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JHRPHWULDVHQYROYLGDVQHVVHWUDQVSRUWH1HVWH&DStWXORVHUmRDERUGDGDVDV
SULQFLSDLV JHRPHWULDV GH HVFRDPHQWR HQYROYHQGR R IOX[R GH IOXLGRV
QHZWRQLDQR H QmR QHZWRQLDQRV QR UHJLPH SHUPDQHQWH VRE WHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVWDQWH

(VFRDPHQWRVREUHXP3ODQR,QFOLQDGR

$ PDLRU SDUWH GRV SURFHVVRV GH UHYHVWLPHQWR GH SODFDV RX FKDSDV
XWLOL]D XP GRV VHJXLQWHV SURFHGLPHQWRV LPHUVmR GR VXEVWUDWR QXP PHLR
OtTXLGRDSOLFDomRGRUHYHVWLPHQWRYLDSLQFHOURORRXSLVWRODHSRUPHLRGR

112
HVFRUULPHQWR GR PDWHULDO UHYHVWLGRU IXQGLGR VREUH R VXEVWUDWR D VHU
SURWHJLGR 4XDOTXHU TXH VHMD R SURFHVVR R REMHWLYR p FRQVHJXLU XPD
FDPDGD UHYHVWLGRUD GH HVSHVVXUD XQLIRUPH GLVWULEXtGD DR ORQJR PDWHULDO
7RGRV HVVHV SURFHVVRV GH UHYHVWLPHQWR SRGHP GH XPD IRUPD JHQpULFD H
VLPSOLILFDGDVHUFRUUHODFLRQDGRVFRPRHVFRDPHQWRGHXPIOXLGRVREUHXP
SODQRLQFOLQDGRFXMRHVTXHPDpPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD

$ VROXomR SDUD R SUREOHPD GR HVFRDPHQWR GH XP IOXLGR VREUH R

SODQR LQFOLQDGR PRVWUDGR QD )LJXUD  LQLFLDVH SHOD H[HFXomR GH XP
EDODQoRGHIRUoDVQR HVWDGR HVWDFLRQiULRVREUH R HOHPHQWRGLIHUHQFLDOGH
YROXPHUHWkQJXORHVFXURGHHVSHVVXUDG[FRPSULPHQWR/HODUJXUD:

)LJXUD'HWDOKHVGRHVFRDPHQWRVREUHXPSODQRLQFOLQDGRGHFRPSULPHQWR/

%DODQoRGHIRUoDVVREUHRHOHPHQWRGLIHUHQFLDOGHYROXPH

6REUH R HOHPHQWR GLIHUHQFLDO GH YROXPH DWXDP DV IRUoDV GH

FLVDOKDPHQWR H JUDYLWDFLRQDO (VVD ~OWLPD D SULQFLSDO UHVSRQViYHO SHOR
HVFRDPHQWRGRIOXLGR1RHTXLOtEULR

IRUoDJUDYLWDFLRQDO IRUoDGHFLVDOKDPHQWR

RXVHMD

113
 =  ‘       

HPTXH[pDPHGLGDIHLWDGHVGHDVXSHUItFLHVXSHULRUGRIOXLGRHPGLUHomR
DRSODQRLQFOLQDGRLpDGLUHomRGR HVFRDPHQWR MpDGLUHomRTXHDIHWD R
PRYLPHQWR H   D FRPSRQHQWH GD JUDYLGDGH QD GLUHomR GR HVFRDPHQWR
VHUiGDGDSRU

 =  = lì

$(TXDomRWHPVXDYDOLGDGHGHSHQGHQWHGRIDWRGHTXH = 0 HP
‘ = 0HGHYHVHULJXDODGDjHTXDomRFRQVWLWXWLYDGHFDGDIOXLGRRXDRTXH
UHVWDU GD VLPSOLILFDomR GD HTXDomR GR PRYLPHQWR SDUD D JHRPHWULD HP
TXHVWmR SDUD TXH VHMDP GHWHUPLQDGRV R SHUILO GH YHORFLGDGH H D YD]mR
YROXPpWULFDGRIOXLGRGXUDQWHRHVFRDPHQWR

6LPSOLILFDo}HV

 &RQVLGHUDQGR TXH D ODUJXUD GD SODFD Z p PXLWR PDLRU TXH D

HVSHVVXUD  GD FDPDGD GH IOXLGR SRGHVH FRQVLGHUDU QmR KDYHU
HVFRDPHQWRQDGLUHomR\$VVLP

½ = 0

 6HDSODFDQmRIRUSRURVDQmRKDYHUiHVFRDPHQWRHP[2XVHMD

² = 0

 &RPR  DVVXPHYDORUHVGLIHUHQWHVDRORQJRGH[VHQGRPi[LPDHP
‘ = 0HQXODHP‘ = HQWmR

 =  (‘)

 $ SUHVVmR 3 p FRQVWDQWH DR ORQJR GH WRGD D VXSHUItFLH GH

114
HVFRDPHQWR H QmR YDULD FRP [ GDGD D SHTXHQD HVSHVVXUD  FRP R
HVFRDPHQWRVHQGRGHYLGRDSHQDVjDomRGDJUDYLGDGH

'HWHUPLQDomRGR3HUILOGH9HORFLGDGH

6ROXomRSDUDR)OXLGR1HZWRQLDQR

3DUD XP IOXLGR QHZWRQLDQR H GH DFRUGR FRP DV VLPSOLILFDo}HV

DSUHVHQWDGDV D HTXDomR GR PRYLPHQWR HP WHUPRV GD WHQVmR GH
FLVDOKDPHQWRFRPRPRVWUDGRDRODGRVHUiUHGX]LGDD

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ò
– + ‘ + ¼ +  —=− −  ‘‘ +  +   + ‘
› ‘ ¼  ‘ ‘ ¼ ¼‘  ‘

¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ò
ƒ + ‘ + ¼ +  ‡=− −  ‘¼ +  +   + ¼
› ‘ ¼  ¼ ‘ ¼ ¼¼  ¼

    ò
– + ‘ + ¼ +  —=− −  ‘ +  +   + 
› ‘ ¼   ‘ ¼ ¼  

² = −² =‘lì     

Ø .Ø
1RWHVH TXH FRPR  =  (‘), = ≠ 0 PDV FRPR ² = 0 R

² .²

Ø .¸
SURGXWR ² = 03HOD /HLGH1HZWRQSDUDDYLVFRVLGDGH ² = −» 

² .²

HQWmR

.Ø
−» = ‘lì      
.²

lì 
 (‘) = − ‘ + l 
2»

&RPRHP‘ = ,  = 0,

ijΖ
l = Ê
  ORJRRSHUILOGHYHORFLGDGHVHUiGDGRSRU

115
 ijŒñ ² 
 (‘) = Ê
  1 − W X      

RTXDOVHUiXPSHUILOSDUDEyOLFRFRPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUDD


