 Fr.

Salvador Font, Augustinian Cura of Tondo :

printed his report ; believing that his critique
of the novel will discredit it.
 Fr. Jose Rodriguez : published a pamphlet in
1888 entitled Caiingat Cayo (Beware) :
attacked the “Noli”; warned the readers that
whoever reads it “commit mortal sins
inasmuch as the said book is full of heresy.”

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 Vicente Barrantes : Spanish writer ; his
criticism of the Noli was published in a Madrid
newspaper, La España Moderna, in January,
1890.
 Vida and Pando : Spanish senators ; attacked
the novel during the parliamentary debates.
 Gen. Salamanca : member, lower house of
the Spanish Cortes, also came out against the
Noli
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 Marcelo H. del Pilar : editor of the La
Solidaridad ; writing under the pen name
Dolores Manapat, published a pamphlet
entitled Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an Eel)
 Fr. Francisco Sanchez : Rizal’s beloved Jesuit
professor, defended the novel in public.
 Don Segismundo Moret : Former President,
Council of Ministers, read and liked the novel
very much
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 Rev. Vicente Garcia : “unexpected defender” ; a
theologian of the Manila Cathedral, Filipino
Catholic priest-scholar.
 Fr. Garcia : writing under the pen name Justo
Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense of the
Noli which was published as an appendix to a
pamphlet dated July 18, 1898

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 Rizal cannot be called an “ignorant man”
because he was a graduate of Spanish
universities and was a recipient of scholastic
honors.
 Rizal does not attack the Catholic Church and
Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because
what Rizal attacked in the Noli were the “bad
Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad
and corrupt friars, and not the Church.”
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 Father Rodriguez said that those who read the
novel commit a mortal sin ; since he
(Rodriguez) had read the Noli, therefore, he
also commits a mortal sin

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 During the days when the Noli was the subject
of a heated controversy between the friars and
the friends of Rizal, all copies of it were sold
out and the price per copy soared to an
unprecedented level (Rizal said that the price
he set was five pesetas[equivalent to one peso)
per copy ; later, the price rose to fifty pesos)

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• Rizal stayed for 5 years in Europe
• He remained at the heart a true Filipino
• Returned to PH in August 1887
• Practised medicine in Calamba
• Noli was resented by his enemies
• Rizal was warned not to return to PH after
publication of Noli
• Rizal’s reasons for returning:
– Operate on his mother’s eyes
– Serve his people – oppressed by the Spaniards
– To find out how Noli affected the Filipinos & Spaniards
in PH
– Inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent

• Blumentritt to Rizal - live in Madrid & continue to

write from there
• Marseilles – a French port that Rizal rode from
Rome
• Djemnah – Haiphong
– Played chess
– Rizal as an interpreter
– Djemnah =Orient via Suez Canal –Aden =Saigon
– Haiphong – Manila

• Rizal found Manila the same as he left it

• Rizal: welcomed affectionately; also worried
about his safety
– Paciano did not leave him on his first day of arrival
– Don Francisco did not let him go out alone

• He established a medical clinic in Calamba

– First patient - Dona Teodora (his mother)
– Operated eyes; could not perform surgery because her
eye cataracts were not ripe
– called “Doctor Uliman” – he came from Germany
– P900 – P5000 medical fees
• Rizal opened a gymnasium & introduced
European sports
– Fencing and shooting – discourage cockfights &
gambling

• Rizal’s one failure (6 months – Calamba) –

unable to see Leonor Rivera
– Tried to go to Dagupan
– Leonor’s parents forbade him to go – son-in-law
– Custom – Marriage arranged by parents of both bride
& groom
 Between this Spanish bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel
de Andrade, and Rizal, a beautiful friendship
arose.
 Later, Taviel de Andrade wrote, “Rizal was
refined, educated, and gentlemanly...”
 What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba
with Lt. Andrade were : 1) the death of his sister
Olimpia ; and 2) the groundless tales circulated
by his enemy that “he was a German spy, an
agent of Bismarck, a soul beyond salvation, etc..”

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 Gov. Terrero : ordered a government
investigation of the friar estates to remedy
whatever inequities might have been present in
connection with the taxes and tenant relations.
 Calamba Hacienda : owned by the Dominicans
since 1833.
 The Calamba folks sought the help of Rizal in
gathering the facts and listing their grievances
against the hacienda management

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 The hacienda of the Dominican Order
comprised not only the lands around
Calamba, but also the town of Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order.
continually increased because of the arbitrary
increase of rentals paid by the tenants.
 The hacienda owner never contributed a
single centavo for the celebration of the town
fiesta, for the education of the children, and
for the improvement of agriculture.
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 Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing
the lands were dispossessed of the said lands
for flimsy reasons.
 High rates of interest were charged the
tenants for delayed payment of rentals, and
when the rentals could not be paid, the
hacienda management confiscated their
carabaos, tools, and homes.

