Nautical Physics Lab Guide

Nautical Physics & Electronics Lab – I (Manual)
Content Page no.
Important Instructions to students 2
Lab Scheme 4
Cycle - 1
Exp -1 5
MARINE HYDROMETER AND HARE`S APPARATUS
Exp -2 ERROR ANALYSIS 8
Exp -3 AIR WEDGE- THICKNESS OF WIRE 11
Exp -4 SURFACE TENSION – CAPILLARY RISE METHOD 13
Exp -5 CALIBRATION OF LOW RANGE VOLTMETER - POTENTIOMETER 17
Cycle - 2
19
Exp -6 SPECTROMETER –REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF A PRISM
RESISTANCE AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL OF A COIL- 21

Exp -7 POST OFFICE BOX
Exp -8 COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY OF A WATER AND KEROSINE 24
Exp -9 NON-UNIFORM BENDING- YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF A BAR 27
Exp -10 RESISTANCE BY OHM’S LAW 30
Physics Practical guide Page 1

Department of Physics
Important Instructions to students
 The objective of the laboratory is learning.
 The experiments are designed to illustrate phenomena in different areas of
Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments. Conduct the
experiments with interest and an attitude of learning.
 You need to come well prepared for the experiment
 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to
make reliable measurements!) and equally share the work with your
partners.
 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up
readings or doctor them to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular
reading appears wrong repeat the measurement carefully. In any event all
the data recorded in the tables have to be faithfully displayed on the graph.
 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly
and carefully done.
 Bring necessary graph papers for each of the experiment.
 Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the
axes and display units.

 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations
and drawing graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
 Do not fiddle idly with apparatus. Handle instruments with care.
 Report any breakage to the Instructor. Return all the equipment you have
signed out for the purpose of your experiment.
Left hand side Right hand side

Title
Circuit diagram
Aim
Model graph
Apparatus required
Tabulation
Formula & explanation
Calculation
Procedure
result

Lab Scheme
Week No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Batch -1 Exp -1 Exp -5 Exp -4 Exp -3 Exp -2 Exp -6 Exp -10 Exp -9 Exp -8 Exp -7
Model practical exam

Repetition class
Repetition class
Physics Practical guide

Page 4
Semester Subject code Subject Title C L T P M
1 Nautical Physics & 0 0 20 100

Electronics Lab - I
EXP 1- Marine Hydrometer and Hare`s apparatus
Aim: To determine the density of the given liquid using Marine Hydrometer and compare the
same using Hare`s apparatus.
Apparatus required: Marine hydrometer setup, Hare`s apparatus, etc.,
Formula:
Procedure
1. Take Liquid – I (water) and Liquid - II ( experimental liquid whose density is to be
determined) in two separate tall jars.
2. A few lead shots are put in a small test tube(hydrometer) and gently immersed in liquid I
and the hydrometer reading is noted as h1. The test tube is removed from the liquid I
outside, wiped and immersed in liquid II and corresponding reading is noted as h2.
3. The experiment is repeated by adding 3 more lead shots. Take at least 10 sets of reading.
From the readings calculate the density of the given liquid II.
4. With the help of Hare`s apparatus, calculate the density of the liquid II and compare the
results.

Page 5
Tabulation :
Marine Hydrometer:
Height of float in Density of liquid

Height of float in liquid
S.No water
h2 x 10-2 m
h1 x 10-2 m Kg m-3
1
10
Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3

Page 6
Hare`s apparatus:
Reading of water level in Reading of liquid level in Density of liquid

U- tube Beaker Difference U- tube Beaker Difference
S.No
. a b c d
Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Kg m-3
1
10
Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3
calculation
Result :
Density of the given liquid using
1 . Marine hydrometer = ………………………. Kg m-3
2. Hare`s apparatus == ………………………. Kg m-3

Page 7
EXP 2- ERROR ANALYSIS
Aim: To find error in individual measurements in standard deviation and to find the standard
deviation mean in finding the thickness of the given rod by screw gauge
Apparatus required: screw gauge, rod etc.,
Formula:
To find Zero Error (ZE) and Zero Correction (ZC) :
The Screw gauge is checked to find whether there is any initial (zero) error in the
instrument. If there is any initial error, suitable correction is to be made. When the studs A and B
touch each other, if the zero of the head scale lies on the same line as that of the pitch scale index
line(I.L), the instrument has no error. If the zero of the head scale is above the index line, it has
negative

Page 8
error. So the zero correction is positive. If the zero o f the head scale is below the index line, it
has positive error. So the zero correction is negative given micrometer is determined with the help
of figures and formulae given.
iii) To find thickness of the Scale: The given scale is placed gently in between the two studs A
and B and the ratchet is rotated till the glass plate is firmly but gently
gripped. Note the number of completed divisions in mm on the pitch scaleas Pitch scale reading
(PSR) and the divisions on the head scale, which coincides with the index line as head scale
coincidence (HSC). The PSR and HSC are entered in the tabular column. Then the head scale
reading (HSR), observed reading (OR) and correct reading (CR) are calculated. The procedure is
repeated for different positions of the scale and the average thickness of the scale is calculated.
To find the thickness of the rod using screw gauge :
Least count = = = 0 .01 mm
Zero error = …………… Zero correction = …………….X 10-3 m
Pitch scale Head scale Head Observed Corrected Reading

reading coincidence scale reading reading = Ob.read Error
S.No
PSR HSC HSC x LC (PSR+HSR) correction
mm. Div. mm. mm. mm
1

Page 9
8
10
Thickness (d) = …………………………mm

= ………………………x 10-3 m
S.No. Xi (m) (m)

(m)
1
10
RESULT:
(i) Standard deviation σ = ……………. m

(ii) Standard deviation mean =……………... m

Page 10
EXP 3 - Air wedge- Thickness of wire
Aim :
To determine the thickness of a very thin wire by interference method.
Apparatus required :
Sodium vapour lamp, travelling microscope, glass plates, thin wire, reading lens. Etc.,
Formula :
metre
Where
t = Thickness of the material (metre)

= The distance between the end A and the point where the wire is inserted (metre)
= wavelength of the source 5896 x 10-10 (metre)
β = band width (metre)
Procedure:
 Place the two optically flat glass plates one over the
other , so that they touch each other at the left end and
are separated at the right end by the given thin wire .
The length of the wire should be perpendicular to the
length of the glass plates.
 Place this assembly on the platform of the microscope.
 Illuminate the assembly by sodium light. Adjust the
glass plate G, such that incident light is almost normal
to the glass plate wire assembly.
 Focus the microscope to observe the interference
patterns
Make the cross-wire to coincide with, say, n, n+5, n+10,.........
n+50 by traversing the microscope horizontally.
 Determine the length ‘l’ with the help of microscope.

Page 11
Tabulation:
Least count = = = .001 cm
Microscope reading Distance

Main scale Vernier scale Total reading between 15  = s/15
Order of reading - reading VSC TR = MSR+VSR band s
the band MSR
(x 10-2)m div. (x 10-2)m (x 10-2)m (x 10-2)m
n
n+5
n+10
n+15
n+20
n+25
n+30
n+35
n+40
n+45
n+50
Mean = ……………….(x 10-2)m
Calculation:
Result :
The thickness of the given fine wire is found using interference method t = ……………. metre

Page 12
EXP 4- SURFACE TENSION – CAPILLARY RISE METHOD
Aim : To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method
Apparatus required : capillary tube, beaker, water, travelling microscope , beaker stand, etc.,
Formula:
- Density of water - 1000 kgm-3
r- radius of the capillary tube – (metre)

Nm-1
h - capillary rise - (metre)
g- acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms-2
Procedure:
I. To measure the height of water column ‘h’:
i. Take clean dry capillary tube. Fix this capillary tube in a hole drilled in a piece of cork. A
long thin needle (or a pin with wax can also be used as reference pin) called reference pin
is also passed through the cork . Reference pin is very close to the capillary tube and
parallel to it. The cork is then clamped firmly.
ii. A clean beaker filled with water upto its rim is placed over the wooden block of proper
height.
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iii. Now adjust the position of capillary tube and the reference pin in such a way that
capillary tube dips in water and tip of the pin just touches the surface of the water. This
arrangement is shown in diagram - 1.
iv. Remove air bubbles in the capillary if required with the help of rubber tube attached to
the upper end of capillary tube.
v. Move the travelling microscope and adjust it in M1 position. Focus the microscope on
the meniscus in the capillary. This is shown in diagram 2 - (i). Care should be taken that
horizontal cross wire is tangential to meniscus. Note down the reading (h1).
vi. Take away the beaker without disturbing the cork with capillary tube and reference pin.
Bring the travelling microscope in front of the pin. Focus it on this pin. Adjust the cross
wire (cross point) touching the tip of the pin. This is shown in diagram 2 - (ii). Note
down the reading ‘h2’. Repeat for h1 and h2 a twice time by dipping the capillary tube to
various level.
(ii) To find radius of the capillary tube (r) by using travelling microscope:
 The capillary tube is held horizontally. The bore of

the capillary tube is focused with the help of a
travelling microscope. The horizontal crosswire of
the travelling microscope is made to coincide with
the top of the bore of the capillary tube.
 The reading in the vertical scale is noted. Now, the
travelling microscope is moved so that the
horizontal crosswire coincides with the bottom of
the bore of the capillary tube and the vertical scale readings are noted.
 The difference between the two readings gives the diameter of the bore. Similarly using vertical
crosswire, the readings in the horizontal scale corresponding to left and right edges of the bore of
the capillary tube are taken. The difference between the two readings gives the diameter. The
readings are tabulated.
The average diameter and hence the radius of the capillary tube are determined. By using the given
formula, the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid is calculated

