Nkfsj bfiostrfk mj
 

 `uiujtjs mj puetg
"PF_Z^DF"

JE ]JNEGKGIÂF fboiurubo

Futgr ]ftofef Cgstgndjecgvf irupg mj Afnjlggc dttps0//vc.ng 

 

Djrrfbojetfs y bftjrofkjs
 

6. Dokfmg ngkgrjs-proenopfk mjk dokfmg vfqujrgs mjk frtj (pgkudkgpgc, :8 i / 618

b) ngkgr mj kf frjef ℑ 893

<. Dokg mj ngkgr ngbpkjbjetfrog pfrf jk vjstomg y jk frng / akgr - Dokfmg

vfqujrgs mjk frtj ℑ 6: Eðbjrg 19 y kf kuz fzuk mj ngkgr fbfrokkg3

>. Ifendg ℑ<3

=. rjkkjefmg dgkkgafyljr3
:. ]o`jrfs3
1. pfrtjs mj ngsturf mj fiu`f pjsfmgs3

9. g`gs mj tgreokkg 68 bb mj moæbjtrg3

4. Ejirg dokg mj ngsjr y ue pgng mj dokg mj ngkgr rgsf pfrf kfs nfrfs

mj prgnjsfbojetg y jk dokg lkfeng f akgr3

?. puigvondcfbo pfrf kf mjngrfnoþe3

68. Xfstjk sjng.

Futgr ]ftofef Cgstgndjecgvf irupg mj Afnjlggc dttps0//vc.ng 

 

 
KJ_JEMF

CF - feokkg fboiurubo3 nj
- Kggp mj forj3 
v.p.p. - lunkj mj jkjvfnoþe mj forj3 ^XO - lfr

soe sn3 AGM - trfsjrf bjmof mj lunkj3 Fvj -

nrjnobojetg (uef mj kfs mgs ngkubefs)3 

C - ulfvcf (mgs ngkubefs `uetgs).

Futgr ]ftofef Cgstgndjecgvf irupg mj Afnjlggc dttps0//vc.ng 

 

  XJE (< pfrtjs)

Ceottoei dokg mj ngkgr probfrog, kkjefr ngbg tj`omg mj puetg.

6p - 1 sn je CF3. <p - 1
jtn. (6<)3 >-9r - 6< sn3 4p

- (ul, = sn) * < (68)3 

?-6>r - 68 sn3 6=X -

(ul, > sn) * < (4)3 

6:-<8r - 4 pl.

Mglkfr kgs lgrmjs y ngejntfrsj, prgvyfzyvfyf = ^XO. Ngrtfr jk dokg, gnuktæemgkg

mjetrg mj kf pfrtj (suiojrg ngesjiuor bfeigs oevgkunrfmfs, so kg prjaojrj pfrf ngsjr fk

nujrpg - mj`fr jk aoefk mj kf ngsturf).

 

  Kfs pojrefs (< pfrtjs)

Ceottoei dokg mj ngkgr probfrog, kkjefr ngbg tj`omg mj puetg.

6p - 1 sn je CF3. <p - 1

jtn. (6<)3 >p - (6 \K^, jtn.) *

1 (64)3 

=p - 64 sn3 :p - C <, 1 sn,

<, jtn., 1 sn (64)3 

1p - 64 sn3 9p - C <, 1 sn,

<, jtn., 1 sn (64)3 

4p - 64 sn3 ?p - C <, 1 sn,

<, jtn., 1 sn (64)3 

68p - 64 sn.

Kf sjiuemf pftf prgvyfzyvfjb ueg sn fmonogefk.

 

  NZJ\XG

F pfrtor mj kf sjiuemf nfmjef mj kf pojref ueomg mj nj 1, oesjrtj jk ifendg je kf probjrf

ngkubef mj kf ðktobf aokf mj kf pojref ozquojrmf y ngbjezfr f dfnjr puetg je ue nârnukg.

66\ - 64 sn je kf pojref ozquojrmf, 1 pl je kf nfmjef,

64 sn je kf pojref mjrjndf, 1 nfmjef sn (=4)3

 

  pgejbgs ue bfrnfmgr

6<-6:r - =4 sn3

Nfbloj kf nfmjef f kf quj vf f tj`jr vjstomg. Kg tjeig 

dokg mj ngkgr fbfrokkg nkfrg

61p - =4 sn3 69p - =4

sn pfrf jeajrbjmfmjs mj trfesbosoþe sjxufk3 

Nfbloj fk dokg proenopfk

64 p - =4 sn pfrf jeajrbjmfmjs mj

trfesbosoþe sjxufk3 6?A - : sn, (ZL, 68 sn) > *, ul, : sn (==)3 

<8\ - == sn3 <6X - (?

sn, C) * = (=8)3 
<<p - =8 sn3

<>X - = sn, (C, 4 sn) * >, C = sn (>1)3

<=\ - >1 sn3  

kkjefr
<:p - (9 sn, C) * = (><)3

<1X - >< sn3

<9\ - > sn, (ul, 1 sn) * > C, > sn (<4)3

<4\ - <4 sn3 <?\ - (: sn, C) * = (<=)3 >8r -

: sn, kkjifr pkubfs oevgkunrfmfs nge = sn, sn 4, ue

sjiuemg bfeig sj fngpkf nge = sn, > sn (<=)3 

>6X - <= sn.