)LJXUD D 3HUILO GH YHORFLGDGH SDUD XP IOXLGR QHZWRQLDQR HVFRDQGR QR SODQR
LQFOLQDGRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD

 3DUDUHVROYHURSUREOHPDGRHVFRDPHQWRGHIOXLGRVQmRQHZWRQLDQRV
HP UHJLPH SHUPDQHQWH p QHFHVViULD XPD VLPSOLILFDomR PDWHPiWLFD 2
JUDGLHQWH GH YHORFLGDGH ¥¥
∇ ¥¥ p QD YHUGDGH R WHQVRU WD[D GH GHIRUPDomR
.&
̇ = ¥¥¥¥ 3DUD IOXLGRV QmR GHSHQGHQWHV GR WHPSR ̇ = m() 6HQGR
= ∇
.:

DVVLPSDUDXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR

¥¥¥¥ = »̇  
 = »∇

ORJR


m() = = ̇  
»

&RPRSDUDXPIOXLGRGDSRWrQFLD  = ̇ H HQWmR

116
 .Ø H
² =  W− .²
X = ‘lì     

XPDYH]TXHSDUDRFDVRHPTXHVWmR

.Ø
̇² = −        
.²

6HQGRDVVLP

¾  H ‘lì
–− — = 
¾‘ 

Û
¾  ‘lì H
− =– — 
¾‘ 

)D]HQGRVHM = O€ 

‘lì 7
¾  = − – — ¾‘


lì 7 ‘ 7r
 = − – — + l 
 M+1

FRPR  ( ) = 0

lì 7  7r
l = – — 
 M+1

GHIRUPDTXH

ijŒñ 7  ² 7r
 (‘) = W X 1 − W X    
 7r 

 1D)LJXUDESRGHPVHUYLVWRVRVSHUILVGHYHORFLGDGHSDUDDOJXQV
IOXLGRVGDSRWrQFLD

117
 1,818182

Q 
Q 
9][

Q 
Q 
Q 

[


)LJXUDE3HUILOGHYHORFLGDGHSDUDIOXLGRVGDSRWrQFLDFRPGLIHUHQWHVYDORUHVGHQ

'HWHUPLQDomRGD9D]mR9ROXPpWULFD

1DPDLRULDGRVFDVRVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHGRTXHRSHUILOGHYHORFLGDGH
p R FiOFXOR GD D YD]mR YROXPpWULFD Ð GDGD SHOR SURGXWR GD YHORFLGDGH
PpGLDSHODiUHDGHHVFRDPHQWRTXHQRSUHVHQWHFDVRpDiUHDSHUSHQGLFXODU
jVXSHUItFLHGHHVFRDPHQWRRXVHMD

Ð = 〈 〉. !

FRPDYHORFLGDGHPpGLDVHQGRGDGDSRU

∬  ¾‘¾¼
〈 〉 = 
∬ ¾‘¾¼

HDiUHDSRU

! =  ¾‘¾¼

6HQGRDVVLP

118
Ð = ∬  ¾‘¾¼       

3DUDXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR

6XEVWLWXLQGRVH  HP  H ID]HQGRVH D LQWHJUDomR GHQWUR GRV

OLPLWHVHVWDEHOHFLGRVWHPVHTXH

iÉ U jŒñ
Ð= Ê
       

3DUDXPIOXLGRGDSRWrQFLD

6XEVWLWXLQGRVHHPHVHJXLQGRHOHSURFHGLPHQWRXVDGRSDUD
DVROXomRSDUDXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQRVHUiREWLGDDVHJXLQWHH[SUHVVmR

É B ijŒñ 7
Ð = 7r W X       


'HWHUPLQDomRGD(VSHVVXUDGD&DPDGD5HYHVWLGRUD

3DUD DOpP GR FiOFXOR GD YD]mR H GD GHWHUPLQDomR GR SHUILO GH
YHORFLGDGH SDUD PXLWDV DSOLFDo}HV FRPR QR FDVR GH UHYHVWLPHQWRV p
LPSRUWDQWHDGHWHUPLQDomRGDHVSHVVXUDGDFDPDGDGHIOXLGR'HSRVVHGDV
H[SUHVV}HVSDUDDYD]mRHSRGHVHGHWHUPLQDUDHVSHVVXUDGD
FDPDGD GH UHYHVWLPHQWR HP IXQomR GDV SURSULHGDGHV GR IOXLGR H GDV
FRQGLo}HVGHHVFRDPHQWR2XVHMDGHREWpPVH

U Ê
 = iÉjŒñ       

HGH

L L
 (7r) LPB
X      
LPB
 = WijΖ X W
É

119
 $ ILJXUD F PRVWUD D UHODomR HQWUH D HVSHVVXUD GD FDPDGD H R
kQJXORGHLQFOLQDomRGDSODFD


)LJXUDF,QIOXrQFLDGRkQJXORGHLQFOLQDomRGRSODQRQDHVSHVVXUDGDFDPDGDGHXP
IOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR ∗ = ()⁄(0°)

 3DUD R 3OiVWLFR GH %LQJKDP GH DFRUGR FRP DV VLPSOLILFDo}HV Mi
DSUHVHQWDGDVHDSDUWLUGDHTXDomRFKHJDVHD

¾²
− = − cos 
¾‘

² =  cos ‘ + l 

FRPR² pQXORHP‘ = 0l = 0

² =  cos ‘       

 (VVH PRGHOR EDVWDQWH XWLOL]DGR SDUD FDUDFWHUL]DU SDVWDV FUHPHV H

VXVSHQV}HVDOWDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDGDVWrPVHDVVHJXLQWHVVLWXDo}HV

120
 DEDL[R GD WHQVmR UHVLGXDO ½  QmR Ki HVFRDPHQWR WtSLFR GH IOXLGRV
KDYHQGRRFKDPDGRŠ
SOXJIORZ”,TXHpXPHVFRDPHQWRWtSLFRGHXPVyOLGR
SOiVWLFR2XVHMD < ½  ̇ = 0/RJR

¾ 
= 0
¾‘

 = *        

 TXDQGR ≥ ½ RSOiVWLFRGH%LQJKDPIOXLFRPRXPOtTXLGRYLVFRVR
H

 = ½ + »< ̇        

.Ø
FRPR ̇ = − DHTXDomRDVVXPHDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
.²


.Ø
² = ½ − »<       
.²

½
FRP   UHSUHVHQWDQGR D YHORFLGDGH GH HVFRDPHQWR IOXLGR GR PDWHULDO
,JXDODQGRVHDVHTXDo}HVHSDUDRILPGHVHHOLPLQDU² FKHJD
VHD