Page 14
Tabulation :
(i) To find Capillary rise (h)
Least count = = = 0.001 cm
Reading of Microscope
Capillary rise
MSR VSC Total reading=
Position h cm
(cm) (div) MSR+VSR Cm
Reading of the
meniscus
(i)
(ii)
Reading of the
pointer
(i)
(ii)
Mean h = ………………….x 10-2 m

Page 15
(ii) To find radius of the capillary Tube : (r)
Total Reading
Diameter Radius
Position MSR VSC =
(cm) (cm)
cm div MSR + VSR
cm
Left
Right
Top
Bottom
Mean r = ……………. cm
= ……… x 10-2 m
RESULT:
Surface tension of water = ……………..Nm-1

Page 16
EXP 5- Calibration of low range voltmeter - Potentiometer
Aim : To calibrate the given voltmeter using potentiometer and draw a graph between voltage
and correction.
Apparatus required: potentiometer, Lechlanche cell, denial cell, power supply, galvanometer,
voltmeter, jockey, etc.,
Circuit diagrams :
Fig. 1 To find Fig.2 To find
Procedure
To find
1. Give the circuit connection as shown in fig.1 That is the positive of the L.Cell to A end
of the potentiometer and its negative to the B end of the potentiometer. Also connect the
positive of the D.Cell to the A end of the potentiometer and its negative connected to
jockey through the Galvanometer.
2. To find the balancing length lo : Move the jockey on the potentiometer wire till the
galvanometer shows null deflection. Note down the reading in m.
To calibrate the voltmeter
1. The primary circuit of the potentiometer is undisturbed. The given voltmeter is connected to
potentiometer and jockey by replacing D.Cell and Galvanometer as shown in fig.2

Page 17
2. The position of the jockey is adjusted so that the voltmeter reads V volt (say 0.1 , 0.2 , …..
1.0 V) and the corresponding balancing length is noted in m.
3. Calculate the correct reading of the voltmeter by using the formula
Tabulation:
Balancing length = ……………… x 10-2 m
Volt meter Calculated value Correction

Balance length of voltage
S.no reading V
x 10-2 metre Volt
Volt Volt
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
Model graph
Result:
The given low range voltmeter is calibrated and the correction graph is drawn

Page 18
6 .Spectrometer – refractive index of the material of a prism
Aim: To determine the refractive index of the given prim by using spectrometer.
Apparatus required : sodium vapour lamp, spectrometer, prism, reading lens, etc.,
Formula: - Refractive index of the prism,
A – Angle of the prism,
D - Angle of minimum deviation.
Theory: A spectrometer is used to measure the necessary angles. The spectrometer consists of
three units: (1) collimator, (2) telescope, and (3) prism table.
Setting the Telescope: Focus the telescope onto a distant (infinity!) object. Focusing is done by
changing the separation between the objective and the eyepiece of the telescope till you get the
clear and bright image. Henceforth do not disturb the telescope focusing adjustment.
Setting the Collimator: Use the telescope for viewing the illuminated slit through the collimator
and adjust the collimator till the image of the slit is seen clearly through the telescope. Henceforth
do not disturb the collimator focusing adjustment.
Finding angle of minimum deviation (Dm)

Unlock the prism table for the
measurement of the angle of minimum
deviation ( Dm). Locate the image of the
slit after refraction through the prism as
shown in the above diagram
 Keeping the image always in the field of view, rotate the prism table till the image begins
to retrace its path. The prism is in the minimum deviation position.
 Lock both the telescope and the prism table and use the fine adjustment screw for finer
settings. Note the readings of the telescope.

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 Without disturbing the prism table, remove the prism and turn the telescope (now unlock
it) towards the direct rays from the collimator. Note the scale reading of this position. The
angle of the minimum angular deviation, viz, Dm is the difference between the readings for
these last two settings.
Tabulation :
Least count = = = 1`
To find the angle of the prism
Vernier A Vernier B 2A A
Position MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR vA vB vA v B mean
Right
Left
To find the angle of minimum deviation :
Angle of
Direct reading Minimum deviation position minimum Mean
deviation D D
vA VB vA VB
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR vA VB
Calculation:
Result :
The refractive index of the given prism = …………………. No Unit

Page 20
7. Resistance and Specific resistance of the material of a coil- POST
OFFICE BOX
Aim: To determine the specific resistance of the material of wire
Apparatus required : Post office box, Galvanometer, Battery, Coil, Screw gauge
Formula:
Length of the wire, L = ...............x 10-2 m
Radius of the wire , r = ................x 10-2 m

ohm metre
Unknown resistance of the given coil X = .............ohm
Circuit diagram :
Procedure:
1. The unknown resistance is connected between the terminals X-X

2. The galvanometer is connected between the terminals G-G
3. Leclanche cell is connected between terminals B- B.
4. First check if the connections are correct.
5. Fix the resistance values of P and Q each equal to 10 ohm. .

Page 21
6. Tap keys are pressed simultaneously , the direction of deflection in the galvanometer is
noted.
7. Now change the value of the resistance R by 1 ohm and repeat to press tap keys
Simultaneously, the direction of deflection in the galvanometer is noted.
8. Repeat the same until resistance value of R differing by 1 ohm gives deflection on opposite
sides of the zero in the galvanometer.
9. Value of unknown resistance lies between the these values of R which gives deflection on
opposite sides of the zero in the galvanometer. For ex. 5- 6 ohms.
10. Fix the resistance values of P and Q by adjusting the rotator switch
For eg. P=100 ohm , Q=10 ohm .
11. Now change the value of the resistance R repeat the experiment till the galvanometer shows
deflection in opposite sides of 0 for values of R differing by 1 ohm. ( If the first value of R is
between 5 to 6 ohm, this value will be lie between 50- 60 ohm).
12. Repeat the experiment keeping P=1000 ohm and Q = 10 ohm
13. Using formula find the value of unknown resistance X.
Tabulation :
R
P Q
S.No. Lies between
ohm Ohm
ohm
1

Page 22
To find the radius (r) of the wire using screw gauge:
Zero error= ……………………div. Zero correction=……………………….x 10-3m
S.No Pitch scale Head scale Head scale Observed Corrected

reading (mm) coincidence reading (mm) Reading (mm) Reading (mm)
(div) PSR + HSR Ob.Read. ZC
1
Thickness(d) =……………..m.m
= ……………x10-3m
Calculation:
Result:
Specific resistance of the wire = ………………….. ohm meter

Page 23
8 . COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY OF WATER AND KEROSINE
Aim: To compare the coefficient of the viscosity of water and kerosene by burette method.
Apparatus required : capillary tube, beaker, water, travelling microscope, burette, Hare`s
apparatus, stop clock etc.,
Formula: = x (no unit)
- viscosity of the first and second liquids

respectively
- density of the first and second liquids

respectively
- time taken by first and second liquid

respectively
First liquid – water
Second liquid – given liquid
Procedure:
Procedure (i) Measurement of time for liquid flow:
 The experimental set up is as shown in the figure. A graduated burette is washed with
water and also with the given liquid whose viscosity is to be determined.
 The burette is then fixed vertically in a stand. A capillary tube is connected to the tip of the
burette by means of a rubber tube and is held parallel to the table so that the flow of liquid
is streamlined.
 The given liquid A (water )is filled in the burette slightly above the zero-mark. Now the
pinch clip is released. When the level of liquid reaches the zero-mark the stop-clock is
started and the time is noted. Similarly the time is noted when the liquid level crosses 5,
10, 15 ...... 50 cc.
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The time taken for the flow of every 5cc of the liquid A ( t1 ) are determined.
 The same experiment is repeated with liquid B and the time taken for the flow of every
5cc (t2) are measured and tabulated.
 Time taken for the flow of every 10 cc of the both the liquids are calculated and the ratio
between them (t1 /t2) are found and tabulated.
To determine the relative density of a liquid
The Hare’s apparatus works on the principle of balancing coloumns. It states that when
two liquids columns balance each other, the pressure exerted by the liquid columns must be
equal to one another.
Description:
The Hare’s apparatus consists of a uniform glass tube in the shape of an inverted U-tube. It
has a side tube at the top to which a short rubber tube with a pinch clip is fitted.
Procedure:
The clamp is released and the glass tube is raised. Two beakers, one containing water A
and the other the liquid B are taken. They are placed at the open end of the tubes. The tubes
are then lowered. The mouth of the tubes should be well immersed in water and the liquid.
The pinch cock is pressed and the air is sucked through the rubber tube. The water and the
liquid will rise up in the tubes. The pinch cock is released or closed tightly. Note the levels of
water and the liqiud.
The expriment is repeated for different heights by pressing the pinch cock. The reading s
are entered in the tabular column. The experiment cabn be repeated for about ten trials
Relative density of the liquid = =
Average value is calculated
Time of flow in seconds

