
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYh B<`. j;alï nerlï m%ldYh w;r we;s fjki meyeÈ,s
lsÍug Tyqg j.lSula we;'
2' 2' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY ms<sn| jeros
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhla lsÍu hqla;s iy.; fya;=jla fkdue;sj

meyer yeÍu"
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhl wi;H lreKq i|yka lsÍu
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhlg wod<j w;sf¾l f;dr;=re imhk

f,i w,a,ia fldñIka iNdj úiska kshu l< wjia:djl§
hqla;siy; fya;=jla fkdue;sj tu ksfhda.h meyer yeÍu
mk; hgf;a mkjk ,o ksfhda.hla meyer yeÍu jrola jk w;r

ufyaia;%d;ajrhd bÈßfha mj;ajk kvq úNd.hlska jrolre jQ úg
remsh,a oyila fkdblaujk ovhlg fyda wjqreoaola fkdblaujk
ld,hla i|yd nkaOkd.; lsÍulg fyda ovh yd nkaOdkd.dr.;
lsÍu hk o~qjï folgu hg;a jkafkah'
fï wkqj w,a,ia yd ¥IK l%shdj,ska Okh Wmhdf.k we;akï fï mkf;a

m%;smdok wkqj Tyq jrolrejl= njg m;a fõ'
80
miajk mßÉfPaoh
¥IKh msgq±lSfï Y%S ,dxlsl ie,iqï
14-Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ

ie,eiau
Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍug wod< cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
2019 - 2023 l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd rdcH wdh;k iy rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; mejÍ
we;s j.lSu y÷kd .ekSu
01' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ilia lsÍug mokï jQ miqìu
a. Y%S ,xldj ;=< w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula

ilia lsÍu i|yd foaYSh fukau cd;Hka;r idOl .Kkdjla mokï úh'
b. w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu iïnkaOfhka foaYSh jYfhka úúO kS;sÍ;s

iïu; lr f.k we;' flfia kuq;a w,a,i yd ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shd;aul
ùu yd w,a,i ¥IKh je<elaùu wruqKq fldg .;a m%;sm;a;s we;=<;a
cd;sl ie,eiaula wm i;=j ke;' w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍug kï
rdcH wxYfha ish¨ wdh;k iy wfkl=;a wdh;k iïnkaOfhka fmdÿfõ
l%shd;aul jk tjeks cd;sl ie,eiaula ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'
c. Y%S ,xldj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;shg 2004 ud¾;= ui 15

fjks Èk w;aika ;nd 2004 ud¾;= 31 fjks Èk iy;sl fldg we;' ta wkqj
¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a ffk;sl miqìula yd cd;sl
m%;sm;a;shla we;s lsÍug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys m%{ma;sfha 05
jHjia:dj hgf;a Y%S ,xld ckrch ne£ isà'
d. tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;sh l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn|j

cd;Hka;r jYfhka isÿ lrk ,o fojk iudf,dapk ieisfha§ Y%S ,xldj
81
;=< ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shd;aul ùu i|yd cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula

fkdue;s ùu úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la fldg we;'
e. tfiau újD; rdcH md,k yjq,aldß;ajh Ôpen Government Partnership&

hgf;a ilia lrk ,o cd;sl ie,eiafuyso Y%S ,xldj ;=< ¥IKhg
tfrysj cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula ilia lsÍfï wjYH;dj u;= fldg
we;'
f. GSP+ iykh ,xldjg ,nd §fï§ hqfrdamd ix.uh Êuropean

Commission& úiska Y%S ,xldj w,a,i ¥IKhg tfrysj m%udKj;a
l%shdud¾. .kafkao hkak i,ld n,k ,o w;r tys § úfYaIfhkau
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë m%{ma;shg wkq.; jkafkao hkak i,ld
n,k ,È' ;jo Tjqka úiska wjOdrKh lrk ,o ldrKhla jQfha w,a,i
¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;= njhs'
g. wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo,o ÎMF& ish m%;smdok fjka lsÍfï§ by;

wjYH;d wjOdrKh lr we;'
h. ;sridr b,lalj, 16 ^5& jk b,lalh jkafka j¾I 2030 jk úg w,a,i

yd ¥IKh ;=rka fldg ;sridr b,lalhka imqrd .kakd njhs' ta i|yd
wm i;=j cd;sl ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;= fõ'
02' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ilia lsÍu i|yd leìkÜ uKav, wkque;sh
a. by; wjYH;d y÷kd .ksñka" 2017'10'11 Èke;sj 731$2325$17 wud;H

uKav, ixfoaYh u.ska ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shd;aul ùu i|yd jk cd;sl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd wkque;sh ,nd § we;'
b. ;jo fuu cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau" wod< ksfhdað; wdh;kj,

Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd,h úiska imhkq ,nk
ud¾f.damfoaY hgf;a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka
iNdj úiska iïmdokh l< hq;= nj wud;H uKav,h jeäÿrg;a ;SrKh
lr ;snq‚'
82
03' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ilia lsÍu
a. ta wkqj ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd,fha ud¾f.damfoaY hgf;a rdcH

mßmd,k yd l<ukdlrK wud;HdxYfha mQ¾K iyfhda.h we;sj Èjhsk
mqrd woyia fhdackd ,nd .ekSfï jevigyka w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd
úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj Èh;a lrk ,È'
b. tys§ úúO lafIa;% wdjrKh jk mßÈ tkï" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre"