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 Rizal’s “exposure” of the deplorable
conditions of tenancy in Calamba infuriated
further his enemies.
 The friars asked Gov. Terrero to deport Rizal,
but the latter refused since there was no valid
charge against Rizal in court.
 Gov. Terrero “advised” Rizal to leave the
Philippines for his own good

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 Rizal was compelled to leave Calamba for two
reasons :
1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
the safety and happiness of his family and
friends;
2. He could better fight his enemies and serve
his country’s cause with greater efficacy by
writing in foreign countries.

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 Hymn to Labor: Rizal’s poem dedicated to the
industrious folks of Lipa in commemoration
of the town’s elevation to a villa (city)

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 “ I left my country in order to give my relatives
peace. I am at any rate once more in a free
land, breathing the free air of Europe” – Jose
Rizal

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 February 3, 1888 : Rizal left Manila for
Hongkong. He was “sick and sad.”
 He did not get off his ship when it made a
stopover at Amoy for three reasons :
1. He was not feeling well ;
2. It was raining hard ;
3. He heard that the city was dirty.

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 During his stay in Hongkong, Rizal wrote a
letter to Blumentritt (dated February 16,
1888), expressing his bitterness :
 “My countrymen offered me money to leave
the islands. They asked me to do so not only
for my own interest but also theirs, for I have
many friends and acquaintances whom they
would have deported with me to Balabag or
Mariana Islands. Thus, half-sick, I bade a hasty
farewell to my family.
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 In Hongkong, Rizal stayed at the Victoria
Hotel.
 Jose Sainz de Varanda : former secretary of
Gov. Terrero, “shadowed Rizal’s movement in
Hongkong.”

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 February 18 : Rizal, accompanied by Jose
Maria Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-
Kiang for Macao .
 Macao : Portuguese colony near Hong Kong.
 According to Rizal, “The City of Macao is
small, low, and gloomy. There are many junks,
sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and is
almost dead.”

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 In Macao, Rizal stayed at the home of Don
Juan Francisco Lecaros, last Filipino delegate
to the Spanish Cortes.
 During his two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal
visited the theater, casino, cathedral and
churches, pagodas, botanical garden, and
bazaars. He also saw the famous “Grotto of
Camoens, Portugal’s national poet.
 February 21 : Rizal and Basa returned to
Hong Kong
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 Rizal wrote down in his diary the following
experiences :
1. Noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year;
2. Boisterous Chinese theater ;
3. The marathon “lauriat party”
4. The Dominican Order was the “richest
religious order in Hong Kong.”
5. Of the cemeteries, that of the Protestants
“were the most beautiful because of its well-
groomed plants and pathways.”
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 February 22, 1888 : Rizal left Hong Kong on
board the Oceanic, and American steamer
 destination : Japan

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 “ Japan has pleased me. The most beautiful
scenery, the flowers, the trees, the inhabitants
– so peaceful, so courteous, so pleasant..”
 Japan : “Land of the Cherry Blossoms”

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 February 28, 1888 : Rizal arrived in Yokohama
; registered at Grand Hotel
 The next day, he proceeded to Tokyo, where he
stayed from March 2 – March 7.

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 Rizal was impressed by the city of Tokyo
 He wrote to Prof. Blumentritt : “ Tokyo is more
expensive than Paris. The walls are built in
cyclopean manner. The streets are large and
wide (March 4, 1888)
 Shortly after Rizal’s arrival in Tokyo, he was
visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of
the Spanish Legation. The latter invited him
to live at the Spanish Legation.
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 Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons :
1. He could economize his living expenses by
staying at the legation ;
2. He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of
the Spanish authorities.
 During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was
embarrassed because he did not know the
Japanese language so he decided to study it.
 Being a born linguist, Rizal was able to speak
Japanese in a few days.

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 One cool afternoon in March, 1888, Rizal was
promenading in a street of Tokyo near a park.
 As he approached the park, Rizal heard the
Tokyo Band playing a classical work of
Strauss. He was impressed by the superb
performance of the Western music.