Liquid 1 Liquid 2
S.No. Reading
Trial
Trial1 mean Trial1 Trial 2 mean
2
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35

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5 40
6 45
7 50
Range Liquid 1 Liquid 2

(cc) (t1) in seconds (t2) in seconds
20-30
25-35
30-40
35-45
40-50
LIQUID 1 LIQUID2
Beaker Limp Beaker Limp
Height Height
S.NO level level level level
(h1) cm (h2) cm
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
RESULT:
Ratio of co-efficient of viscosity of the given two liquids by burette method =……...........no unit

Page 26
9. NON- UNIFORM BENDING- Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar
Aim : To determine the young’s modulus of the material of the bar
Apparatus required : travelling microscope, slotted weight, knife edges, wooden beam, pin,etc.,
Formula: Nm-2
q=Young’s modulus of the material (Nm-2)

l=Length of the beam between the two knife edges (metre)
y=Depression produced for M Kg load (metre)
b=breath of the beam (metre)
d=Thickness of the beam (metre)
g=Acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/sec2)
Procedure:
 The given beam is placed over the two knife edges (A & B) at a distance of 70 cm or 80 cm.
 Two weight hangers are suspended, one each on either side of the knife edge at equal
distance from the knife edge.
 Since the load is applied at both points of the beam, the bending is uniform throughout the
beam and the bending of the beam is called Uniform Bending.
 A pin is fixed vertically exactly at the centre of the beam. A traveling microscope is placed
in front of this arrangement. Taking the weight hangers alone as the dead load, the tip of the
pin is focused by the microscope and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin just
touches the horizontal cross wire.
 The reading on the vertical scale of the traveling microscope is noted. Now, equal weights
are added on both the weight hangers, in steps of 50 grams. Each time the position of the pin
is focused and the readings are noted from the microscope. The procedure is followed until
the maximum load is reached.
 Finally the breadth of the scale is measured using vernier calipers and the thickness using
screw gauge respectively at different points on the beam and mean value is taken. From the
observations, the young's modulus of the beam is calculated by using the given formula.

Page 27
Tabulation:
Least count = = =0.001cm
Microscope readings
Depression for
Increasing load Decreasing load
………. X10-3 kg
Load MSR VSC VSR TR MSR VSC VSR TR Mean
(y in metre )
x 10-3 kg (x10-2m)
x10-2m (div) x10-2m x10-2m x10-2m (div) x10-2m x10-2m 10-2 m
W+50
W+100
W+150
W+200
W+250

Page 28
To find the thickness(d) of the beam using screw gauge:
Observed Corrected
Pitch scale Head scale
Head scale Reading Reading (mm)
S.No reading reading
coincidence (Div) (mm) Ob.Read. ZC
(mm) (mm)
PSR + HSR
1
Thickness(d) =…………….. x10-3m
To find the breath(b) of the beam using vernier caliper:
Least count = = = .001cm
Least count=0.01cm
Main scale Vernier scale Vernier scale Total reading =

S.No. reading coincidence reading MSR+VSR
cm (div) cm cm
1
Mean = ………………cm
= ……………..x 10-2m
Calculation:
RESULT: Young’s modulus of the material of the given material=-----------(Nm-2)

10 . Resistance by ohm`s law
Aim : To verify ohm`s law and hence to find the resistance of the given coil.
Apparatus required: Resistance box, capacitance box, wire, power supply, ammeter,
voltmeter, rheostat, etc.,
Circuit diagram :
Graph:
R by graph =
THEORY
1. Ohm’s law states that in a resistive circuit, when the resistance is kept constant, the current
through the resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor.
2. This is given by the formula: V= I x R
This can also be written as:
3. Ohm’s law easily verified in the lab by setting up a simple circuit consisting of a power
supply that will supply the voltage, a non-variable resistor and connecting wires.
4. An ammeter can be added in the circuit, in series with the resistor, to measure the current
flowing through the circuit.
5. A voltmeter can be added parallel to the resistor in order to measure the voltage across the
resistor.

6. By varying Rheostat fix the voltage value and measure the corresponding current value
from the ammeter
7. The current and reading measurements taken by the ammeter and voltmeter can be plotted as
described and if the graph obtained is linear, with slope close to the resistance value, then
Ohm’s law will be verified for R.
8. Thus, if voltage was plotted as a function of the current an ohmic resistor would yield a
linear plot with slope equal to the resistance value.
Tabulation :
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading

S.No. ohm
(V) I (amp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Result :
Ohm`s law is verified and the resistance of the coil

i) by calculation …………………… Ω
ii) ii) by graph ………………………….. Ω

B.Sc Nautical Science
Semester-II
Content Page no.
Lab Scheme 4
Cycle - 1
Exp -1 Torsional pendulum-Rigidity modulus of elasticity of a wire 5
Exp -2 Newton`s Rings - Radius of curvature of lens 7
Exp -3 Spring constant- K 10
Exp -4 LR Circuit – Power factor 12
Exp -5 Coefficient of Viscosity of water-graduated burette 15
Cycle - 2
Exp -6 Logic gates using ICs 17
Exp -7 NAND as a universal gate 21
Exp -8 Sonometer- A.C. Frequency 24
Exp -9 Uniform bending – Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar 26
Exp -10 Spectrometer – Wavelength of mercury spectrum 30

 The experiments are designed to illustrate phenomena in different areas of
Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments. Conduct the
experiments with interest and an attitude of learning.
 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to
make reliable measurements!) and equally share the work with your
partners.
 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up
readings or doctor them to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular
reading appears wrong repeat the measurement carefully. In any event all
the data recorded in the tables have to be faithfully displayed on the graph.
 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly
and carefully done.
 Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the
axes and display units.

 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations
and drawing graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
 Report any breakage to the Instructor. Return all the equipment you have
signed out for the purpose of your experiment.
Title
Circuit diagram
Aim
Model graph
Apparatus required
Tabulation
Calculation
Procedure
result

Lab Scheme
Week No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13

Repetition class
Repetition class

Subject
Semester Subject Title C L T P M
code
1 Nautical Physics and electronics Lab 2 40 10 0 100
1. Torsional pendulum- Rigidity modulus of elasticity
Aim
To determine the rigidity modulus of the given wire by using torsion pendulum.
Apparatus required: Torsional pendulum, screw gauge, stop clock, meter scale etc.,
Formula: Nm-2
l = length of the wire in meters Io = kg.m2

T = Time period in sec
M = Mass of the disc in kg
a = Radius of the wire in metre
R = Radius of the disc in metre
Io = Moment of inertia
Procedure:
 A heavy cylindrical disc suspended from one end of a fine wire whose upper end is fixed
constitutes a Torsional pendulum. The disc is turned in its old plane to twist the wire, so
that on being released, it executes torsional vibrations about the wire as axis.
 Now using the stop watch to measure the time taken for ten oscillation of fixed length
( L) of the wire (say 50 cm) continue the same for 60 cm , 70 cm …. Each case takes two
trials and the readings are tabulated.
 From this reading calculate the time period of one oscillation (T) then calculate l/ T 2 .