wfkl=;a uyck ksfhdað;hka" rdcH wxYh" wd.ñl kdhlhka" mqoa.,sl
wxYh" l,dlrejka" isú,a iudch" udOH" jD;a;slhka" úfoaY ksfhdað;hka
we;=¿ lKavdhïj,ska woyia yd fhdackd ,nd .kakd ,È' úfYaIfhka
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka 225fokdf.a woyia ,nd .ekSu i|yd ieisjdr
04la ixúOdkh lrk ,È' fuf,i Èjhsk mqrd mj;ajk ,o jevigyka
,laI 15la muK jk rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.ka hq;= rdcH fiajh ;=< isÿ
lrk ,o ix.dhkdjla n÷ úh'
c. rg mqrd hñka ,nd .;a woyia talrdYS lrñka iqms<smka foaYhla

f.dvke.Sfï wruqK fmroeßj flgqïm;a lrk ,o cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau ,xldfõ ish¨ md¾Yajhkaf.a woyia ms<sônq lrkakls'
d. fufia ish¨ woyia talrdYS lr .ekSfï cd;sl ie,eiafï wjidk

flgqïm; tu rdcH yd wfkl=;a wdh;kj, fcHIaG;u ks,OdÍkaf.
ka ie÷ï,;a l%shdldÍ lñgqjla iy úOdhl lñgqjla u.ska mÍlaIdjg
Ndckh lrk ,È'
04' iqms<smka foaYhla f.dvke.Sfï wruqK fmroeßj flgqïm;a lrk ,o cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiaug leìkÜ uKav, wkque;sh ,eîu
Èjhsk mqrd f.dia ,nd .kakd ,o woyia we;=<;a lrñka ilia lrk ,o
ie,eiau 2019 fmnrjdß ui 05 jk Èk leìkÜ uKav,h úiska wkqu; lrk ,È'
tu l%shdldÍ ie,eiau bÈß jir my ;=< tkï" 2019 - 2023 ld,h ;=< l%shd;aul
lsÍug kshñ;h'
83
05' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau u.ska yÿkdf.k we;s w,a,i ÿIKh je<elaùfï m%Odk Wmdh
ud¾.
a. Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd jk fuu cd;sl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiau wm ráka w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfï m%Odk Wmdh
ud¾. 04 la y÷kdf.k we;' tu Wmdhud¾. 04 kï"
ksjdrKh
hym;a wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
úu¾Ykh iy wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu
kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd §u
b. w,a,i ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfuys,d b;du;au ;SrKd;aul idOlhla jk

lreKq iïnkaOfhkao ilia lrk ,o .%ka: 04la cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
iuÕ ksl=;a lrk ,È' fuu .%ka: 04 kï"
I. ;Hd. Í;s wvx.= fhdackd flgqïm;

II. ne¢hdjka w;r .egqug wod< Í;s wvx.= fldg idok ,o fhdackd
flgqïm;
III. rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd iqms<smka nfõ w;afmd;
IV. w,a,ia j;alï" nerlï" fldñIka iNd" ue;sjrK m%pdrK iy y~
kÕkakkag wod< kS;s flgqïm;a fhdackd
c. cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau iy fuu .%ka: 4 øúv yd bx.%Sis NdIdfjkao

mßj¾;k lghq;= lr we;' ta wkqj .%ka: 15la t<solajk ,È'
d. Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuys
iy ta iuÕ ksl=;a lrk ,o w;afmd;a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNdfõ fjí wvúfha ^www.ciaboc.gov.lk& m< lr we;'
06' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu
a. cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍfï iduQysl j.lSu
a. w,a,i ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfï cd;sl jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍu furáka

w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH idOlhls' ta i|yd ishü
md¾Yajhka iy rcfha ishü wdh;k oeä lem ùulska hq;=j lghq;= l<
hq;=h'
84
a. w,a,i ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu iuia; foaYfhau iduQysl W;aidyhl m%;sM,hla

ñi th yqfola tla wdh;khla i;= ld¾h Ndrh muKla fkdfõ' bÈß jir
5 l ld,h ;=< wmf.a b,lalh úh hq;af;a fï rfÜ w,a,i yd ¥IKh
;=rka lsÍu i|yd iduQysl yeÕSfuka hq;=j tlsfkldg mejÍ we;s j.lSu
yd ld¾h Ndrh bgq lsÍuhs'
b. iuia;hla f,i fuu l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu" wëlaIKh lsÍu"

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk úfYaI{ lñgqjlg mjrd we;s w;r
th cd;sl iqms<smka ljqkais,h f,i kï lr we;'
cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍug wod< o< ie,eiau
85
w,a,ia yd ¥IK ;=rka lsÍfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,Eiau yd ¥IK je<elaùfï wdh;ksl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu" wëCIKh" we.hSu yd jd¾;d lsÍfï o< igyk
Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau rdcH wdh;k ;=< l%shdjg kexùu iy ta i|yd rdcH ks,OdÍka fj;
mejÍ we;s j.lSu
I. Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH wdh;k" uKav," ixia:d we;=¿ ish¨ wdh;k
;=< l%shd;aul l< hq;= njg ckdêm;s f,alï;=ud úiska ksl=;a lrk
,o ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd, pl%f,aL wxl PS$ACD$01$2019 ork yd
2019'07'04 Èke;s pl%f,aLh u.ska okajd we;'
86
II fuu cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafï m%Odk jYfhkau m<uqjk Wmdhud¾.h