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 During a rest, some members of the band
began to converse. To Rizal’s utter surprise,
they were talking in Tagalog. He approached
them and said, “Paisano, taga saan po kayo?”
 The musicians were equally surprised and
delighted to meet him. They told him they
were Filipinos and that the principal
instruments in the band were played by
Filipinos.
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 Rizal was “favorably impressed by Japan”
 The things which favorably impressed Rizal in Japan were :
1. The beauties of the country – its flowers, mountains, streams,
and scenic panoramas;
2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people;
3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese
women;
4. There were “very few thieves in Japan” so that the houses
remain open day and night, and in the hotel room, one can safely
leave money on the table;
5. Beggars were “rarely seen in city streets” unlike Manila and
other cities.

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 popular mode of transportation : rickshaws
drawn by men; Rizal felt disgusted at the way
a human being like a horse.

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 One spring morning in March, 1888, Rizal
entered a big store in Yokohama to buy
something. The store was owned by Usui-
San, former samurai.
 A lovely young woman was then at the store
at that time. Rizal asked her if she knew
English. She replied in the affirmative. In fact,
she was fluent in Japanese, French, and
English
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 After buying what he needed, he left. He was
impressed by the girl’s cameo-like beauty,
charming tenderness, and high intelligence.
 She had told him that she was Seiko Usui,
that she was the daughter of the store owner,
and that she learned English and French from
her private tutors.
 Lonely and homesick in a foreign land, Rizal
succumbed to the siren call of romance.
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 O- Sei-San (pet name) was more than a
sweetheart ; she taught Rizal the art of Japanese
painting and improved his knowledge of the
Japanese language and literature.
 Rizal and O-Sei-San attended several kabuki
plays. Rizal was deeply moved by the chivalrous
spirit of Amagawaya Gihei, hero of the play
Chushinggura, so that he painted a scene
depicting his heroic death to save the life of the
lord.

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 April 13, 1888 : Rizal boarded the Belgic, an
English steamer, bound for the United States.
 Rizal left Japan with a heavy heart, for he
would not see O-Sei-San anymore (Rizal was
almost tempted to settle down in Japan).
 One of Rizal’s fellow passengers were Tetcho
Suheiro (Japanese newspaperman ; jailed twice
for writing articles against the government.)
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 Suheiro admired Rizal for his kindness and
genius.
 Later, Suheiro published his books :
1. Deaf Traveler ; in which he mentioned of is
travel with Dr. Rizal from Yokohama to
London via America;
2. Storm Over the Southern Sea : plot is similar
to the Noli ; hero was named Takayama
(Ibarra in the Noli)
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 April 28, 1888 : The Belgic docketed at San
Francisco
 All passengers were not allowed to land
because US health authorities placed the ship
under quarantine on the ground that it came
from the Far East were a cholera epidemic
was alleged to be raging
 Rizal soon discovered that the placing of the
ship under quarantine was for political
reasons (it was carrying 643 Chinese coolies)
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 May 4, 1888 : Rizal registered at the Palace
Hotel (first class hotel in SF)
 Rizal : mentioned in his diary Leland
Standford (founder and benefactor of
Standford University)
 Rizal stayed in SF from May 4 – 6, 1888
 Grover Cleveland : US President

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 May 6, 1888 : Rizal left SF for Oakland by
ferry boat
 Rizal took his supper at Sacramento for 75
cents and slept at his coach
 May 7 : Arrival at Reno, Nevada (“The Biggest
Little City in the World”)

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 May 8 : Arrival Ogden (Utah)
 Denver : clock is set 1 hour ahead of time
(DST)
 Salt Lake City
 May 9 : Colorado ; many pines
 May 10 : Nebraska; reached Omaha
 Missouri River : twice as big as Pasig River

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 May 11 : Arrival Chicago (Illinois) ; every cigar
store has an Indian figure, always different
 May 12 : Canada ; Niagara Falls (not as
beautiful as the falls at Los Banos but bigger,
more imposing
 May 13 : Albany ; Hudson River

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 May 13 : Rizal reached New York (“The Big
Town”)
 Rizal was awed and inspired by the memorial
to George Washington (“a great man, who
has no equal in his country”)
 May 16, 1888 : Rizal left New York for
Liverpool on board the City of Rome (“second
largest ship in the world”)
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1. material progress ;
2. drive and energy of the American people ;
3. Natural beauty of the land ;
4. High standard of living ;
5. Opportunities for better life

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 Racial discrimination : “America is a land par
excellence but only for the whites.”

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