½  cos   ½
 = − ‘ + ‘ + l 
2»< »<

½
FRPR  = 0TXDQGR‘ = HQWmR

 cos   ½
l =  − 
2»< »<

H

121
 ½ i à ñ ²  $ ²
 = ÊÔ
  1 − WX  − Ê  í1 −  î   
Ô

½
 4XDQGR ‘ = ½  * =   'HVVD IRUPD SRGHVH HQFRQWUDU R YDORU
SDUDDYHORFLGDGHGDSDUWHVyOLGDGRHVFRDPHQWRVXEVWLWXLQGRVH‘SRU ½ 
QDHTXDomR

i à ñ  
*= W1 − X       
ÊÔ 

TXHpGHIDWRXPDFRQVWDQWH


)LJXUD3HUILOGHYHORFLGDGHSDUDXP3OiVWLFRGH%LQJKDPHVFRDQGRHPXPSODQR
LQFOLQDGR FRP KLSRWpWLFRV »< = 8 ]. ì  = 0,4 M  = 60°, ½ = 120 Z/M  H
 = 1200 Z/M 

 1D)LJXUDSRGHVHUYLVWRDIRUPDJUiILFDGRSHUILOGHYHORFLGDGH
GH XP SOiVWLFR GH %LQJDP HP XP SODQR LQFOLQDGR D SDUWLU GR XVR GDV
HTXDo}HVH

2 IOXLGR GH +HUVFKHO%XFNOH\ p XP IOXLGR YLVFRSOiVWLFR FXMD

HTXDomRUHROyJLDpDMXQomRGRPRGHORGDSRWrQFLDFRPDWHQVmRUHVLGXDO

122
RXVHMD

 H
.Ø
² = ½ +  W− X       
.²

TXDQGR ² ≥ ½  3DUD TXDQGR ² ≤ ½  GD PHVPD IRUPD TXH SDUD XP
.Ø
3OiVWLFRGH%LQJKDP = 0H  = *
.²

 ,JXDODQGRVHDHTXDomRDHTXDomRWHPVHTXH

½ H
¾ 
² = ½ +  ƒ− ‡ =  cos ‘ = Υ‘
¾‘

FRPΥ =  cos /RJR

½ H
¾ 
 ƒ− ‡ = Υ‘ − ½ 
¾‘

½ H
¾  1
ƒ− ‡ = úΥ‘ − ½ û
¾‘ 

 7
.Ø 
W− X = í úΥ‘ − ½ ûî      
.² 

FRPM = 1ÛO'HILQLQGRVHXPDIXQomR
(‘)GDGDSRU



(‘) = úΥ‘ − ½ û      


HQWmR

¾
(‘) Υ
= 
¾‘ 

H

123
 
¾‘ =  ¾
(‘)       

6XEVWLWXLQGRVHHHPWHPVH

½ 
¾  = −
(‘)7 ¾
(‘)
Υ

½ −
(‘)7r 
 = + l 
M+1 Υ

½ 
FRPRHP‘ =   = 0H
( ) = úΥ − ½ ûHQWmR


 7r 
l = í úΥ‘ − ½ ûî 7r
     

'HVVDIRUPD

½ 1  Υ ½ 7r  Υ‘ ½ 7r
 =  – − — − – − — 
M+1 Υ × × Υ × ×

½  7r 7r
 = (7r)L íúΥ − ½ û − úΥ‘ − ½ û î 


½
 4XDQGR‘ = ½ * =  HQWmR

 7r 7r
* = (7r)L íúΥ − ½ û − úΥ½ − ½ û î 

(VFRDPHQWRHQWUH3ODFDV3DUDOHODV

&DVR(VFRDPHQWRGHYLGRDXP*UDGLHQWHGH3UHVVmR

3DUDTXHKDMDHVFRDPHQWRQDJHRPHWULDPRVWUDGDQD)LJXUDXPD
YH]TXHDVSODFDVQmRHVWmRLQFOLQDGDVHPUHODomRDQHQKXPGRVHL[RVQHP
VHPRYLPHQWDPpQHFHVViULDDDSOLFDomRGHXPDSUHVVmRH[WHUQDHPXPD
GDGD GLUHomR (P FRQWUDSRVLomR j DomR GD SUHVVmR DSOLFDGD H[LVWLUi XPD

124
WHQVmR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR TXH VH RULJLQD GD UHVLVWrQFLD GR IOXLGR DR
HVFRDPHQWR6XSRQGRTXHDSUHVVmRDSOLFDGDJHUHXPJUDGLHQWHQDGLUHomR
GHIRUPDTXH()Y¤ =  > ()Y =  RIOXLGRLUiVHPRYLPHQWDU
FRPYHORFLGDGHFXMR YDORUQDGLUHomRGH HVFRDPHQWRVHUiIXQomRGH XPD
RXGHGXDVRXWUDVGLPHQV}HVSHUSHQGLFXODUHV(PJHUDOQmRpGLItFLOSURSRU
VLPSOLILFDo}HV GH IRUPD TXH Vy VH WHQKD XP ~QLFR FRPSRQHQWH QmR QXOR
SDUDDYHORFLGDGHHSDUDRJUDGLHQWHGHSUHVVmR

[
\

]

)LJXUD'HWDOKHVGRHVFRDPHQWRHQWUHSODFDVSDUDOHODVHVWDFLRQiULDV

$GPLWLQGRVH TXH R HVSDoR HQWUH DV SODFDV VHMD PXLWR SHTXHQR H

PXLWR PHQRU TXH D ODUJXUD GDV SODFDV SRGHVH VXSRU TXH SRU VHU PXLWR
SHTXHQDQmRKDMDYD]mRFRQVLGHUiYHOQDGLUHomR\&RPRDVSODFDVQmRVmR
SRURVDV WDPEpP QmR KDYHUi HVFRDPHQWR QD GLUHomR [ (VWDQGR DV SODFDV
SHUIHLWDPHQWH VXSRUWDGDV H GDGD D SHTXHQD GLVWkQFLD K QmR KDYHUi
YDULDomR GH SUHVVmR DR ORQJR GH [ H \ KDYHQGR DSHQDV QD GLUHomR GR
HVFRDPHQWR]

6LPSOLILFDo}HV

 &RP EDVH QDV VXSRVLo}HV DFLPD VmR YiOLGDV DV VHJXLQWHV

VLPSOLILFDo}HV

125
  = ()

≫ ℎ

² = ½ = 0

 =  (‘)

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ò
– + ‘ + ¼ +  —=− −  ‘‘ +  +   + ‘
› ‘ ¼  ‘ ‘ ¼ ¼‘  ‘

¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ò
ƒ + ‘ + ¼ +  ‡=− −  ‘¼ +  +   + ¼
› ‘ ¼  ¼ ‘ ¼ ¼¼  ¼

    ò
– + ‘ + ¼ +  —=− −  ‘ +  +   + 
› ‘ ¼   ‘ ¼ ¼  

OHYDQGR D TXH VHMD UHGX]LGD D HTXDomR GR PRYLPHQWR FRPR PRVWUD R

TXDGURDFLPDjVHJXLQWHHTXDomRGLIHUHQFLDOSDUFLDO

ò
− −  = 0
 ‘ ²

FRPR = ()