 By using the screw gauge to measure the diameter and then radius of the given wire (r)
 With the help of the thread to measure the circumference of the disc and calculate the
radius of the disc ( R ).from this value to calculate the Moment of inertia of the disc I.(
Mass of the disc is 1.350 Kg).
 By using the formula to calculate the rigidity modulus of the given wire
Time taken for 10 oscillation

Time l/T2
Length of the (Sec) Mean
S. No period T
wire (x 10-2)m (sec) (ms-2)
Trial 1 Trial 2 (Sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean (l/T2) = …… ms-2
Screw Gauge
Least count = = = .01mm
Zero Error = ………………. Div Zero Correction = ………… x 10-3m
Corrected
Head scale Head scale Observed
Pitch scale Reading
S. No reading coincidence reading Reading
(mm)
=PSR + HSR
(mm) (Div) (mm) (mm) Ob. Red.
ZC
1
2
3
4
5
Mean = ………………. x 10-3 m

Result: The rigidity modulus of the material of the given wire =…………………….
2. Newton`s Rings - Radius of curvature of a convex lens
Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of given lens by Newton`s rings method
Apparatus required: sodium vapour lamp, travelling microscope, convex lens, glass plates,
etc.,
Formula:
metre
R = Radius of curvature of given lens (metre)
λ = wavelength of the given source (5896 x 10 -10 m)
= radius of square of n+9 th ring (metre)
= radius of square of nth ring (metre)
Procedure:
1. Clean the plate Glass plate and lens thoroughly and place the lens over the plate.
2. Switch on the monochromatic light source. This beam of light gets reflected by plate B
falls on lens L.
3. Look down vertically from above the lens and see whether the center is well illuminated.
On looking through the microscope, a spot with rings around it can be seen in the
microscope.
4. Once rings are in focus, rotate the eyepiece such that out of the two perpendicular cross
wires, one has its length parallel to the direction of travel of the microscope. Let this cross
wire also pass through the center of the ring system.
5. Now move the microscope to focus on a ring (say, the 21st order dark ring) on one side of
the center. Set the crosswire tangential to this ring as shown in fig . Note down the
microscope reading.
(Make sure that you correctly read the least count of the vernier in mm units)

6. Move the microscope to make the crosswire tangential to the 18th ring on the same side
and note the reading. Continue this so that 15th 12th …..nth dark ring on the same side are
made to coincide with the cross wire and note down the readings.
7. Similarly note down readings on the other side from nth dark ring to 21st dark ring. From
the readings calculate the diameter of the respective dark ring and then calculate radius of
the same.

Tabulation:
Order Microscope reading x 10-2m Diameter Radius r2

of the Left Right
X 10-2 m X 10-2 m X 10-4 m2 X 10-4 m2
MSR VSC VSR TR MSR VSC VSR TR
Ring
n+18
cm div. cm cm cm div. cm cm
n+15
n+12
n+9
n+6
n+3
n
Mean = …………. X 10-4 m2
Calculation:
Result: Radius of curvature of surface of the lens R = ………………. X 10-2m

3. Spring Constant
Aim: To measure the spring constant and to measure a period of oscillation of the system.
Apparatus required: Spring system, stop clock, meter scale, etc.,
Formula:
N/m
Where F = Mg
M – Mass (Kg)
g – acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
X – Difference between initial and final position (m)
Part I
1. Adjust the scale, such that the pointer from the spring and hanger are at a particular
mark. The scale is in increments of centimeters.
2. Place a 100 g mass on the hanger and record the reading on the scale. [Stretched spring
length (x)]
3. Continue adding mass in steps of 100 g and record the scale reading till 500 g .
4. Convert scale reading from centimetres to meters.
5. Convert mass values from grams to kilograms.
6. Calculate the Force (Fg) acting on the spring.
Part II
7. Place a 100g mass on the hanger and note down time taken for 10 oscillation. Continue
the same up to 500 g.
8. Draw Mass vs. Time graph. From the graph calculate the force constant.

Tabulation:
Initial Final position

Mass (x 10- position (cm) (cm) X = Xi – Xo
3Kg) (cm)
Xo Xi
100
200
300
400
500
Time Period of
Mass (x No. of Taken oscillation
10-3Kg) oscillation
Sec Sec
100
200
300

400
500
Model graph:
Slope of curve is K =……..
Result:
Force constant
(i) By theory K = …….……. N/m

(ii) By Graph K =…………… N/m
4. LR circuit
Aim: To determine the impedance and power factor by constructing an inductive circuit.
Formula:

Z - Impedance of circuit (ohm)
R- Resistance (ohm)
L- Inductance (Henry)
ω- Frequency (Hz) (ω = 2πν)
Applied
Voltage Voltage Power factor
voltage
S. No across R across L I= V/ Z
V = VR +VL
VR volt VL volt Amp
volt
Procedure:
 The inductive circuit are constructed by the induction box and resistance box connected
in series with AFO (audio frequency oscillator) as shown in diagram.
 By assuming the fixed values of resistance, inductance and frequency of the oscillator to
calculate the impedance of the circuit (Z).
 To make the above fixed values in the circuit and measure the voltage across the
induction box VL and resistance box VR.
 To repeat the experiment by increasing the values of amplitude in the AFO and
corresponding VL , VR are noted and the values are tabulated.
 By using the values calculate the current and power factor in the inductive circuit.
 To draw the graph between applied voltage and voltage across the resistance as shown in
above model graph.

 From the calculate the value of power factor.
Result:
Impedance of the inductive circuit Z= …………. Ohm
Power factor of the inductive circuit by
1. Calculation ………………..
2. Graph …………………….
5. Coefficient of Viscosity of a liquid- graduated burette

Aim:
To find the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid by capillary flow using burette.
Formula:
Length of the capillary tube (l) = …………….. m
Radius of the capillary tube (a) = …………….. m

kg m-1s-1
V= 10 cc = 10 x 10-6 m3
Density of water (d) = 1000 kg m-3
 The experimental set up is as shown in the figure. A graduated burette is washed with
water and also with the given liquid whose viscosity is to be determined.
 The burette is then fixed vertically in a stand. A capillary
tube is connected to the tip of the burette by means of
a rubber tube and is held parallel to the table so that
the flow of liquid is streamlined.
 The given liquid is filled in the burette slightly above the
zero-mark. Now the pinch clip is released. When the
level of liquid reaches the zero-mark the stop-clock is
started and the time is noted. Similarly the time is noted
when the liquid level crosses 5, 10, 15 ...... 50 cc.
 The time taken for the flow of every 5cc of the liquid ( t ) are
determined. The pressure head (h) is calculated by using a
meter-scale. It is seen that as pressure-head (h) decreases,
the time of flow (t ) increases. The product (ht) is also
calculated.
 The capillary tube is held horizontally. The bore of the capillary tube is focused with the
help of a travelling microscope. The horizontal crosswire of the travelling microscope is
made to coincide with the top of the bore of the capillary tube.
 The reading in the vertical scale is noted. Now, the travelling microscope is moved so that
the horizontal crosswire coincides with the bottom of the bore of the capillary tube and
the vertical scale readings are noted.
 The difference between the two readings gives the diameter of the bore. Similarly using
vertical crosswire, the readings in the horizontal scale corresponding to left and right
edges of the bore of the capillary tube are taken. The difference between the two
readings gives the diameter. The readings are tabulated.

 The average diameter and hence the radius of the capillary tube are determined. By using
the given formula, the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid is calculated.
Observation:
Height of the capillary tube above the table = ………….
Burette reading Time Height of the Height of the level

20 level above the above the capillary
cc
25 s table 10-2 m tube (h) 10-2 m
30
35
40
45
50
Range h1 h2 T ht
cc x 10-2m x 10-2m s x10-2m s

X 10-2m
20-30
25-35
30-40
35-45
40-50
Mean ht =
(iii) To find radius of the capillary Tube : (r)
Total Reading
Diameter Radius
Position MSR VSC =
(cm) (cm)
cm div MSR + VSR
cm
Left

right
Top
Bottom
Mean r = ……………. cm
= ………….. X 10-2 m
Calculation:
Result: Coefficient of viscosity of water η = …………………………… kg m-1s-1

6. Basic Logic gates
Aim: To construct the basic logic gates and verifies their truth tables.
Apparatus required: Trainer kit, IC’s 7400, 7402, 7408, 7432, 7404, 7486 and voltmeter etc.
Pin out diagrams:
Procedure
NOT Gate:
 IC 7404 is fixed on the bread board and energized with the 5V power. The
14th pin and the 7th pin are connected to positive and negative of the power supply
respectively.
 Using the first two pins to construct the NOT gate. The 1st pin connected
to the input and the 2nd pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter. The
negative terminal of the
Voltmeter is earthed.
 Now verify the truth table with help of voltmeter and the results are
tabulated.

AND Gate
14thpin and the 7th pin are connected to positive and negative of the power supply
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the AND gate. The 1 st and 2nd pin
connected to the input and the 3nd pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter.
The negative terminal of the Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
OR Gate
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the OR gate. The 1 st and 2nd pin
tabulated.
NAND
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the NAND gate. The 1 st and 2nd pin
tabulated.
NOR
respectively.