jk ksjdrK l%ufõo iy fojk Wmdh ud¾.h jk hym;a wdl,am
m%j¾Okh lsÍu hk Wmdh ud¾. 02 hgf;a úfYaIfhkau rdcH wdh;k
fj; mejreKq j.lSula we;'
III m<uqjk Wmdh ud¾.h jk ksjdrK l%ufõoh hgf;a rdcH wxYh ;=<
w,a,i yd ¥IKh ksjdrKh lsÍu i|yd ksjdrK l%ufõo .Kkdjla
y÷kajd § we;' tajd rdcH wdh;k ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍu wdh;k m%OdkSkaf.a
j.lSu fõ'
IV úfYaIfhkau my; mßÈ tu w;HjYHfhkau l%shd;aul l< hq;= wx.hka

my; mßÈ oelaúh yel'
rdcH wdh;k ;=< iqms<smka ks,Odßfhl= m;a lsÍu

wdh;k ;=< ¥IK ksjdrK lñgqjla m;a lsÍu
wdh;ksl ¥IK ksjdrK ie,eiaula ilia lr .ekSu
myiqlï imhk ks,Odßfhl= m;a lsÍu
mqrjeis m%{ma;sh ilia lsÍu yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
hk l%shdldrlï rdcH wdh;k ;=< w;HjYHfhkau l%shd;aul l<

hq;= w;r ta nj by; pl%f,aLfhkao olajd we;' by; l%shdldrlï ms<sn|j
jvd;a mq¿,a wjfndaOhla cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau iuÕ ksl=;a lr we;s iqms<smka
w;afmd; ;=< wka;¾.; neúka th mßYS,skh lsÍfuka ,nd .; yelsh'
by; m%Odk whs;uhkag wu;rj my; l%shdldrlïo bgq lsÍfï j.lSu

rdcH wdh;k m%OdkSka yd by; l%shdldrlï hgf;a m;a lrk iqms<smka ks,Odßhdg
mejÍ we;'
uyck fiajd yels;dla b-rdcH l%uhg iemhSu
rdcH ks,OdÍka iqms<smka m%;s{djlg hg;a lsÍu
ne¢hdjka w;r .egqï ms<sn| rdcH ks,OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu
;E.s Í;s ms<sn| rdcH ks,OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu
wdh;k ix.%yh we;=¿ wdpdrO¾u moaO;s ms<sn|j rdcH ks,OdÍka
oekqj;a lsÍu
rdcH ks,Odßhd iqms<smkaNdjh j¾Okh lsÍu iy hym;a wdl,am
j¾Okh lsÍu ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍu'
87
c& cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau iy tys we;=<;a ksjdrK l%ufõo l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|j
ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu
i. w,a,i ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍfï cd;sl jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍu furáka

w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH idOlhls' ta i|yd wm
rfÜ myf<dia ,laIhla muK jk rcfha ks,OdÍka yd rcfha ishü
wdh;k oeä lemùulska hq;=j lghq;= l< hq;=h' tfia l%shd;aul
ùu i|yd rcfha ks,OdÍka we;=¿ ish¨ rcfha wdh;k fuu cd;sl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ms<sn|j;a" Bg wod< pl%f,aL ms<sn|j;a" ksjdrK
jevms<sfj< ms<sn|j;a oekqj;aj isàu b;du;a w;HjYH fõ' tfia
ks,OdÍka oekqj;a l< hq;= nj cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuysu l%shdldÍ
whs;uhla f,i y÷kdf.k we;' tu oekqj;a lsÍu ckdêm;s f,alï
ld¾hd,fha ks,OdÍka fyda w,a,ia fldñIka iNdfõ ks,OdÍka fyda
fjk;a wdh;khl ks,OdÍka lsysm fofkl=g ;ksju l< fkdyels
ld¾hhls'
ii. ta wkqj rcfha ks,OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd mqyqKqlrejka isáh

hq;=uh' ta wkqj iuia; rg mqrd mqyqKqlrejka f,i lghq;= lrk
ks,OdÍka msßila f;dard .ekSug;a" bka miq tu f;dard .;a ks,OdÍka
mqyqKq lsÍug;a" tu mqyqKqlrejka f,i lghq;= lsÍug mqyqKq lrk ,o
ks,OdÍkag wksl=;a rcfha ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍfï j.lSu mejÍug;a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
iii. fuu jevigyka ud,dfõ m<uq wÈhr m<d;a uÜgfuka isÿ lsÍu i|yd
f;Èk mqyqKq jevigyka 09lska yd f¾Çh wud;HdxY yd iajdëk
fldñIka iNd wruqKq lr .;a jevigyklska iukaú; fõ'
88
15' iqms<smkakNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fhdað; cd;sl iqms<smkak

ie,eiau yd fhdað; l%shdldrlï
1' uyck ksfhdað;hkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
A. iqms<smka .súiqu$m%;s{dj Întegrity Pledge&
i. w.%dud;H;=ud" wud;Hjreka iy wdKavqldrjreka .re ckdêm;s;=ud

iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
ii. md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka .re l:dkdhl;=ud iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg

iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
iii. m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjreka .re wdKavqldr;=ud iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg iy

m%;s{djlg t<öu'
iv. m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, m%Odkska m<d;a m%Odk wud;Hjrhd iu.

iqms<smkak .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
v. m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, uka;%Sjre ish m<d;a md,k wdh;k m%Odkshd

iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
vi. wud;Hjreka wod< f,alïjreka iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg

t<öu'
vii. tu f,alïjreka fomd¾;fïka;= yd rdcH wdh;kj, m%OdkSka iuÕ

iqms<smka .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
viii rdcH fiajfha wksl=;a ish¨ ks,OdÍka ish fomd¾;fïka;= yd rdcH

wdh;kj, m%OdkSka iuÕ iqms<smka .súiqulg iy m%;s{djlg t<öu'
tu .súiqu$m%;s{dj ;=< wksl=;a lreKq w;r my; i|yka oE wka;¾.;

lsÍug úfYaIfhka mshjr .ekSu iqÿiq fõ'
• wfmalaIs; id¾:l M,odhs;d b,lalhka ljf¾o hkak