ò ¾
= 
 ¾

$VVXPLQGRVHXPDYDULDomROLQHDUGDSUHVVmRDRORQJRGH]

¾ ∆  − ¤ ∆
= = = 
¾ ∆ ˜−0 ˜

 'DPHVPDIRUPDFRPR² = ² (‘)

¾²
 = 
‘ ² ¾‘

126
3DUDXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQR

¾ 
² = −² = −» 
¾‘

'REDODQoRHQWUHDVIRUoDVGHSUHVVmRHGHFLVDOKDPHQWRUHVXOWDTXH

∆Ñ .$± . B Ø
=− =»       
 .² .² B

'HDFRUGRFRPD)LJXUDHSHODFRORFDomRGRVHL[RVFRRUGHQDGRV
WHPVHTXH

0 ↔ ‘ = 0 (l. l. 1)
 (‘) = ­ 
0 ↔ ‘ = ℎ (l. l. 2)

 $ VROXomR JHUDO SDUD D HTXDomR GLIHUHQFLDO PRVWUDGD HP  p

GDGDSRU

∆Ѳ B
 (‘) =
Ê
+ l ‘ + l      

SHODFFl = 0HSHODFF

∆ℎ
l = − 
2»˜

6XEVWLWXLQGRVHRVYDORUHVGHl Hl HPWHPVHTXH

∆‘  ∆ℎ
 (‘) = − 
2»˜ 2»˜

)D]HQGRVH ∆ℙ = (# −  ) = −∆ H FRORFDQGRVH ℎ  HP

HYLGrQFLD WHPVH TXH R SHUILO GH YHORFLGDGH SDUD XP IOXLGR QHZWRQLDQR
VHUiGDGRSRU

127
 ∆ℙ¹B ² ² 
 (‘) = Ê
W X − W X      
¹ ¹

HP‘ = 0,  (‘) = 7á² RXVHMD

∆ℙ¹B
7á² =        
Ê

 $ VROXomR SDUD XP IOXLGR GD SRWrQFLD H[LJH TXH RV HL[RV
FRRUGHQDGRV WHQKDP R SRQWR GH RULJHP VREUH D OLQKD FHQWUDO GH
HVFRDPHQWRXPDYH]TXHGDGDDVLPHWULDRIOXLGRWHPYHORFLGDGHQXODQDV
SDUHGHV DGPLWLQGRVH QmR KDYHU HVFRUUHJDPHQWR H Pi[LPD QR FHQWUR 2
LQYHUVR RFRUUH FRP D WHQVmR GH FLVDOKDPHQWR FXMR YDORU QD SDUHGH É p
VHX YDORU Pi[LPR H QR FHQWUR DVVXPH VHX YDORU PtQLPR $ WHQVmR GH
FLVDOKDPHQWR GH IDWR YDL GH XP YDORU QHJDWLYR PtQLPR DEDL[R GD OLQKD
FHQWUDO GH HVFRDPHQWR DWp XP YDORU Pi[LPR SRVLWLYR QD SDUHGH TXH VH
HQFRQWUDDFLPDGDOLQKDGHHVFRDPHQWRVHQGRFRUUHWRDILUPDUTXH

||²Y¤ = ||²Y¹ = É 

¹
GHIRUPDTXHSDUD ≤ ‘ ≤ ℎRXVHMDQDSDUWHLQIHULRUjOLQKDFHQWUDOGH


HVFRDPHQWR

.Ø H
² =  W− X       
.²

¹
HSDUD0 ≤ ‘ ≤ 


.Ø H
² = − W .² X        

)D]HQGRVHℎ = 2’HFRORFDQGRVHRHL[RVREUHDOLQKDFHQWUDOGH
HVFRDPHQWRYHU)LJXUDRVOLPLWHVSDVVDPDVHU0 ≤ ‘ ≤ ’SDUDD

128
HTXDomRH−’ ≤ ‘ ≤ 0SDUDDHTXDomR'HWHPVHTXH

∆ℙ
² = ‘        


&RPELQDQGRVHFRPWHPVHSDUD0 ≤ ‘ ≤ ’

.Ø ∆ℙ H
− =W ‘X        
.² 


)LJXUD 0RGLILFDomRGD)LJXUD SDUDIDFLOLWDURVFiOFXORVGRHVFRDPHQWRSDUD
IOXLGRVGDSRWrQFLD

 $QRYDFRQGLomRGHFRQWRUQRSDVVDDVHU  = 0HP‘ = ’)D]HQGR

VHDLQWHJUDomRGHFRPHVVDFRQGLomRGHFRQWRUQRVHREWHUiRVHJXLQWH
SHUILOGHYHORFLGDGH(M = O€ )

∆ℙF 7 F ² 7r
 (‘) ¤$²$F = W X 1 − W X    
 7r F

 'DPHVPDIRUPDGDFRPELQDomRGHFRPSDUD−’ ≤ ‘ ≤
0UHVXOWD

.Ø ∆ℙ H
.²
= W− õ ‘X        

129
FXMDFRQGLomRGHFRQWRUQRVHUi  = 0HP‘ = −’HDVROXomRVHUi

∆ℙF 7 F ² 7r
 (‘)€F$²$¤ = W X 1 − W− X   
 7r F

 $VHTXDo}HVHSRGHPVHUFRPELQDGDVHUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRU
XPD~QLFDHTXDomRSDUDRSHUILOGHYHORFLGDGHRXVHMD

∆ℙF 7 F |²| 7r

 (‘) ²$F = W X
 7r
1 − W X
F
   

'HWHUPLQDomRGD9D]mR9ROXPpWULFD

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHD HTXDomRQD REWpPVHD H[SUHVVmRSDUD R

FiOFXORGDYD]mRYROXPpWULFD3DUDXPIOXLGRQHZWRQLDQRRXVHMD

∆ℙ¹B ² ² 
Ð=∬
Ê
W X − W X  ¾‘¾¼
¹ ¹
   

UHVXOWDQGRHP

∆ℙɹU
Ð=         
Ê

 3DUD XP IOXLGR GD SRWrQFLD OHYDQGRVH HP FRQWD D )LJXUD 
SRGHVHVXEVWLWXLUDHTXDomRQDUHVROYHQGRVHDLQWHJUDOQROLPLWH
GH0 ≤ ‘ ≤ ’PXOWLSOLFDQGRVHSRUGDGDDVLPHWULD2XVHMD

F ∆ℙF 7 F ² 7r
Ð = 2 ∬¤ W X 1 − W X  ¾‘¾¼  
 7r F

F ∆ℙF 7 F ² 7r
Ð = 2 ∫¤ W  X 1 − W X  ¾‘   
7r F

ÉFB ∆ℙF 7
Ð= W X       
7r 

130
 &DVR(VFRDPHQWRGHYLGRDRPRYLPHQWRGHXPDGDVSODFDV

6HXPDGDVSODFDVGD)LJXUDHVWLYHUVHPRYLPHQWDQGRQDGLUHomR
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131
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137
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138
 ¾  H ∆ℙ?
 –− — = 
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  "   ò 1 1
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 = 0