 Using the first three pins to construct the NOR gate. The 2nd and 3 rd pin
connected to the input and the 1st pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter.
tabulated.
EX-OR
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the EX-OR gate. The 1st and 2nd pin
tabulated.
Circuit diagrams
Truth table Verification table
Input Out Input Out

A put A put
0 1
1 0
Input Output Input Output

A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
A B A B
0 0 1
0 1 1

1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table Verification

table
A B A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Truth table Verification

table
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Result:
The basic logic gates are constructed and their truth tables are verified.

7. Universal gate-NAND
Aim: To construct the basic logic gates using NAND gate and verify the truth tables.
Apparatus required: Trainer kit, IC 7400, voltmeter, etc.
Circuit diagram

Procedure:
NAND as NOT
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the NOT gate. The 1 st and 2nd pin are
shorted and then connected to the input and the 3 nd pin goes to positive terminal of the
given voltmeter. The negative terminal of the Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
NAND as AND
respectively.
 Using the first six pins to construct the AND gate. The 1 st and 2nd pin are
separately connected to the two inputs as shown in the diagram. The 4 th & 5th pins are
shorted then connected to the 3nd pin of the IC. The 6th pin goes to positive terminal of
the given voltmeter. The negative terminal of the Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
NAND as OR
respectively.
 Using the first nine pins to construct the OR gate. The 1 st & 2nd pin are
shorted and then connected to the one input and similarly 4th & 5th pins are shorted
then connected to second input. The 3nd pin goes to 9th pin and 6th pin goes to 10th pin
of the IC . 8th pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter. The negative terminal
of the Voltmeter is earthed. Now verify the truth table with help of voltmeter and the
results are tabulated.

NAND as NOR
 To follow the procedure of NAND as OR then the pins 12 th & 13th are
shorted then connected to 8th pin of the IC. 11th pin goes to positive terminal of the
given voltmeter. The negative terminal of the Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
NAND as EX-OR
 All the four gates of IC 7400 are made used to construct the Exclusive OR
gate.
 The connections are made as shown in the pin out diagram. Now verify
the truth table with help of voltmeter and the results are tabulated.
Input Out Input Out

put put
0 1
1 0
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
A B A B

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
A B A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Result: The basic logic gates are constructed by using NAND gate and their truth tables are
verified

8. Sonometer – AC frequency
Aim: To determine the A.C. frequency of domestic power supply.
Apparatus required: Sonometer set, weight hanger, meter scale etc.,
Formula:
m – Linear density (m = πr2d) d – Density of material of the wire

(Kg/m3)
g – Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
l – Length of one loop (m)
M – mass (Kg)
Procedure:
 Put certain load say, 1Kg on the hanger. By adjusting the movable bridges
until the resonance is occurred (when maximum sound is heard) and the distance
between the bridges is noted (l).
 Repeat the experiment by decreasing the load on the hanger in steps of
200 gm.
 From the above reading calculate M / l2
 With the help of the screw gauge measure the diameter of the sono meter
wire in two mutually perpendicular directions at several places along its length and
hence find mean radius r of the wire.
 To calculate the linear density of the wire with help of radius of the wire
and the density of the given material wire.
 Using the values of m, g, M/ l2 calculate the frequency of AC main.
Tabulation:
Length of one loop

Mass (x (l)
10-3Kg)
Cm

Mean = ……………… x 10-4
Correct
Observ
ed
Pitch Head ed
S Head
scale scale Readin
. scale Readin
readi g (mm)
N readi g (mm)
ng coincide
o ng Ob.
(mm) nce (Div) PSR +
(mm) Red.
HSR
ZC

Diameter=……………..mm
Radius = …………… mm
Result:
A.C. frequency of the domestic power supply = …………….Hz

9. Uniform bending – Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar
Aim: To find out the young’s modulus of the given material by uniform bending method.
Apparatus required:
Travelling microscope, reading lens, screw guage, vernier caliper, etc…..
Formula:
M - Mass ………………. X10-3kg
G - Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2)
a - distance b/w knife edge to weight hanger in metre
l - Distance b/w two knife edges in metre
b - Breadth of the material in metre
d - Thickness of the material in metre
y - Depression for 100 gm in metre

Procedure:
 The given beam is placed over the two knife edges (A & B) at a distance of 70 cm or 80
cm.
 Two weight hangers are suspended, one each on either side of the knife edge at equal
distance from the knife edge.
 Since the load is applied at both points of the beam, the bending is uniform throughout
the beam and the bending of the beam is called Uniform Bending.
 A pin is fixed vertically exactly at the centre of the beam. A traveling microscope is placed
in front of this arrangement. Taking the weight hangers alone as the dead load, the tip of
the pin is focused by the microscope and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin
just touches the horizontal cross wire.
 The reading on the vertical scale of the traveling microscope is noted. Now, equal
weights are added on both the weight hangers, in steps of 50 grams. Each time the
position of the pin is focused and the readings are noted from the microscope. The
procedure is followed until the maximum load is reached.
screw gauge respectively at different points on the beam and mean value is taken. From
the observations, the young's modulus of the beam is calculated by using the given
formula.

Tabulation:
Microscope readings Depression for

Load in Increasing load Decreasing load ………. X10-3 kg
Mean
x 10-3 kg MSR VSC VSR TR MSR VSC VSR TR (y in metre )
(x10-2m)
W+50
W+100
W+150
W+200
W+250
Y=………………x10-2m

To find the thickness of the beam using screw gauge:
Corrected
Pitch scale Head scale Head scale Observed
Reading
S. No reading coincidence reading Reading =PSR +
(mm)
(mm) (Div) (mm) HSR (mm)
Ob. Read. ZC
Mean = ………………. x 10-3 m
To find the breath (b) of the beam using vernier calliper:
Main scale reading Vernier scale Vernier scale reading Total reading =
cm coincidence (div) cm MSR+VSR cm
Calculation: Mean = ……………… x 10-2m
Result: The young’s modulus of the material of the given beam =……………… Nm-2

10. Spectrometer –Wavelength of colours of mercury spectrum - lines
Aim: To find the no lines per meter of given grating by using diffracting angle of green colour and
also calculate the wavelength of the colours of mercury spectrum using spectrometer.
Apparatus required: mercury vapour lamp, spectrometer, grating plate, reading lens, etc.,
Formula:
lines / m Å
Where 5460 Ǻ
λ = wavelength of mercury spectrum
- Angle of diffraction
m = order of the spectrum
N = no. of lines / metre in grating
Theory: A spectrometer is used to measure the necessary angles. The spectrometer consists of three
units: (1) collimator, (2) telescope, and (3) prism table.
Setting the Telescope: Focus the telescope onto a distant (infinity!) object. Focusing is done by
changing the separation between the objective and the eyepiece of the telescope till you get the
and adjust the collimator till the image of the slit is seen clearly through the telescope.
Henceforth do not disturb the collimator focusing adjustment.

Finding angle of diffraction
1. Place the grating on the prism table such that the surface of the grating is approximately
perpendicular to the collimator of the spectrometer (i.e. perpendicular to the incident light
falling on the grating).
2. Fix the prism table in this position. With the Hg source, observe first order spectrum on left
hand side.
3. The telescope is adjusted so that cross-wire coincides with a particular spectral line. Note
down the reading of the telescope in both the Vernier scales.
4. The telescope is taken to the right side and the experiment is repeated as above.
5. The diffraction angle is equal to difference between LHS and RHS observation divided by two
for a particular spectral line.

Tabulation : Least count = = = 1`
Calculation:
telescope at left side telescope at left telescope at right telescope at right angle of
Vernier A side Vernier B side Vernier A side Vernier B diffraction
colour MS VS T MS VS MS VS
MSR TR TR TR 2 1 2
VS R R R R R R R
R
Result: The wavelength of the prominent colours of mercury spectrum are found and the results
are tabulated

BE (Marine, EEE Marine, HE, PE and NA&OFF)
Exp. No Contents Page No.
Lab Scheme 4
Cycle - 1
Exp -1 Calibration of low range voltmeter - Potentiometer 5
Exp -2 Torsional pendulum- Rigidity modulus of elasticity 7
Exp -3 Spectrometer –Wavelength of colours of mercury spectrum - lines 9
Exp -4 Newton`s Rings - Radius of curvature of a convex lens 12
Exp -5 Air wedge- Thickness of wire 14
Cycle - 2
Exp -6 Spectrometer -Dispersive power of a prism 16
Exp -7 Uniform bending – Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar 20
Exp -8 Coefficient of Viscosity of a liquid- graduated burette 24
Exp -9 Non-Uniform Bending- Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar 27
Exp -10 Field along the axis of a coil 30

 The experiments are designed to illustrate phenomena in different areas of Physics and to
expose you to measuring instruments. Conduct the experiments with interest and an attitude
of learning.
 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to make reliable
measurements!) and equally share the work with your partners.
 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up readings or doctor them
to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the measurement
carefully. In any event all the data recorded in the tables have to be faithfully displayed on
the graph.
 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly and carefully done.
 Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the axes and display
units.
 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations and drawing
graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
 Report any breakage to the Instructor. Return all the equipment you have signed out for the
purpose of your experiment.