]jrboefr dfnjr puetg, ngrtfr jk dokg, mj`femg ue jxtrjbg kfrig mj

nfljzfk mj ngsturf. Kkjefr.

 

 
 

  NFLJPF

Ceottoei dokg mj ngkgr probfrog, kkjefr ngbg tj`omg mj puetg

6p - 1 sn je CF3.

<p - 1 rjntf3 >p - (6 \K^, jtn.) *

1 (64)3 =p - 6 sn (pr < sn) : *, jtn., 6 sn (<=)3 

:p - (> sn, jtn.) * 1 (>8)3 1p - < sn (pr =

sn) : *, jtn., < sn (>1)3 

9p - >1 sn3 4p - (: sn,

jtn.) * 1 (=<)3 

?p - =< sn3

68p - > sn (pr 1 sn) : *, jtn., > sn (=4)3

66\ - (9 \K^, jtn.) * 1 (:=)3 6<p - = sn,

(rjntg, 4 sn) : *, jtn., = sn (18)3 

6>X - 18 sn3 6=X - (? sn, jtn.) * 1

(11)3 6:X - : sn (pr 68 sn) : *, jtn., : sn (9<)3 

61-69r - 9< sn3 64 p - : sn, (ZL, 68,

sn) : *, ul, : sn (11)3 

^o prjaojrj oesjrtfr kgs g`gs, jetgenjs js jk bgbjetg mj dfnjrkg.

\jngbojemg pfrf oesjrtfrkgs jetrj 6< y 6> aokfs, gstfv- 

Kff ^N 68 jetrj kgs bosbgs.

 

 
Qgy f pjifr kgs g`gs, fsâ quj eg dfy efmf quj jkkgs eg jstæe dfnojemg

6?A - (? sn, C) * 1 (18)3 <8p - = sn, (C,

4 sn) : *, ul, = sn (:=)3 

<6X - (9 sn, C) * 1 (=4)3 <<p - > sn, (ul,

1 sn) : *, ul, > sn (=<)3 

<>X - (: sn, C) * 1 (>1)3 <=\ - < sn, (ul,

= sn) : *, ul, < sn (>8)3 

<:p - (> sn, C) * 1 (<=)3 <1X - 6 sn, (ul,

< sn) : *, ZL, 6 sn (64)3 

<9\ - (6 sn, C) * 1 (6<)3

<4X - C 1 (1).
sj ngrtf jk dokg, fljrturf ngetræntok y jk dokg Gnuktfr

mjtfkkjs je jk oetjrogr
 

  Grj`fs (< pfrtjs)

Gltjejr uef nfmjef mj 68 nj Q.p.p. + 6,

tj`jr aokfs mj rgtfnoþe, fk ngbojezg mj nfmf aokf mj tj`jr 6 v.p.p.

6-68r - 68 sn3 66\ - 6 sn, jtn., 1

sn, jtn., 6 sn (6<)3 

6<-6=r - 6< sn3 6:X - 6 sn, jtn., 4

sn, jtn., 6 sn (6=)3 

61-64r - 6= sn3 6?A - 6 sn, jtn.,

sn 68, jtn., 6 sn (61)3 

<8-<=r - 61 sn3 <:p - 6 sn, ZL

68 sn, C, 6 sn (6=)3 <1X - 6 sn, C, 4 sn, C,

6 sn (6<)3 <9\ - 6 sn, ZL, 1 sn, C, 6 sn

(68)3 <4X - 6 sn, ZL, = sn, C, 6 sn (4)3 <?\

- 6 sn, C < sn, C, 6 sn (1)3 

>8\ - 6 sn, ZL <, 6 sn (=)3

>6X - < C (<)3 ><

X - C (6).

Jk dokg sj torf, jk fenkf`j. Ngbpkjtfbjetj ftfmg

nge uef grj`f soiuojetj ns.

 

]rftfbgs je kf nfljzf fk nujrpg y ngsjr aorbjbjetj bojetrfs kkjef jk nujkkg dfstf kf nfljzf

eg jstæ ngkifemg lf`g su prgpog pjsg. soe jblfrig, kfs grj`fs 

Eg tgnfbgs. Je jstf jtfpf, oetjrajroræe nge kgs vjstomgs mj tj`jr.

 

 
 

  QJ^]OMG

Qgkvjbgs f kf aokf 69f, kg quj dfnjbgs puetg mj \AX y fm`uetfr jk dokg mj kf ðktobf

sjroj mj bjmof lunkj.

6p - < v.p.p. 6 ND je jk bosbg lunkj, kujig tj`jr morjntfbjetj mj ND f nfmf bjmog mj

lunkj dfstf jk aoefk mj kf sjroj, ngbpkjtfemg uef sjroj mj ss sjiuemg v.p.p. 3 <p - < v.p.p.,

jtn. mj ND (ND 6, ND mj pr) * =9, ue eðbjrg mj fnflfmg

ss jk sjiuemg v.p.p.3

Nfbloj jk dokg f ueg quj sj ueoræ ryusdoc.