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141
 ∆ℙ? l
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Ê
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 Ê

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142
 ∆ℙ €õ B
l = − WCÊX Ï  1 − – — ln Ï    
‚yúÛõû

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143
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ù u M M
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145
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 'DPHVPDIRUPDGHWHPVHTXH

¾< 
= (5.7)
¾› Á

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHHHPREWpPVH

¾ 1 ¾ 
= + (5.8)
¾› # ¾› Á

 $(TpDHTXDomRUHROyJLFD RXGRPRYLPHQWRSDUDR0RGHOR

GH0D[ZHOODTXDOVHUiXWLOL]DGDSDUDDREWHQomRGHVROXo}HVSDUWLFXODUHV
UHODWLYDV jV VLWXDo}HV GH IOXrQFLD H UHOD[DomR TXH VmR RV FDUUHJDPHQWRV
WUDQVLHQWHVPDLVFRPXQVHFDUUHJDPHQWRKDUP{QLFR

)OXrQFLD

 6H R PRGHOR GH 0D[ZHOO IRU VXEPHWLGR HP › = 0 D XPD WHQVmR
FRQVWDQWH = ¤ D(TVHUHGX]D

¾ ¤
= (5.9)
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198
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IXQomR GH IOXrQFLD VHUi REWLGD SHOD LQWHJUDomR GH  GHVGH 0 DWp ›
$VVLPXPDYH]TXHRPRGHORSHUPLWHXPDGHIRUPDomRLPHGLDWDSHODDomR
GDWHQVmRVREUHDPROD

¤
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#

GHIRUPDTXHDSDUWLUGDVHSDUDomRGDVYDULiYHLVGH

(:) :
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% ¾(› ) = % ¾›
ø ¤ Á

H

¤
 (› ) = ¤ + › (5.10)
Á

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 (› ) ¤ ›
= + (5.11)
¤ ¤ Á

 'HILQLQGRVHFRPSOLkQFLDFRPRVHQGRRLQYHUVRGRPyGXORSRGHVH
DSUHVHQWDUD(THPWHUPRVGDFRPSOLkQFLDGHIOXrQFLDRXVHMD

›
b(› ) = b¤ + (5.12)
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HPTXH

¤ 1
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¤ #

UHSUHVHQWD D FRPSOLkQFLD LQVWDQWkQHD GR PRGHOR TXH p D VXD UHVSRVWD

199
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IRUPDWRGDGHSHQGrQFLDb(› )

1/K1
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J0


)LJXUD&RPSOLkQFLDGHIOXrQFLDSDUDR0RGHORGH0D[ZHOO

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LPDJLQiULRQRIRUPDWRGDGHSHQGrQFLDb(› )4XDQWRPDLRURPyGXORPHQRU
DFRPSOLkQFLDLQVWDQWkQHDb¤FRPRFUHVFLPHQWRGH-WVHQGRPDLVDJXGR
SDUDPyGXORVPDLVDOWRV)LJXUDD


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200
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FXUYDV GH b(› ) LQLFLDPVH HP XPD PHVPD FRPSOLkQFLD LQVWDQWkQHD b¤
WHQGR XP FUHVFLPHQWR PHQRV DJXGR TXDQWR PDLRU IRU R YDORU GD
YLVFRVLGDGH)LJXUDE




-W*SD

3DV
3DV
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)LJXUDD(IHLWRGDYLVFRVLGDGHVREUH-WGR0RGHORGH0D[ZHOO

5HOD[DomR

 6H QR WHPSR › = 0 IRU DSOLFDGD XPD GHIRUPDomR FRQVWDQWH ¤ DR
0RGHORGH0D[ZHOOD(TVHUHGX]D

1 ¾ 
+ = 0
# ¾› Á

TXHSRGHVHUWUDEDOKDGDJHUDQGR

(›)
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201
 ¾(› ) ¾›
= ¾ ln (› ) = − 
(›) ù

1
% ¾ ln (› ) = − % ¾› + “
ù

ln (› ) = − ›Ûù + “

VHSDUD› = 0H[LVWLUXPD(0) = ¤ GHYLGRDRPyGXORLQVWDQWkQHR#¤ ,

“ = ln ¤ 

ORJR

(› )
ln (› ) − ln ¤ = ln = − ›Ûù
¤

HQWmR

(› ) = ¤ ª €:/ ù (5.13)

Á
FRPù = Û# VHQGRWHPSRGHUHOD[DomRGRPRGHOR


 6H D (T  IRU GLYLGLGD HP DPERV RV ODGRV SHOD GHIRUPDomR
FRQVWDQWH ¤ REWpPVH R PyGXOR GH UHOD[DomR GR 0RGHOR GH 0D[ZHOO
GDGRSRU

(› )
# (› ) = = # ª €:/ ù (5.14)
¤

202
 


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V

V
 V
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)LJXUD  (IHLWR GR WHPSR GH UHOD[DomR QD GHSHQGrQFLD #(›) SDUD R PRGHOR GH
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PDLV OHQWD VHUi D TXHGD GR PyGXOR GH UHOD[DomR FRP R WHPSR 3DUD XPD
PHVPD YLVFRVLGDGH XP WHPSR PDLRU GH UHOD[DomR VLJQLILFD XP PyGXOR
PHQRURXVHMDPyGXORVPHQRUHVLPSOLFDPHPPHQRUTXHGDFRPRWHPSR

&DUUHJDPHQWR+DUP{QLFR

 2V HQVDLRV H REVHUYDo}HV IHLWRV HP IXQomR GR WHPSR GHPDQGDP

PXLWR WHPSR SDUD D VXD FRPSOHWXGH 8PD SRVVLELOLGDGH GH UHGXomR GH
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GHIRUPDomR LGHQWLILFDQGR R kQJXOR GH GHIDVDJHP HQWUH WHQVmR H
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203
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pQXOR = 0)FDUDFWHUL]DQGRTXHWRGRRHVIRUoRpDUPD]HQDGR HWRGD
GHIRUPDomRVHUiUHFXSHUDGD3RURXWURODGRXPIOXLGRLGHDOPHQWHYLVFRVR
QHZWRQLDQR LUi DSUHVHQWDU WHQVmR H GHIRUPDomR GHIDVDGDV HP ƒ
FDUDFWHUL]DQGR XP SURFHVVR  LUUHYHUVtYHO 8P PDWHULDO YLVFRHOiVWLFR
LUiDSUHVHQWDUXPkQJXORGHIDVH0° <  < 90°

 2VHVIRUoRVKDUP{QLFRVJHUDOPHQWHVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVGHVWDIRUPD

f = ]ª « 

TXHSHODLGHQWLGDGHGH(XOHUDVVXPHDIRUPDSRODU

f = ](cos E + sen E )