Title
Circuit diagram
Aim
Model graph
Apparatus required
Tabulation
Calculation
Procedure
result

Lab Scheme
Week No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13

Repetition class
Repetition class

Subject
Semester Subject Title C L T P M
code
1 Engineering Physics Lab 40 10 0 100
EXP 1. Calibration of low range voltmeter - Potentiometer
Aim: To calibrate the given voltmeter using potentiometer and draw a graph between voltage and correction.
Apparatus required: potentiometer, Lechlanche cell, denial cell, power supply, galvanometer, voltmeter,
jockey, etc.,
Circuit diagrams:
Formula:
Volt
1.08 – Emf of Daniel Cell
Procedure
To find

3. Give the circuit connection as shown in fig.1 That is the positive of the L. Cell to A end of the
potentiometer and its negative to the B end of the potentiometer. Also connect the positive of the D. Cell
to the A end of the potentiometer and its negative connected to jockey through the Galvanometer.
4. To find the balancing length lo: Move the jockey on the potentiometer wire till the galvanometer shows
null deflection. Note down the reading in m.
4. The primary circuit of the potentiometer is undisturbed. The given voltmeter is connected to potentiometer
and jockey by replacing D.Cell and Galvanometer as shown in fig.2
5. The position of the jockey is adjusted so that the voltmeter reads V volt (say 0.1, 0.2, 1.0 V) and the
corresponding balancing length is noted in m.
Tabulation:
Balance length Calculated value of Correction

Volt meter
S. No voltage
reading V Volt Volt
Volt
10
11
12

13
14
15
Model graph
Result:
The given low range voltmeter is calibrated and the

correction graph is drawn

EXP 2.Torsional pendulum- Rigidity modulus of elasticity
Aim
To determine the rigidity modulus of the given wire by using torsion pendulum.
Formula: Nm-2
l = length of the wire in meters Io = kg.m2

M = Mass of the disc in kg
a = Radius of the wire in metre
R = Radius of the disc in metre
Procedure:
 A heavy cylindrical disc suspended from one end of a fine wire whose upper end is fixed constitutes a
Torsional pendulum. The disc is turned in its old plane to twist the wire, so that on being released, it
executes torsional vibrations about the wire as axis.
(L) of the wire (say 50 cm) continue the same for 60 cm , 70 cm …. Each case takes two trials and the
 From this reading calculate the time period of one oscillation (T) then calculate l/ T 2.
 With the help of the thread to measure the circumference of the disc and calculate the radius of the disc ( R
). from this value to calculate the Moment of inertia of the disc I.( Mass of the disc is 1.350 Kg).
 By using the formula to calculate the rigidity modulus of the given wire

Time taken for 10 oscillation
Time l/T2
Length of the (Sec) Mean
S. No period T
wire (x 10-2)m (sec)
Trial 1 Trial 2 (Sec) (ms-2)
Mean (l/T2) = …… ms-2
Screw Gauge

Corrected
Pitch scale Head scale Head scale Observed Reading
reading coincidence reading
S.No Reading =PSR (mm)
(mm) + HSR (mm)
(Div) (mm)
Ob.Red. ZC
Mean = ………………. x 10-3 m
Result: The rigidity modulus of the material of the given wire =…………………….

EXP 3. Spectrometer –Wavelength of colours of mercury spectrum - lines
Aim: To find the no lines per meter of given grating by using diffracting angle of green colour and also calculate
the wavelength of the colours of mercury spectrum using spectrometer.
Apparatus required: mercury vapour lamp, spectrometer, grating plate, reading lens, etc.,
Formula:
lines / m Å
Where 5460 Ǻ
λ = wavelength of mercury spectrum
- angle of diffraction
m = order of the spectrum
N = no. of lines / metre in grating
Theory: A spectrometer is used to measure the necessary angles. The spectrometer consists of three units: (1)
collimator, (2) telescope, and (3) prism table.
Setting the Telescope: Focus the telescope onto a distant (infinity!) object. Focusing is done by changing the
separation between the objective and the eyepiece of the telescope till you get the clear and bright image.
Henceforth do not disturb the telescope focusing adjustment.
Setting the Collimator: Use the telescope for viewing the illuminated slit through the collimator and adjust the
collimator till the image of the slit is seen clearly through the telescope. Henceforth do not disturb the
collimator focusing adjustment.

Finding angle of diffraction
6. Place the grating on the prism table such that the surface of the grating is approximately perpendicular to
the collimator of the spectrometer (i.e. perpendicular to the incident light falling on the grating).
7. Fix the prism table in this position. With the Hg source, observe first order spectrum on left hand side.
8. The telescope is adjusted so that cross-wire coincides with a particular spectral line. Note down the
reading of the telescope in both the Vernier scales.
9. The telescope is taken to the right side and the experiment is repeated as above.
10. The diffraction angle is equal to difference between LHS and RHS observation divided by two for a
particular spectral line.

Tabulation: Least count = = = 1`
telescope at left side telescope at left telescope at right telescope at right

angle of diffraction
Vernier A side Vernier B side Vernier A side Vernier B
colour
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR 2 1 2
Calculation:
Result: The wavelength of the prominent colours of mercury spectrum are found and the results are tabulated

EXP 4. Newton`s Rings - Radius of curvature of a convex lens
Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of given lens by Newton`s rings method
Apparatus required: sodium vapour lamp, travelling microscope, convex lens, glass plates, etc.,
Formula:
metre
R = Radius of curvature of given lens (metre)
λ = wavelength of the given source (5896 x 10 -10 m)
= radius of square of n+9 th ring (metre)
= radius of square of nth ring (metre)
Procedure:
8. Clean the plate Glass plate and lens thoroughly and place the lens over the plate.
9. Switch on the monochromatic light source. This beam of light gets reflected by plate B falls on lens L.
10. Look down vertically from above the lens and see whether the center is well illuminated. On looking
through the microscope, a spot with rings around it can be seen in the microscope.
11. Once rings are in focus, rotate the eyepiece such that out of the two perpendicular cross wires, one has
its length parallel to the direction of travel of the microscope. Let this cross wire also pass through the
center of the ring system.
12. Now move the microscope to focus on a ring (say, the 21 st order dark ring) on one side of the center.
Set the crosswire tangential to this ring as shown in fig . Note down the microscope reading.
(Make sure that you correctly read the least count of the vernier in mm units)
13. Move the microscope to make the crosswire tangential to the 18th ring on the same side and note the
reading. Continue this so that 15th 12th …..nth dark ring on the same side are made to coincide with the
cross wire and note down the readings.
14. Similarly note down readings on the other side from nth dark ring to 21st dark ring. From the readings
calculate the diameter of the respective dark ring and then calculate radius of the same.

Tabulation:
Microscope reading x 10-2m

Order of
Left Right Diameter Radius r2
the
MSR VSC VSR TR MSR VSC VSR TR X 10-2 m X 10-2 m X 10-4 m2 X 10-4 m2
Ring
cm div. cm cm cm div. cm cm
n+18
n+15
n+12
n+9
n+6
n+3
Mean = …………. X 10-4 m2
Calculation:
Result: Radius of curvature of surface of the lens R = ………………. X 10-2m

EXP 5. Air wedge- Thickness of wire
Aim:
To determine the thickness of a very thin wire by interference method.
Apparatus required:
Sodium vapour lamp, travelling microscope, glass plates, thin wire, reading lens. Etc.,
Formula: metre
Where
t = Thickness of the material (metre)
= The distance between the end A and the point where the wire is inserted (metre)
= wavelength of the source 5896 x 10-10 (metre)
β = band width (metre)
Procedure:
 Place the two optically flat glass plates one over the other , so
that they touch each other at the left end and are separated at
the right end by the given thin wire . The length of the wire
should be perpendicular to the length of the glass plates.
 Place this assembly on the platform of the microscope.
 Illuminate the assembly by sodium light. Adjust the glass plate
G, such that incident light is almost normal to the glass plate
wire assembly.
 Focus the microscope to observe the interference patterns
Make the cross-wire to coincide with, say, n, n+5, n+10,......... n+50 by
traversing the microscope horizontally.
 Determine the length ‘L’ with the help of microscope.