• iqms<smkaNdjhg wod< uQ,sl isoaOdka;
• ne¢hdjka w;r .egqug wod< wdpdrO¾u
• ;E.s .ekSug tfrys jQ isoaOdka;
• ;udf.a ish¨ j;alï" wdodhï yd nerlïj,g wod< úia;r
fy<sorõ lsÍug we;s ne£u
89
B. uyck ksfhdað;hka i|yd wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla ilia lsÍu

uyck ksfhdað;hka i|yd jQ wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla cd;Hka;r m%ñ;sfhka
hq;=j ilia lsÍu" hdj;ald,sk lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu'
tys§ my; i|yka uyck ksfhdað;hka flfrys fjka fjkaj wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;=h'
i. md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre
ii. m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjre
iii. m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hka
2' rdcH fiajh ioyd jk iqms<smka jevms<sfj<

fuys my; i|yka rdcH wxYh i|yd jk iqms<smka jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul
lsÍu ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd,h u.ska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk pl%f,aL$.eiÜ m;%hla
u.ska isÿ l< hq;=h'
A. iqms<smka ks,Odßhl= ^ & ish¨ rdcH wdh;k

i|yd m;a lsÍu
m;a lsÍu
i. rdcH wdh;kfha udKav,sl ks,Odßka w;ßka f;dard.;a wfhl= iqms<smka

ii. ks,Odßhl= f,i m;a l< hq;=h'
iii. wdh;k m%Odkshd úiska ;u wdh;khg iqms<smka ks,Odßhd m;a lr

.ekSug j. n,d .; hq;=h'
ld¾hNdrh
i. iqms<smka ks,Odßhd ish rdcH wdh;kfha tÈfkod l%shdj,s wëlaIKh

l< hq;= w;r hï w,a,ila fyda ¥IKhla isÿ ùug bv we;s nj ksÍlaIKh
lrk úg ta ms<sn|j wdh;k m%Odkshd oekqj;a l< hq;=h'
ii. ish rdcH wdh;kh ;=< l%shd;aul jk l%ufõohka yd pl%f,aL

mÍlaIdjg ,la lsÍu yd tu l%ufõohka yd pl%f,aL wmeyeÈ,s yd
ixlS¾K iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ kï tajd meyeÈ,s yd ir, f,i kej;
ilia lsÍug wjYH mshjr .; hq;=h'
90
iii. ish rdcH wdh;kh ;=< l%shd;aul jk l%ufõohka yd pl%f,aL ms<sn|j

wdh;kfha ish¨ fiajlhka oekqj;a lsÍug wjYH mshjr .; hq;=h'
iv. wjYH wjia:dj,§ uyck;djg u. fmkaùu yd wjYH myiqlï iemhSu

i|yd myiqlï imhkafkl= ^Facilitating Officer& wdh;k m%Odkshdf.a u.
fmkaùu u; wdh;kh ;=<ska f;dard m;a lsÍug iqms<smka ks,Odßhd j.
n,d .; hq;=h'
v. tu myiqlï imhkakd u.ska ish wdh;kfhka fiajdjla ,nd .ekSug

meñfKk ck;dj fj; wdh;kfha tÈfkod l%shdj,sh yd wdh;kfhka
,nd fok fiajdjka ms<sn| wjYH wjia:dj,§ oekqj;a lsÍu" Wmfoia ,nd
§u yd u. fmkaùu l< hq;=h'
vi. ish rdcH wdh;kfhka ,nd fok fiajdjka ms<sn|j mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska
ilia lsÍug wod<j uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lsÍu'
vii. tfia ilia lrk ,o mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska wdh;kh ;=< meyeÈ,sj fmfkk
wdldrhg m%o¾Ykh lsÍug wjYH mshjr .; hq;=h'
viii. mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska ksis wdldrfhka l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH ish¨ mshjr
.; hq;=h'
ix. wdh;kh ;=< ksis wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH mshjr
.ekSu'
x. ¥IK je<elaùfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuka kshu lrkq ,nk ;E.s

ms<sn| Í;sj,g ish¨ fiajlhka wkq.;ùug wod< mshjr .ekSu'
xi. ¥IK je<elaùfï cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuka kshu lrkq ,nk ne¢hdjka
w;r .egqï ms<sn| Í;s ms<sn|j ish¨ fiajlhka wkq.;ùug wod< mshjr
.ekSu'
xii. j;alï nerlï m%ldY- j;alï nerlï kS;shg wod< wdh;kfha ish¨
fiajlhka thg wkq.; lsÍug wod< mshjr .ekSu'
B. rdcH wdh;k uÜgñka ¥IK ksjdrK lñgq we;s lsÍu