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f = ‘ + ¼

FRP

|f| = ]

‘ = ] cos E

¼ = ] sen E

 $VVLP VH XP HOHPHQWR RX PRGHOR GH 0D[ZHOO IRU VXEPHWLGR HP
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(› ) = ¤ ª M: 

D(TVHWUDQVIRUPDHP

204
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= L¤ ª M: + 
¾› # Á

1 ¤ ª M:
% ¾(› ) = % L¤ ª M: ¾› + % ¾›
# Á

¤ ª M: ¤ ª M:
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# LÁ

 'HILQLQGRVHXPDFRPSOLkQFLDFRPSOH[D

 (› )
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(› )

WHPVHTXH

1 1
b∗ (L ) = + (5.16)
# LÁ

VDEHQGRVH TXH = √−1, PXOWLSOLFDQGRVH H GLYLGLQGRVH R WHUPR PDLV j

GLUHLWDGD(TSRU REWpPVH

1 1
b∗ (L ) = − (5.17)
# LÁ

VHQGRSURSRVWRXPPRGHORGRWLSR

b∗ (L ) = bB − b" (5.18)

 
GHILQHVHbB = o FRPRVHQGRDFRPSOLkQFLDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRHb" = MÓ 
J J

DFRPSOLkQFLDGHSHUGDSDUDRPRGHORGH0D[ZHOO

 (:) \(:)
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e # (› ) = ø
.

205
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1
b∗ (L ) = 
# ∗ (L )

VHQGR HQWmRSRVVtYHODSDUWLUGD(TDREWHQomRGHXPD H[SUHVVmR

SDUDRPyGXORFRPSOH[RHVXDVFRPSRQHQWHVGHDUPD]HQDJHPHSHUGD2X
VHMD

1 1 bB + b"
# ∗ (L ) = = ‘ =
bB − b" bB − b" bB + b"

bB b"
= B
+ =
b + b" bB  + b"

1 1
# LÁ
= + 
1  1  1  1 
W X +W X W X +W X
# LÁ # LÁ

UHRUJDQL]DQGR

L  ù Lù
# ∗ (L ) = # ƒ   ‡ + # –   — (5.19])
L ù +1 L ù +1

SURSRQGRVH

# ∗ (L ) = # B + #"

WHPVHTXH

L  ù
# B = # ƒ   ‡
L ù +1

H

206
 Lù
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L  ù + 1
0yGXORV

(
(

Z


)LJXUD0yGXORVFRPSOH[RGHDUPD]HQDJHPHSHUGDHPIXQomRGDIUHTXrQFLDSDUD
RPRGHORGH0D[ZHOO

 2SRQWRHPTXH# B = #" pRFKDPDGRSRQWRGHJHOHRFRUUHTXDQGR

D
RkQJXORGHIDVH pLJXDODƒRX C YLVWRTXHtg  = 13RUGHILQLomRR

kQJXORGHIDVHRXGHSHUGDpGDGRSRU

i" o"
arctg( ) = = oj        E
ij

SDUDRPRGHORGH0D[ZHOO 

1
LÁ #
tg( ) = = 
1 LÁ
#

LQWURGX]LQGRVHDGHILQLomRGRWHPSRGHUHOD[DomR

1
tg( ) = (5.20)
Lù

207
 &RPRSHOD(TEtg( ) = #"Û WHPVHTXH
#′

Lù
# W   X
tg( ) = L ù +1 = 1 
L  ù Lù
# –   —
L ù +1

RPHVPRUHVXOWDGRPRVWUDGRQD(T&RPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD

R PRGHOR GH 0D[ZHOO p XP VyOLGR HP WHPSRV FXUWRV H XP OtTXLGR HP
WHPSRV ORQJRV HVVH FRPSRUWDPHQWR p FDUDFWHUL]DGR SHOD YDULDomR GR
kQJXORGHIDVHTXHYDLGH]HURHPWHPSRVFXUWRVSDUDƒTXDQGRRWHPSR
WHQGHDLQILQLWR




ÆQJXORGH3HUGDJUDXV










( ( ( ( (
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)LJXUD9DULDomRGRkQJXORGHIDVHFRPRWHPSRSDUDRPRGHORGH0D[ZHOO

0RGHORGH9RLJW

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SDUDOHORGDPRODHGRDPRUWHFHGRUFRPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD

3DUDPRGHORVHPSDUDOHORDWHQVmRWRWDOVHUiDVRPDGDVLQGLYLGXDLV

208
HDGHIRUPDomRVHUiLJXDOHPWRGRVRVHOHPHQWRV'HVVDIRUPDVmRYiOLGDV
DVVHJXLQWHVUHODo}HV

 = 7 + < (5.21)

 = 7 = < (5.22)

# Á


)LJXUD0RGHORGH9RLJW

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHDV(TVHQD(TWHPVHTXH

¾< (›)
(›) = # 7 (›) + Á 
¾›

TXHFRPELQDGDFRPD(TUHVXOWDHP

¾ (› )
(› ) = #  (› ) + Á (5.23)
¾›

)OXrQFLD

 6HDRPRGHORGH9RLJWIRUDSOLFDGDXPDWHQVmRFRQVWDQWHHP › = 0
D(TDVVXPHDVHJXLQWHIRUPD

¾(›) (›) ¤
+ = (5.24)
¾› ù Á

209
 Á
FRP ù = Û#  DJRUD VHQGR R WHPSR GH UHWDUGDPHQWR RX UHWDUGDomR RX


VHMD R WHPSR TXH R PRGHOR OHYD SDUD DSUHVHQWDU XPD GHIRUPDomR DSyV D
LPSRVLomRGDWHQVmR

$(TWHPIRUPDVHPHOKDQWHDXPDGRWLSR

¾¼
+ ò(‘)¼ = m (‘) (5.25)
¾‘

FXMDVROXomRpDVHJXLQWH

¼ = ª € ∫ <(²).² –% m(‘)ª ∫ <(²).² ¾‘ + “— (5.26)

 6Hò(‘) ≈ òHm(‘) ≈ mFRPRpRFDVRGD(TXPDVROXomR

SDUDD(TFRPXPYDORULQLFLDO¼¤ = ¼(‘)²Y¤ pDVHJXLQWH

m m
¼ = –¼¤ − — ª <(²ø €²) + (5.27)
ò ò

 &RPSDUDQGRVH DV (TV  H  H VDEHQGRVH TXH SDUD

‘ = 0 = ‘¤ , ¼¤ = 0HVXEVWLWXLQGRVHQD(TWHPVHTXH

¤ €:⁄ü ¤ ¤
 (› ) = − ª + = ú1 − ª €:⁄ü û (5.28)
# # #

 'LYLGLQGRVH DPERV RV ODGRV GD (T  SRU ¤  REWpPVH D

FRPSOLkQFLDGHIOXrQFLDSDUDRPRGHORGH9RLJWGDGDSRU

b(› ) = b¤ ú1 − ª €:⁄ü û (5.29)