Tabulation:
Microscope reading
Distance
between 5
Total reading TR =
Main scale Vernier scale band s
Order of MSR+VSR
reading MSR reading VSC
the band
(x 10-2)m div. (x 10-2)m (x 10-2)m
(x 10-2)m
n+5
n+10
n+15
n+20
n+25
n+30
n+35
n+40
n+45
n+50
Mean = ……………….(x 10-2)m
Calculation:
Result :
The thickness of the given fine wire t = ……………. metre

EXP 6. Spectrometer -Dispersive power of a prism
Aim:
To determine the dispersive power of a prism
Apparatus required:
Sodium vapour lamp, spectrometer, prism, reading lens, etc.,
Formula:
µ = Refractive index of the material of the prism

µ = no unit
A = Angle of the prism
D = Angle of minimum deviation of the prism
The dispersive power of the prism to the wavelength ,
Theory: A spectrometer is used to measure the

necessary angles. The spectrometer consists
of three units: (1) collimator, (2) telescope, and (3) prism table.
Setting the Telescope: Focus the telescope onto a distant (infinity!) object. Focusing is done by changing the
separation between the objective and the eyepiece of the telescope till you get the clear and bright
image. Henceforth do not disturb the telescope focusing adjustment.
Setting the Collimator: Use the telescope for viewing the illuminated slit through the collimator and adjust
the collimator till the image of the slit is seen clearly through the telescope. Henceforth do not disturb
the collimator focusing adjustment.

 Unlock the prism table for the measurement of the angle of minimum deviation ( D m). Locate the
image of the slit after refraction through the prism as shown in the above diagram
 Keeping the image always in the field of view, rotate the prism table till the image begins to retrace its
path. The prism is in the minimum deviation position.
 Lock both the telescope and the prism table and use the fine adjustment screw for finer settings. Note
the readings of the telescope.
 Without disturbing the prism table, remove the prism and turn the telescope (now unlock it) towards
the direct rays from the collimator. Note the scale reading of this position. The angle of the minimum
angular deviation, viz, Dm is the difference between the readings for these last two settings.

Tabulation:
Telescope reading at the position of minimum deviation

Angle of minimum
deviation
µ=
Vernier-A Vernier-B
colour
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR

Pair of
colours
Result:
Dispersive power of the material of the prism for various pairs of colours is determined

EXP 7. Uniform bending – Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar
Apparatus required:
Travelling microscope, reading lens, screw guage, vernier caliper, etc…..
Formula:
M - Mass ………………. X10-3kg
G - acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2)
a - distance b/w knife edge to weight hanger in metre
l - distance b/w two knife edge in metre
b - breadth of the material in metre
d - thickness of the material in metre
y - depression for 100 gm in metre

Procedure:
 Two weight hangers are suspended, one each on either side of the knife edge at equal distance from the
knife edge.
 Since the load is applied at both points of the beam, the bending is uniform throughout the beam and
the bending of the beam is called Uniform Bending.
 A pin is fixed vertically exactly at the centre of the beam. A traveling microscope is placed in front of
this arrangement. Taking the weight hangers alone as the dead load, the tip of the pin is focused by the
microscope and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin just touches the horizontal cross wire.
 The reading on the vertical scale of the traveling microscope is noted. Now, equal weights are added
on both the weight hangers, in steps of 50 grams. Each time the position of the pin is focused and the
readings are noted from the microscope. The procedure is followed until the maximum load is reached.
 Finally the breadth of the scale is measured using vernier calipers and the thickness using screw gauge
respectively at different points on the beam and mean value is taken. From the observations, the
young's modulus of the beam is calculated by using the given formula.

Tabulation:

Mean
(x10-2m)
W+50
W+100
W+150
W+200
W+250
Y=………………x10-2m

To find the thickness of the beam using screw guage:
Corrected
Pitch scale Head scale Head scale
Observed
Reading
reading
S.No coincidence reading Reading =PSR + HSR
(mm)
(mm) (mm)
(Div) (mm)
Ob. Read. ZC
Mean = ………………. x 10-3 m
To find the breath (b) of the beam using vernier caliper:
Calculation: Mean = ……………… x 10-2m
Result: The young’s modulus of the material of the given beam =……………… Nm-2

EXP 8. Coefficient of Viscosity of a liquid- graduated burette
Aim:
Formula:
kg m-1s-1 Length of the capillary tube (l) = …………….. m
Radius of the capillary tube (a) = …………….. m
V= 10 cc = 10 x 10-6 m3
 The experimental set up is as shown in the figure. A graduated burette is washed with water and also
with the given liquid whose viscosity is to be determined.
 The burette is then fixed vertically in a stand. A capillary
tube is connected to the tip of the burette by means of a
rubber tube and is held parallel to the table so that the
flow of liquid is streamlined.
 The given liquid is filled in the burette slightly above the
zero-mark. Now the pinch clip is released. When the level
of liquid reaches the zero-mark the stop-clock is started
and the time is noted. Similarly the time is noted when
the liquid level crosses 5, 10, 15 ...... 50 cc.
 The time taken for the flow of every 5cc of the liquid ( t )
are determined. The pressure head (h) is calculated by using a
meter-scale. It is seen that as pressure-head ( h ) decreases, the
time of flow ( t ) increases. The product ( ht ) is also calculated.

 The capillary tube is held horizontally. The bore of the capillary tube is focused with the help of a
travelling microscope. The horizontal crosswire of the travelling microscope is made to coincide with
the top of the bore of the capillary tube.
 The reading in the vertical scale is noted. Now, the travelling microscope is moved so that the
horizontal crosswire coincides with the bottom of the bore of the capillary tube and the vertical scale
readings are noted.
crosswire, the readings in the horizontal scale corresponding to left and right edges of the bore of the
capillary tube are taken. The difference between the two readings gives the diameter. The readings are
tabulated.
 The average diameter and hence the radius of the capillary tube are determined. By using the given
formula, the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid is calculated.
Observation :
Height of the capillary tube above the table = ………….
Burette reading Time Height of the Height of the level

level above the above the capillary
cc s table 10-2 m tube (h) 10-2 m
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Range h1 h2 T ht
cc x10-2m x10-2m s x10-2m s

x10-2m
20-30
25-35
30-40
35-45
40-50
Mean ht =
(iv) To find radius of the capillary Tube : (r)

Total Reading = Diameter Radius
Position MSR VSC
MSR + VSR (cm) (cm)
cm div
cm
Left
right
Top
Bottom
Mean r = ……………. cm
= ………….. x 10-2 m
Calculation:
Result:
Coefficient of viscosity of water η = …………………………… kg m-1s-1

EXP 9 . NON- UNIFORM BENDING- Young’s modulus of elasticity of a bar
Aim:
To determine the young’s modulus of the material of the bar
Apparatus required: travelling microscope, slotted weight, knife edges, wooden beam, pin, etc.,
Formula:
Nm-2
q=Young’s modulus of the material (Nm-2) b=breath of the beam (m)
l=Length of the beam between the two knife edges (m) d=Thickness of the beam (m)
y=Depression produced for M Kg load g=Acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/sec2)
Procedure:
 The weight hangers is suspended, at the middle
 Since the load is applied at the point of the beam, the bending is non uniform throughout the beam and
the bending of the beam is called non Uniform Bending.
 A pin is fixed vertically exactly at the centre of the beam. A traveling microscope is placed in front of
this arrangement. Taking the weight hanger alone as the dead load, the tip of the pin is focused by the
microscope and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin just touches the horizontal cross wire.
 The reading on the vertical scale of the traveling microscope is noted. Now, equal weights are added
on the weight hangers, in steps of 50 grams. Each time the position of the pin is focused and the
readings are noted from the microscope. The procedure is followed until the maximum load is reached.
 Finally the breadth of the scale is measured using vernier calipers and the thickness using screw gauge
respectively at different points on the beam and mean value is taken. From the observations, the
young's modulus of the beam is calculated by using the given formula.

Tabulation:

Mean
(x10-2m)
W+50
W+100
W+150
W+200
W+250
y=………………x10-2m

To find the thickness (d) of the beam using screw gauge:
Zero error = ……………………div. Zero correction=……………………….x 10-3m
Observed Corrected
S. No Reading (mm) Reading (mm)
reading (mm)
coincidence (div) reading (mm)
PSR + HSR Ob. Read. ZC
Thickness (d) =…………….. X10-3m
To find the breath (b) of the beam using vernier caliper:
Least count=0.01cm
Total reading =
Main scale reading Vernier scale Vernier scale reading
MSR+VSR
cm coincidence (div) cm
cm
Mean = ………………cm
= ……………..x 10-2m
Calculation:

RESULT: Young’s modulus of the material of the given beam =----------- (Nm-2)
EXP 10. Field along the axis of a coil
Aim: To determine magnetic induction (B) when current flows thorough the coil.
Apparatus required: tangent galvanometer, circular coil, rheostat, ammeter, power supply, etc.,
Formula :
Tesla
Ampere turns / metre
B - Magnetic induction
H – Magnetic field intensity
N – no. of turns of the coil
r – Radius of the coil
I – current through the coil
- mean deflection
Circuit:
Procedure
1. The circuit is made by connecting the battery, rheostat, ammeter and commutator in series as shown in the
diagram.