^Corruption Prevention Committees& msysgqùu
i. fuu lñgq rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxY u.ska ksrka;r iqmÍlaIKh l<

hq;=h' wka wud;HdxYj, ta i|yd iqmÍlaIK hdka;%K ilia l< hq;=h'
ii. wdh;kfha ish¨ wxY ksfhdackh jk mßÈ fuu lñgqjg idudðlhka

wdh;k m%OdkSka úiska m;a l< hq;=h'
91
ld¾hNdrh
i ish wdh;kh ;=< isÿ jk yd isÿ úh yels w,a,ia yd ¥IK wjia:d

wju lsÍu'
ii ish wdh;kh ;=< isÿ jk yd isÿ úh yels w,a,ia yd ¥IK wjia:d

je<elaùu'
iii ish wdh;kh i|yd wkkH jQ ÿIK je<elaùfï ie,eiaula ilia

lsÍu'
iv lñgqj úiska ;u wdh;kfha ¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiau l%shd;aul lrùug

wjYH ish¨ mshjr .; hq;=h'
v ÿIK je<elaùu wruqKq fldg .ksñka úúOdldrfhka jQ oekqj;a lsÍfï

jevigyka meje;aùu'
vi wjYH wjia:dj,§ iqms<smka ks,Odßhdg wjYH iyfhda.h ,nd Èh

hq;=h'
C. ¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiaula ilia lsÍug
ish¨ rdcH wdh;k i|yd ish wdh;khg wkkH jQ ¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiaula
ilia lsÍug kshu lsÍu'
i wod< ¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiau wdh;k uÜgñka ilia lr .ekSu i|yd

wjYH wjia:dj,§ w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka
iNdfõ ksjdrK tallfhka Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;=h'
ii tla tla wud;HdxYh hgf;a we;s wdh;kj, ¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiau

l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn|j wod< wud;HxYh ksrka;r ksÍlaIKhg ,la
l< hq;= w;r ta i|yd wjYH iqmÍlaIK hdka;%Kla ilia l< hq;=h'
iii rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxYh$m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k wud;HdxY

u.ska iuia; wëlaIKh isÿ lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;=h'
iv wdh;kh ;=< msysgqjd we;s ¥IK ksjdrK lñgqj úiska ;u wdh;kfha

¥IK úfrdaë ie,eiau l%shd;aul lrùug wjYH ish¨ mshjr .;
hq;=h'
92
D. mqrjeis m%{ma;s
rdcH wdh;k úiska ck;dj fj; imhkq ,nk fiajd ms<sn|j ck;dj
i;= fkdoekqj;alu iy wmeyeÈ,slu by< hk úg wl%ñl;dj,g we;s bvlv
jeä fõ' ishü rdcH wdh;kj, m%OdkSka úiska ;u wdh;kh ;=< w,a,i fyda
¥IKh isÿ ùug jeäfhkau wjodkula ;sfnk tall ljrlao hkak fidhd n,d
ta i|yd fya;= mdol jk ÿ¾j, pl%f,aL iy ud¾f.damfoaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug;a
uyck;djg ld¾hlaIuj yd b;du;au myiqfjka fiajh ,nd §ug;a mshjr
.ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h' w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd¦
i fiajd iemhSfï § uyck;dj iuÕ iDcqj iïnkaO jk rdcH wdh;k

;u fiajdjka ,nd§fï § uyck;dj wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr" bÈßm;a
l< hq;= f,aLk" iqÿiqlï" ta i|yd .; jk ld,h iy tla tla mshjr
i|yd wh lrk .dia;= ir,j yd meyeÈ,sj igyka fldg m%o¾Ykh
lsÍu yd uqøs;j m%isoaêhg m;a lsÍu'
ii wod< ld, iSudj blau .sh úg§ rdcH ks,Odßhd wod< fiajdj ,nd
§ug fkdyels kï Bg fya;= meyeÈ,s lr Èk ;=kla we;=<; ,sÅ;j
oekqï §ug lghq;= lsÍu'
iii tjeks ;SrKhla u.ska w.;shg m;a md¾Yajhg wyshdpkd uKav,hlg$

n,Odßfhl=g ^ta i|yd m;a lrk ,o& wNshdpkd lsÍfï whs;sh ysñ ùu'
iv tu uKav,h úiska tlS rdcH ks,Odßhdf.a ;SrKh úYaf,aIKhg

,lafldg th jerÈ iy.; fõ kï fyda iajNdúl hqla;s uQ,O¾uj,g
wkql+, fkdfõ kï wod< wdh;kfha m%Odkshdg jd¾;d fldg iqÿiq
mshjr .ekSu'
E. rcfha fiajlhka i|yd wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla ilia lsÍu
rdcH fiajlhka i|yd jQ wpdrO¾u moaO;shla ilia lsÍu yd wdh;k

ix.%yh cd;Hka;r m%ñ;sfhka hq;=j hdj;ald,sk lsÍu' tys§ my; lreKq flfrys
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu"
i iqms<smkaNdjhg wod< uQ,sl isoaOdka;

ii ne¢hdjka w;r .egqug wod< idrO¾u
iii ;E.s .ekSug tfrys jQ isoaOdka;
iv ;udf.a ish¨ j;alï" wdodhï yd nerlïj,g wod< úia;r
fy<sorõ lsÍug we;s ne£u
93
F. iqms<smka m%;s{dj we;=<;a ,dxPkhla y÷kajd §u'
i ;ud w,a,i yd ¥IKhg tfrys nj;a wka wh w,a,i yd ¥IKh isÿ lrkq
;ud bjikafka ke;s nj;a oelafjk m%;s{djla we;=<;a ,dxPkhla fï
i|yd Ndú; l< hq;=h'
ii th ish¨ uyck ksfhdað;hska yd rdcH fiajlhkag me,| isàug

wod< úOdk ksl=;a lsÍu'
G' w,a,iska ÿIKfhka f;dr l,dm f,i f;dard .;a wdh;k kï lsÍu'
i fuys§ uyck;dj ksrka;rfhka .ejfik ia:dk b,lal lr .ksñka