 (› )Û
FRP b(› ) = ¤  SRGHQGR VHU GHILQLGD FRPR XPD IXQomR GH IOXrQFLD

210
SDUDRPRGHORFRPFRPSOLkQFLDb¤ = 1Û# 


 &RPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUDTXDQWRPHQRURWHPSRGHUHWDUGDomR
PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH b(›) FRQYHUJH SDUD D FRPSOLkQFLD GH HTXLOtEULR b¤ =
1Û LVWRpTXDQWRPDLRURPyGXORGRPRGHORPDLVFHGRHOHDSUHVHQWDR
#

FRPSRUWDPHQWRWtSLFRGHVyOLGR$UHVLVWrQFLDTXHRDPRUWHFHGRURIHUHFHj
GHIRUPDomR LQLFLDO p FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU XPD FRPSOLkQFLD TXDVH QXOD HP
WHPSRV FXUWRV RX VHMD R PDWHULDO QmR VH GHIRUPD LQVWDQWDQHDPHQWH H Vy
PXLWROHQWDPHQWHLUiSHUPLWLQGRXPDGHIRUPDomRTXHFUHVFHFRPRWHPSR
-W-R

V
V
V
V


)LJXUD)XQomRGHIOXrQFLDSDUDRPRGHORGH9RLJWb = b(›):YÜ )

 5HOD[DomR

 6H HP › = 0 IRU LPSRVWD XPD GHIRUPDomR  (0) = ¤ TXH VHUi
PDQWLGDFRQVWDQWHDRORQJRGRWHPSRUHVXOWDHP

(› ) = # ¤ (5.30)

211
RX VHMD R PRGHOR GH 9RLJW VH WRUQD XP VyOLGR HOiVWLFR LGHDO QR TXDO D
WHQVmRSHUPDQHFHUiFRQVWDQWHGXUDQWHDDSOLFDomRGDGHIRUPDomR/RJRR
PyGXOR GH UHODomR GDGR SRU  VHUi WDPEpP FRQVWDQWH H LJXDO DR
PyGXORGDPROD

(›)
# (› ) = = # (5.31)
¤

&DUUHJDPHQWR+DUP{QLFR

 (PERUD R HIHLWR VHMD R PHVPR SDUD ILQV GH VLPSOLILFDomR GH

FiOFXORVVXSRQKDTXHHP› = 0VHMDDSOLFDGDXPDGHIRUPDomRGRWLSR

 (› ) = ¤ ª M: (5.32)

UHVXOWDQGRHPXPDWD[DGHGHIRUPDomR

¾
(› ) = L¤ ª M: (5.33)
¾›

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHDV(TVHQD(TWHPVHTXH

(› ) = # ¤ ª M: + Á L¤ ª M: (5.34)

( )
 'HILQLQGRVHXPPyGXORFRPSOH[R# ∗ (L ) =  › þ (› )HQWmR

# ∗ (L ) = # + LÁ (5.35)

 3URSRQGRVHXPDUHODomRGRWLSR

# ∗ (L ) = # B + #"

WHPVHTXH# B = # H#" = ùL# /RJR

212
tg( ) = ùL (5.36)

 'LIHUHQoDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV SRGHP VHU REVHUYDGDV FRPSDUDQGRVH DV

)LJXUDV  H  FRP DV )LJXUD  H  (P WHUPRV GH PyGXORV
YHULILFDVHTXHHQTXDQWRQRPRGHORGH0D[ZHOORPyGXORFRPSOH[RSDVVD
D VHU LJXDO DR PyGXOR GH DUPD]HQDJHP DSyV R SRQWR GH JHO QD PHVPD
VLWXDomR R PyGXOR FRPSOH[R GR HOHPHQWR GH 9RLJW SDVVD D VHU LJXDO DR
PyGXORGHSHUGD,VVRVHGHYHDRIDWRGHTXHHPWHPSRVFXUWRVRHOHPHQWR
GH 0D[ZHOO VH DVVHPHOKD D XP VyOLGR H R GH 9RLJW D XP IOXLGR ,VVR p
FRUURERUDGRSHORFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRkQJXORGHSHUGDFRPRWHPSRSDUDRV
GRLVHOHPHQWRVRVTXDLVVmRRSRVWRV2XVHMD → 0TXDQGR› → ∞SDUDR
HOHPHQWRGH9RLJWHTXDQGR› → 0SDUDRHOHPHQWRGH0D[ZHOO
0yGXORV

(
(


)LJXUD9DULDomRGRVPyGXORVGRHOHPHQWRGH9RLJWFRPDIUHTXrQFLD

213
 
ÆQJXORGH3HUGDJUDXV

 W

)LJXUD(YROXomRGRkQJXORGHSHUGDFRPRWHPSRSDUDRHOHPHQWRGH9RLJW 

6yOLGR/LQHDU3DGUmR

 2VPRGHORVTXHVHJXHPRSDGUmRFKDPDGRGH6yOLGR/LQHDU3DGUmR
6/6 HP LQJOrV WDPEpP FKDPDGRV GH PRGHORV GH =HQHU  VmR REWLGRV
SHODDVVRFLDomRHPVpULHHQWUHXPDPRODHXPHOHPHQWRGH9RLJWRXSHOD
DVVRFLDomRHPSDUDOHORHQWUHXPDPRODHXPHOHPHQWRGH0D[ZHOOFRPR
PRVWUDGRVQD)LJXUD

 3RGHVH HQWmR SDUWLU GH TXDOTXHU GRV PRGHORV SDUD VH REWHU D
HTXDomR FRQVWLWXWLYD GR 6/6 8WLOL]DQGRVH R PRGHOR GD DVVRFLDomR HP
VpULHWHPVHTXHGHDFRUGRFRPDV(TVH

 = 7 = 4Ø (5.37)

H

 = 7 + 4Ø (5.38)


=HQHU&(ODVWLFLW\DQG$QHODVWLFLW\RI0HWDOV&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV

214


# #

#

Á Á
#


)LJXUD0RGHORVGH=HQHU6/6

HP TXH RV tQGLFHV M1 H ª  VH UHIHUHP j PROD  H DR HOHPHQWR GH 9RLJW
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH&RPR

7 = # 7 (5.39)

HGHDFRUGRFRPD(TSDUDXPHOHPHQWRGH9RLJW

¾
4Ø = # 7 + Á  (5.40)
¾› 7

¾
# 7 = # 7 + Á  (5.41)
¾› 7

 'LIHUHQFLDQGRVHD(THPUHODomRDRWHPSRUHVXOWDHP

̇ = ̇7 + ̇4Ø (5.42)