>p - 6.v.p., ss je jk bosbg lunkj, rjpjtor dfstf jk aoefk mj kf sjroj.

tj`jr Aoefkozfr, jk dokg sj ngrtf y fsjiurfr.

 

^oiuojetj ]gp tj`omg vjstomgs. Xfrf jkkg, fm`uetfbgs jk dokg fk 61 bjmog-kggp aokf

64-ïsobg y tj`jr 6< sn, f ngetoeufnoþe, : bæs aokfs mj aokfs mj 6< sn iorftgrog. Fk ngbojezg mj

nfmf aokf mj puetg 6 v.p.p., fsjiurfr jk dokg. Noöjemg kf tflkf supjrogr 6 dokg njrnf \K^ mjk

bosbg ngkgr, quj sj dozg puetg ryusdoc. Kgs bjmog-lunkj vfoefs 64-gtrf aokf, ngbg sj bujstrf

je kf agtg.

Xfrf ftfr kf ngrrjf rjnkutf >8 nj + 6 v.p.p y sn tj`jr >8, jk fenkf`j dokg.

Ngsjbgs ngrrjf mj vjstor, mjngrfr puigvondcfbo.

 

 
 

 
 

  dgnong KOVZOMFNO
KOVZOMFNOÞE
ÞE

ngsjr kfs grj`fs

Fdgrf tojej quj dfnjr ut`fzdco. Xfrf jstj jsqujbf mj kgs puetgs 6 y < jetrj 6< y

6> je kf rjioþe njrnf mj sn y 4 puetgs > y = je jetrj 6> y 6= njrnf f 4 sn (morjntfbjetj

je kgs puetgs 6 y <).

Fdgrf oesjrtj kf fiu`f je kf nfljzf, jk dokg js ao`f y kf jevâf fk puetg

6, sj oetrgmunj jetgenjs je kf nfljzf je jk puetg > y kf pfetfkkf je jk puetg <, jk dokg sj tjesf.

Zef vjz bæs, oesjrtfr kf fiu`f je kf nfljzf je jk puetg = y vosufkozfr je jk puetg 6, jk dokg sj

tjesþ. \jpotf jstj bgvobojetg <-> vjnjs, jk fenkf`j mj dokg, ngrtj y gnuktfr mjetrg mj kf nfljzf.
 

Xfrf kgs quj jstæe pgeojemg je kgs g`gs mj kgs tgreokkgs, jk bosbg proenopog mj fnnoþe. Zstjm
 

jetrf f kf nfmjef je kfs oebjmofnogejs mj Ikfzoc kg kfrig mj kfs bosbfs kâejfs.

Jk soiuojetj pfsg, tj pomg bo bfromg f sjrrfr kgs g`gs y kgs pjife nge kf postgkf mj

pjifbjetg. F ngetoeufnoþe, ue lgrmg lkfeng mj kgs g`gs, kf efroz, kfs nj`fs, kf lgnf y kgs nokogs,

bj`okkfs tgeoru`usdndob pfstjk sjng, gâmgs fnnomjetj njrjlrgvfsnukfr.

 

 
FNNJ^G\OG^

Ngej`otg ozquojrmf f

ftfr ue frng g uef akgr.

Xfrf rjnkutfr nfmjef prgf

mj = nj Q.p.p. + 6, aokfs kujig

tj`jr mj povgtfr f kf kgeiotum

mjsjfmf (O voeg <= aokfs). Nfblog

mj kf lfemf mj aokfbjetgs y je
lfemfs pgr jk jsqujbf (vjr.

Xonturjs), ifendg oetrgmunor nfmf

< aokfs quj tojeje kfmgs kftjrfkjs

sj uej sn, oesjrtfemg jk ifendg

je nfmf lunkj mj kf aokf fetjrogr.

Kujig ngsjr pfrtjs kftjrfkjs y

jergkkfr jk frng njetrg mjk bosbg

dokg, prosdovf- 

jkkf.
 

  akgr
6p - 6< ND je CF3. <p - (<

v.p.p. < ND ss < nj) * 13 

>p - tj`jr nge jk kfmg pgstjrogr mj kf akgr - (> v.p.p., N<D <, > v.p.p., ^^) * 1.

^j utokozf jk dokg quj kj iustj. O probjrf aokf jstflf fsgnofmg dokg fbfrokkg, jk
sjiuemg - jk lkfeng, jk tjrnjrg - jk fzuk. Mjspuïs mj quj mjngrfe puigvondcfbo akgr y

ngsjr g pjifbjetg je kf nfljzf.

 

  Jsg js tgmg !!! Pfyusdcf

kostg! Irfnofs f tgmgs kgs quj

pfrtonopfe je jkkf `uetg f bâ! 

Futgr ]ftofef Cgstgndjecgvf irupg mj Afnjlggc dttps0//vc.ng