—w,a,iska yd ÿIKfhka f;dr l,dmhls˜ hkqfjka jels oelafjk
m%o¾Yk mqjre m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h'
ii ;jo fuu m%o¾Yk mqjre ,xldj ;=<g we;=¨q jk ish¨ f;dgqm<j,

m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h' ^Wod- .=jka f;dgqm<&
iii ish¨ rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska ish ksfjia bÈßfhao fuh m%o¾Ykh l<
hq;=h'
H. w,a,ia yd ¥IK jerÈ jd¾;d lsÍug l%ufõohla ilia lsÍu'
rdcH wdh;k ;=< w,a,i yd IKhg wod<j isÿ jk jerÈ by<

ks,Odßkag fyda iqÿiq wdh;kj,g jd¾;d lsÍug wod< l%ufõohla ilia lsÍu'
i iqms<smka .súiqula we;s lsßu'

iqms<smka .súiqu$m%;s{djlg ish¨ rdcH fiajlhka ne£ isàug l%shd
lsÍu'
94
3' úksiqrejrekaf.a yd wêlrK ks,OdÍkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
i. wdpdrO¾u yd Í;s y÷kajd §u'

ii. ne¢hdjka w;r .egqu ms<sn| Í;s y÷kajd §u'
iii. oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka meje;aùu'
iv. wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;Ska" wka;¾cd;sl m%ldYk" idOkSh yd ms<s.;a

l%ufõohka wkq.ukh lsÍug Èßu;a lsÍsu'
4' iuia; iudcfha" ;reKhkaf.a yd <uqkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'

w,a,ig yd ¥IKhg tfrys jvd;au ld¾hlaIu n,fõ.h jkafka iudchhs'
wkd.;fha§ w,a,i fyda ¥IKh iyuq,k s a msgoq lsk iudchla f.dvke.Sfï§ wjxl
nj yd iqm<s m
s kaNdjh ms<n
s |j idrO¾u <uhska iy ;reKhska ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu
w;HjYH fõ' úúO jhia lKavdhï j,g wh;a <uhska iy ;reKhska wruqKq lr
.;a jevigyka Èh;a lsÍu l< hq;h = ' mdi,a $ iriú wOHdmkh ;=<k s a iqm<
s m
s kaNdjh
m%p,s; lsÍug mshjr .; hq;h = '
5' fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iqms<smkaNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
i wdpdrO¾u yd Í;s y÷kajd §u'
ii oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka meje;aùu'
iii fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ¥IKhg tfrys jk mßÈ kS;s iïmdokhg

rch ne£ isàu'
6' oekqj;a lsÍfï yd woyia fhdackd ,nd .ekSfï jevuq¿
j¾;udk kS;sh" hym;a mqreÿ yd l%ufõo iïnkaOfhka oekqj;a lsÍfï

jevuq¿ ksrka;rfhka meje;aùu yd ld,fhka ld,hg w¨;a jk yd idOkSh
l%ufõohkag wkqj wmf.a kS;sfha yd l%ufõohka hdj;ald,sk lsÍug wod<j
ish¨ wxYj, iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;= woyia yd fhdackd ,nd .ekSu isÿ l< hq;=h'
i md¾,sfïka;= yd uka;%Ska yd wdKavqldrjreka i|yd

ii m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, idudðlhka i|yd
iii rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd
iv úksiqrejre yd wêlrK ks,OdÍka i|yd
95
v uyck;dj i|yd
vi mqoa.,sl wxYh i|yd
vii ;reKhka yd <uqka Wfoid
viii mdi,a yd úYaj úoHd, Wfoid
ix udOH yd isú,a iudch Wfoid
7' m%.;sh we.hSu ms<sn| úfYaI{ lñgqjla m;a lsÍu
fuu cd;sl iqms<smka ie,eiau ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn|j m%.;sh

we.hSu yd ta yd iïnkaO lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd ckdêm;s;=ud úiska úfYaI{
lñgqjla wjYH mßÈ m;a lsÍu'
96
16' cd;sl l%shdldrS ie,eiau l%shdjg kexùu ms<sno ckdêm;s f,alï pl%f,aLh
97
98
yhjk mßÉfPaoh
Tfí ±kqug ;jÿrg;a
17- ks;r wikq ,nk m%Yak

w,a,i hkq l=ulao @
w,a,i hkq ks, rdcldÍ lghq;= bgq lsÍfï§ rcfha ks,Odßfhl= fj;
,nd fok fyda rcfha ks,Odßfhl= b,a,kq ,nk ´kEu wdldrhl ;=gq m~qrls'
;=gq m~qrla hkq l=ulao @

pxp, fyda ksYap, foam<" udkisl ika;¾mkh" hï Oqrhla" /lshdjla"
fldka;%d;a;=jla" ´kEu wdldrfha f.ùula" fiajdjla" ,sx.sl m%;s,dNhla ;=gq m~qr
hkakg we;=<;a fõ'
rcfha ks,Odßhd hkq ljfrlao @

jegqmla ,nñka fyda fkd,nñka" rcfha ;k;=rla orñka" rcfha ld¾hhka
bgqlrkq ,nk ;eke;a;l= ñka woyia fõ'
w,a,ila ,nd .ekSug W;aidy oeÍu jrolao @