.
FRṖ = .: 'HHWHPVHTXH

215
 ̇
̇7 = (5.43)
#

 'HHWHPVHTXH

 # 7
4Ø = − (5.44)
Á Á

 7DPEpPVHVDEHTXHGHH


4Ø =  − (5.45)
#

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHDV(TVHHPREWpPVH

̇  # 
̇ = + − – − —
# Á Á #

# ̇  # 
̇ + = + + =
Á # Á Á #

̇  #
= + –1 + —
# Á #

# ̇  # + #
̇ + = + – — (5.46)
Á # Á #

 $(TpDHTXDomRFRQVWLWXWLYDSDUDTXDOTXHUGRVPRGHORV6/6

PRVWUDGRVQD)LJXUD

)OXrQFLD

 6HHVVHVyOLGRHP› = 0IRUVXEPHWLGRDXPDWHQVmRFRQVWDQWH¤ 
D(TVHUiUHGX]LGDSDUD

216
 ¾ # ¤ # + #
 (› ) +  (› ) = – —
¾› Á Á #

 'HDFRUGRFRP

¤ # + # ¤ # + #
W X o W X
Á # €: ÓB Á #
 (› ) = S¤ − Tª + =
# #
Á Á

# + # €:Û # + #
= ¤ − ¤ – — ª ün + ¤ – —
# # # #

¤ €:Û ¤
 (› ) = –¤ − — ª ün + (5.47)
#À #À

H(t) ¤
#À

¤
#

t

)LJXUD&RPSRUWDPHQWRVREIOXrQFLDGR6/6=HQHU

FRP ¤ VHQGR D GHIRUPDomR LQVWDQWkQHD GR PRGHOR GHYLGR j DSOLFDomR GH
¤  RX VHMD FRPR HP › = 0 DSHQDV D PROD  p GHIRUPDGD Mi TXH R
DPRUWHFHGRU GR HOHPHQWR GH 9RLJ UHWDUGD D GHIRUPDomR GD PROD 

¤ = ¤Û#  R TXH SRGH VHU YLVWR GR ODGR HVTXHUGR GD )LJXUD  ù =


217
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Û# pRWHPSRGHUHWDUGDomRGRHOHPHQWRGH9RLJWSUHVHQWHGRPRGHORGH


=HQHU  WDPEpP FKDPDGR GH WHPSR GH UHOD[DomR VRE WHQVmR FRQVWDQWH H
oB oJ
#À RPyGXORUHVXOWDQWHGDGRSRU#À = (VWDVROXomRHVWiGHDFRUGR
oJ roB

FRPRSURSRVWRSRU1L[

1D )LJXUD  SRGHVH REVHUYDU TXH TXDQWR PHQRU R WHPSR GH
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HTXLOtEULR Ü = ¤Û#  PRVWUDGD QR ODGR GLUHLWR GD )LJXUD  4XDQWR
À

PDLRUDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHRVPyGXORV# H# PDLRUVHUiRPyGXORUHVXOWDQWH

#À HPDLRUDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVGHIRUPDo}HVLQLFLDO¤HGHHTXLOtEULRÜ 
RX VHMD FRPR SRGH VHU YLVWR QD )LJXUD  PDLRU VHUi D IOXrQFLD GR
PDWHULDO 7RGDYLD HVVD UHODomR QmR SDUHFH LQIOXHQFLDU QR DWLQJLPHQWR GR
HTXLOtEULR SRLV QmR Ki YDULDomR SHUFHSWtYHO HP HVFDOD ORJDUtWPLFD GH
#
WHPSRGRWHPSRGHHTXLOtEULR›Ü = ›(:)Y÷ SDUDDVYiULDVUHODo}HV Û# 


PRVWUDGDVQDV)LJXUD

5HOD[DomR

 6H HP › = 0 R SUHVHQWH PRGHOR IRU VXEPHWLGR D XPD GHIRUPDomR

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1 ¾ (› ) # + # #
 (› ) + – — = ¤ 
# ¾› Á # Á

¾ (› ) # #
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¾› Á Á ¤


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# # # #
Á ¤ o ro
€W J Ó B X: Á ¤
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(# + # ) (# + # )
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# # # #
= ¤ −   ª €:/ü9 +  
# + # ¤ # + # ¤

(› ) = (¤ − #À ¤)ª €:/ü9 + #À ¤ (5.48)

Ó
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 (› ) = ¤ ª M: (5.49)

¾
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¾›

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1 ¾  # + # ¤ ª M:
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Lù + 1 Lù + 1
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RXVHMD

Lù + 1
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(› ) − ¤ ª €:⁄ü9
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HQWmR

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= × = 
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1 + L  ù ùÀ ù − ùÀ
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1 + L  ùÀ 1 + L  ùÀ


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# ∗ (L ) = # B + #"

1 + L  ù ùÀ
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L(ù − ùÀ )
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1 + L  ùÀ À

H

L(ù − ùÀ )
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E"

E', E", tgG E'

E*
tgdelta

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# B ª #"HPIXQomRGDIUHTXrQFLD



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¾ ¾ 1
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Á
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3DUDDPRODSHODOHLGH+RRNH

7 = #  (› ) (5.63)

RX

¾ ¾
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225
 ¾ ¾ 1 ¾
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¾› ¾› ù ¾›

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¾ ¾ 1
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¾› ¾› ù
 

 'LYLGLQGRVHDPERVRVWHUPRVGD(TSRUùWHPVHTXH

7 #  (› )
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¾ #  (› ) ¾ 1 7
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¾› ù ¾› ù ù

¾ #  (› ) ¾ 1
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¾› ù ¾› ù

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226
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 = < + Ø (5.70)

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Á
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227
 'H

Ø =  − <
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 3DUDRHOHPHQWRGH9RLJWVHJXQGRD(T

¾Ø (› )
(› ) = # Ø (› ) + Á 
¾›

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̇ = # ̇Ø (› ) + Á ̈Ø (5.73)

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̇ = # ú̇ − ̇< û + Á ú̈ − ̈< û (5.74)

 3HOD/HLGH1HZWRQ


̇< = (5.75)
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̇
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 ̇
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RX

228
 Á #
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Á Á

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(THGD(TWHPVHTXH

  o
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Á #

 6HHP› = 0(› ) = ¤ 

¤ ¤ o
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(:)
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› 1 o
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¾ ¾ ¾
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(› ) = ¤ ^#€  (› ) + #r ª €:/üp _ (5.81)

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E ù\ = ] 

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 &RPSDUDQGRVHDV(TVFRPWHPVHTXH

230
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̇ = L¤ ª M: (5.83)

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 $(TSRGHVHUPRGLILFDGDGHIRUPDTXH

1
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J B J B

 6XEVWLWXLQGRVHHHPWHPVH

1
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231
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MüJ r
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ü J

!
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’

H

! M: ! €:
 (› ) = ª + ¤ ª €:/üJ − ª üJ =
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:
€
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’

 $VVLP

:
€
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 (› ) − ¤ ª üJ

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# ∗ (L ) = +
1 + L  ù  1 + L  ù 
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232
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#" 1 + L  ù ù
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Á
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