Tõ'
w;rueÈfhl= ud¾.fhka ikaf;dIula b,a,d isàu fyda ms<s.ekSu jrolao @

Tõ" hï ;eke;a;l=" ;u oekqj;aNdjfhka fyda leue;a; iys;j" Rcqj
fyda jl%j fjk;a wfhl= ;ud fjkqfjka lghq;= lrñka ;=gq m~qrla b,a,d isàu
fyda ,nd .ekSu jrols'
¥IKhla hkq l=ulao@

rcfha ks,Odßfhl=j isáñka is;du;du fyda oekqj;aNdjfhka hq;=j
rchg fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=g jerÈiy.; yd ks;Hdkql+, fkdjk whqßka mdvq
isÿ lsÍu fyda ;ukag fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=g jerÈiy.; fyda kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk m%;s,dNhka ,nd .ekSu ñka woyia fõ'
99
o~qjï fudkjdo@
rcfha ks,Odßfhl=j isáñka is;du;du fyda oekqj;aNdjfhka hq;=j
rchg fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=g jerÈiy.; yd kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk whqßka
mdvq isÿlsÍu fyda ;ukag fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;l=g jerÈiy.; fyda kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk m%;s,dNhka ,nd .ekSu ñka woyia fõ'
w,a,i i|yd
jir 7 lg fkdjeä nrm;< jev iys; isr o~qjï

re' 5"000$-g jeä fkdjk ovhla
;=gq m~qfrys jákdlu
j;alï ioyd
by; o~qjug wu;rj w,a,ia ud¾.fhka ,nd .;a uqo,g wvq

fkdjk ovhla yd tu uqo, fuka ;=ka .=Khlg jeä fkdjk ov
uqo,la'
w;am;a lr.;a foam< rdcika;l lsÍu'
¥IK ioyd
jir 10lg jeä fkdjk nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍula fyda remsh,a

,laIhlg fkdjeä ovuqo,la fyda wod< o~qjï folu
fjk;a úmdl ;sfío@
rdcH fiajfhka my lsÍu
rdcH fiajfha ;k;=rlg kqiqÿiq ùu
jir 7lg md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhl§ Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug fyda

uka;%Sjrfhl= jYfhka m;a ùug kqiqÿiq ùu
jir 5lg m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhl§ Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug fyda

iNslfhl= f,i m;a ùug kqiqÿiq ùu
100
rdcH ks,OdÍka ish j;alï fy<slsÍug kS;sfhka ne£ isào@
Tõ' rcfha ksYaÑ; fiajdjkays ks,Odßka iEu jirlu cqks 30jk Èk

jk úg tu jif¾ ud¾;= 31jk Èkg wod< j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYh bÈßm;a
lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ'
1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï kS;sfhys m%ldYs; jerÈ fudkjdo@
hï mqoa.,fhl="
m%ldY bÈßm;a fkdlrkafka kï

jerÈ f;dr;=re imhkafka kï
is;du;d f;dr;=re u.yßkafka kï
w,a,ia fldñIka iNdj fj; b,a,d isák f;dr;=re iemhSug

wfmdfydi;a jkafka kï"
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha mj;ajk kvq úNd.hlska jrolre l< úg re' 1"000$-lg

fkdjeä ov uqo,lg fyda nkaOkd.dr.; lSÍulg fyda tlS o~qjï folgu fyda
hg;a l< yel'
Wmqgd .ekSu
w,a,ia fyda oQIK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ ks, fjí wvúfhka
https://sinhala.ciaboc.gov.lk/contact/faqs
101
18- mqyqKqlrejkaf.a mßYS,khg wod< iïm;a ,ehsia;=j
kS;sÍ;s
3' 1994 wxl 19 ok w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd
mk;
5' 1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk;
6' 1982 wxl 12 ork fmdÿ foam< úIfhys,d isÿ lrk jerÈ ms<sn| mk;
7' 2006 wxl 5 ork uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je<elaùfï mk;
8' 2006 wxl 6 ork uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk;
9' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sjdislï mk;
10' 2018 wxl 19 ork cd;sl ú.Kk fldñIka iNd mk;
11' 1996 wxl 21 ork Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj mk;
12' 1981 wxl 17 ork mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia

mk;
13' 1948 wxl 17 ork mÍCIK fldñIka iNd mk; ^393 jk wêldrh &
14' 1978 wxl 7 úfYaI ckdêm;s mÍCIK fldñIka iNd kS;sh
15' wdh;k ix.%yh
16' uQ,H fr.=,dis
17' m%iïmdok ud¾f.damfoaY
102
pl%f,aLk
1' cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau ms<sno ckdêm;s f,alï pl%f,aLkh
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYk-
1' Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd jk cd;sl l%shdldÍ
ie,eiau
2' iqms<smka w;afmd;
3' ;E.s Í;s
4' ne¢hdjka w;r .egqu
5' ffk;sl ixfYdaOk iòyd jk fhdað; m%;sm;a;s
6'w,a,i yd ¥IKfhka f;dr fi!Nd.Hu;a Y%S ,xldjlg
jd¾;d
1' CIABOC Annual Report -2018
2' CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019
3' GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER 2019-SRI LANKA
cd;Hka;r iïuq;s
1' UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION
2' Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anti-Corruption Agencies
foaYSh f,aLk
1' újD; rdcH yjq,aldÍ;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ fojk cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
2019-2021
2' cd;sl iqms<smka ie,eiau
flá ùäfhda o¾Yk
1' w,a,i Tng Tnu lr.kakd wmydihls

2' f.or huq iqms<smka yoj;ska ^.S;h&
3' yd yd fyd|hs fyd|hs ^.S;h&
4' w,a,ig hg fkdjQ rdcH fiajlhd
5' w,a,ia fkdfok Tn
103
6' w,a,ia .kakd w; .sks.kshs

7' crdj mKqjkaf.a f;da;ekakhs
8' w,a,ia .kafkda mrïmrd .Kklg ks.dfok ïf,aÉPfhdah
9' ¥IKfha oïje, ì| ouuq
10' iqms<smka foaYhla lrd
w;sf¾l f;dr;=re i|yd in|;d
1' w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj-

https://www.ciaboc.gov.lk/
2' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a u;aøjH iy wmrdO ms<sn| wdh;kh -
https://www.unodc.org/
3' rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j mk;a yd .eiÜm;% i|yd&-
http://www.documents.gov.lk/
4' mk;a $kvq ;Skaÿ $cd;Hka;r iïuq;s i|yd-
https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/
5' Transparency International - www.transparency.org
6' Government Accountability Project-
www.whistleblower.org
7'Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption -
https://www.icac.org.hk/en
8' Anti-Corruption resource center - www.u4.no
104
105

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iqms<smka foaYhla lrd

iqms<smka mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍfï jevuq¿ ud,dj

iqms<smka foaYhla lrd

m%:u uqøKh - 2020 ud¾;=

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj

SWIES PRINT PACK

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ mKsjqvh

—¥IKh ysu .=,shla jeksh' th fmr<S hEu wdrïN jQ úg wksjd¾hfhkau

fmdÿ ck Ôú; u; úkdYldÍ f,i n,mEï lrñka ;sfnk ¥IKh

tfy;a kQ;k f,dalh ;=< ¥IKh ue~,Sfï ch.%yKhka w;alrf.k we;s

idrO¾u u; mokïjQ wOHdmkh yd m%cd iyNd.S;ajh hgf;a <uqka yd

Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl

iqms<smka foaYhla lrd

iqms,smka foaYhla lrd 06

fojk mßÉfPaoh - ¥IKh yÿkd.ekSu

f;jk mßÉfPaoh- ÿIKhg tfrys cd;Hka;rh

isõjk mßÉfPaoh- ¥IKhg tfrys Y%S ,dxlsl fm,.eiau

miajk mßÉfPaoh-¥IKh msgq±lSfï Y%S ,dxlsl ie,iqï

yhjk mßÉfPaoh-Tfí ±kqug ;jrÿg;a

iqms<smka foaYhla lrd

iqmsßisÿ rdcH fiajhla" fi!Nd.Hu;a foaYhla Wfoid rdcH fiajfha

a. w,a,i yd ¥IKh ksjdrKh l%ufõoh y÷kajd §u

02' j¾;udkfha oi jeoEreï rdcH m%;sm;a;sfha tla m%Odk m%;sm;a;shla jkafka

ii. rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh j¾Okh i|yd rdcH ks,Odßhd ;=<

tu wruqKq iïmQ¾K lr .ekSu i|yd ta ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjfhka hq;=

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhka 05lao

thg wu;rj mqyqKqlrejka i|yd wKmk;a f,aLk yd ùäfhda

mqyqKq jevigyka meje;aùug fmr fuu ish,a, uekúka mßYS,kh

kuq;a j¾;udkfha uyck;dj wúYajdifhka yd ielfhka fuu wdh;k

fmr Èk wm ñksiqka .ek muKla fkdj i;d isjqmdjd .yfld<" we<

wd.ka;=l i;aldrfhka wfkld .ek WKqjk yfoka hq;=j isá wm

ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia úiska foajdkï msh;siai rc;=udg myod ÿkafka

fï ish,a,u wo h<s h<s;a u;la lrkakg isÿj we;af;a fï ish¨ yrhka

lsisfjla n,d isáho fkdisáho jrola fkdlsÍug tu rgj, ñksiqka

wm rfÜ w;aoelSïo fujeksoehs wm wmf.kau úuid .; hq;= ld,h

r;= mdg ix{dj

ksoiqkla f,i rd;%S ld,hl mdf¾ .uka lrk úg lsisfjl=u fkdue;s

wo Èkfha§ fï iqms<smka nj .ek wm l;d l< hq;= jkafkau tys we;s

Oxford Yío fldaIh Integrity hkak w¾: olajkafka "The quality

iqms<smkaNdjh hkq l=ulao@ hkakg ksYaÑ; iïu; ks¾jpkhla fuf;la

iqms<smkaNdjh hkq ;udg i;Hjd§ ùuhs' wjxlNdjh jkdyS

iqms<smkaNdjh hkq myiq úl,amh iy ksjerÈ l%shdj w;ßka tlla

iqms<smkaNdjh hkq wkHhka Tnf.a l%shdj ms<sn| n,d fkdisák

by; ks¾jpk iy meyeÈ,s lsÍï

iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;= iqms<smkaNdjh- mqoa.,fhl=f.a

iqms<mkaNdjh yd neÿKq jákdlï

iqms<smkaNdjh yd ne£ we;s jákdlï f,i my; .=Kdx. y÷kd.;

iqms<smkanj hkq wjxl ùu iy Yla;su;a iodpdrd;aul yd iodpdrd;aul

fuu ikao¾Nh ;=<" iqms<smkaNdjh hkq wjxlNdjh iy pß;fha

iqms<smkaNdjfha m%Odk lreKq

iqms<smkanj ms<sn| ,dxlsl ms<s.ekSu-

ziqms<smkaZ hk jpkh ziqmámkakZ keu;s md,s jpkfhka ksIamkak jQ

fuu pß; ,CIKhkaf.ka fyì Y%S ,dxlslhka .ek b;sydifhkao wikakg

wiSre wjia:djkaysoS mjd iqms<smkanj wdrCId lsrSu

wiSre wjia:djl§ mjd ksjerÈ

uqyqfoys;a f.dvìfuys;a tl fia Ôj;a úh yels leianEjl=g È.= ld,Sk

The truth is still the

Buddha’s Teaching & Science

úfgl W. Clement Stone kï úoaj;d mjid we;af;a fufiah'

“ Have the courage to say no.

iqms<smka úh hq;af;a ljqrekao@

iqms<smka úh hq;af;a ljqrekao@ hk m%Yakfha§ mqoa.,hd muKla iqms<smka

1' mqoa.,hd iqms<smka úh hq;=h