2. The coil is connected across the commutator.
3. The initial adjustment is made by setting the plane of the coil in the magnetic meridian. The compass box is
adjusted to read zero -zero position.
4. The Rheostat is adjusted to pass a suitable current ( say 0.5 A) through the coil such that the deflection is
above 30o.
5. The deflections (say θ1 and θ2) as read by the ends of the pointer are noted.
6. The commutator is reversed and the deflections (say θ3 and θ4) are read.
7. The experiment is repeated by adjusting the rheostat for the different current ( maintain the deflection in
between 30 0 to 60 0 ) and the corresponding deflections are noted.
8. The radius of the coil is measured by the measuring the circumference of the coil.
Tabulation:
No of turns n = …………… Radius of the coil ( r ) = ………………… x 10 -2 m
Deflection Mean
Current (I) Direct Reverse
ampere
Mean = …………………
Calculation:
Result:
(1) The horizontal intensity of Earth`s magnetic field H = ………………….. Ampere turns / metre
(2) Magnetic induction B = …………………... tesla

Diploma (NA&OE, PE)
SEMESTER-I
Ex. No. Content Page no.
Lab Scheme 4
Cycle - 1
Exp -1 MARINE HYDROMETER AND HARE’S APPARATUS 7
Exp -2 SCREW GAUGE 8
Exp -3 SURFACE TENSION – CAPILLARY RISE METHOD 10
Exp -4 VERNIER CALLIPER 12
Cycle -2
Exp -5 COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY 13

Exp -6 UNIFORM BENDING 15
Exp -7 TORSIONAL PENDULUM 17
Exp -8 SONOMETER 20

 The experiments are designed to illustrate phenomena in different areas of Physics and to
expose you to measuring instruments. Conduct the experiments with interest and an attitude of
learning.
 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to make reliable
measurements!) and equally share the work with your partners.
 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up readings or doctor them
to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the measurement
carefully. In any event all the data recorded in the tables have to be faithfully displayed on the
graph.
 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly and carefully done.
 Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the axes and display
units.
 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations and drawing graphs.
Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
 Report any breakage to the Instructor. Return all the equipment you have signed out for the
purpose of your experiment.

Circuit diagram Title
Model graph Aim
Tabulation Apparatus required
Calculation Formula & explanation
Procedure
result

Lab Scheme
Week No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13

Repetition class
Repetition class

Page 103
1. Marine Hydrometer and Hare`s apparatus
Aim: To determine the density of the given liquid using Marine Hydrometer and compare the
Semester Subject code Subject Title C L T P M
1 DNAOE 104/ Diploma in NA & PE Physics 2 10 30 100

DPE 104 Lab - I
same using Hare`s apparatus.
Apparatus required: Marine hydrometer setup, Hare`s apparatus, etc.,
Formula:
Procedure
1. Take Liquid – I (water) and Liquid - II ( experimental liquid whose density is to be
determined) in two separate tall jars.
2. A few lead shots are put in a small test tube(hydrometer) and gently immersed in liquid I
and the hydrometer reading is noted as h1. The test tube is removed from the liquid I
outside, wiped and immersed in liquid II and corresponding reading is noted as h2.
3. The experiment is repeated by adding 3 more lead shots. Take at least 10 sets of reading.
From the readings calculate the density of the given liquid II.
4. With the help of Hare`s apparatus, calculate the density of the liquid II and compare the
results.

Page 104
Tabulation:
Marine Hydrometer:
Height of float in Height of float in Density of liquid

water liquid
S.No
h1 h2
x10-2 m x10-2 m Kg m-3
1
10
Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3
Hare`s apparatus:
Reading of water level in Reading of liquid level in Density of liquid

Beake Difference Beake Difference
U- tube U- tube
r r
S.No.
a c
b d
Cm Cm Cm Cm Kg m-3
Cm Cm
1

Page 105
5
10
Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3
Calculation:
Result:
Density of the given liquid using
1. Marine hydrometer = ………………………. Kg m-3
2. Hare`s apparatus == ………………………. Kg m-3

Page 106
2. Screw gauge
Aim: To find error in individual measurements in finding the thickness of the given rod by
screw gauge
Apparatus required: screw gauge, rod etc.,
To find Zero Error (ZE) and Zero Correction (ZC):
The Screw gauge is checked to find whether there is any initial (zero) error in the
instrument. If there is any initial error, suitable correction is to be made. When the studs A and B
touch each other, if the zero of the head scale lies on the same line as that of the pitch scale index
line (I.L), the instrument has no error. If the zero of the head scale is above the index line, it has
negative error. So the zero correction is positive. If the zero o f the head scale is below the index
line, it has positive error. So the zero correction is negative given micrometer is determined with
the help of figures and formulae given.
iii) To find thickness of the Scale: The given scale is placed gently in between the two studs A
and B and the ratchet is rotated till the glass plate is firmly but gently
gripped. Note the number of completed divisions in mm on the pitch scales Pitch scale reading
(PSR) and the divisions on the head scale, which coincides with the index line as head scale

Page 107
coincidence (HSC). The PSR and HSC are entered in the tabular column. Then the head scale
reading (HSR), observed reading (OR) and correct reading (CR) are calculated. The procedure is
repeated for different positions of the scale and the average thickness of the scale is calculated.
To find the thickness of the rod using screw gauge:
Zero error = …………… Zero correction = …………….X 10-3 m
Pitch scale Head scale Head Observed Corrected Reading

reading coincidence scale reading reading = Ob. read Error
S.No
PSR HSC HSC x LC (PSR+HSR) correction
mm. Div. mm. mm. mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Thickness (d) = …………………………mm

= ………………………x 10-3 m
RESULT:
The thickness of the given rod = ………………………x 10-3 m .

Page 108
3. Surface Tension – Capillary Rise Method
Aim: To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method
Apparatus required: capillary tube, beaker, water, travelling microscope, beaker stand, etc.,
Formula:
- Density of water - 1000 kgm-3

-1
Nm
r- radius of the capillary tube – (metre)
h - capillary rise - (metre)
g- acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms-2
Procedure:
I. To measure the height of water column ‘h’:

i. Take clean dry capillary tube. Fix this capillary tube in a hole drilled in a piece of cork. A
long thin needle (or a pin with wax can also be used as reference pin) called reference pin
is also passed through the cork. Reference pin is very close to the capillary tube and
parallel to it. The cork is then clamped firmly.
ii. A clean beaker filled with water up to its rim is placed over the wooden block of proper
height.

Page 109
iii. Now adjust the position of capillary tube and the reference pin in such a way that
capillary tube dips in water and tip of the pin just touches the surface of the water. This
arrangement is shown in diagram - 1.
iv. Remove air bubbles in the capillary if required with the help of rubber tube attached to
the upper end of capillary tube.
v. Move the travelling microscope and adjust it in M1 position. Focus the microscope on
the meniscus in the capillary. This is shown in diagram 2 - (i). Care should be taken that
horizontal cross wire is tangential to meniscus. Note down the reading (h1).
vi. Take away the beaker without disturbing the cork with capillary tube and reference pin.
Bring the travelling microscope in front of the pin. Focus it on this pin. Adjust the cross
wire (cross point) touching the tip of the pin. This is shown in diagram 2 - (ii). Note
down the reading ‘h2’. Repeat for h1 and h2 a twice time by dipping the capillary tube to
various level
Tabulation:
(v) To find Capillary rise (h)
Capillary rise
Position MSR VSC Total reading=
h cm
(cm) (div) MSR+VSR Cm
Reading of the
meniscus
(i)
(ii)
Reading of the
pointer
(i)
(ii)
Mean h = ………………….x 10-2 m

RESULT:
Surface tension of water = ……………..Nm-1

Page 110
4. Vernier caliper
AIM:-To determine the breath of the given scale.
Apparatus required: - Vernier calliper, Scale.
Table: To determine the breath
Mean = ……………..x 10-2m
Result:
The breath of the given Scale =……………… x 10-2m

Page 111
5. Coefficient of Viscosity of a liquid- Capillary flow
Aim:
Formula:
kg m-1s-1
Length of the capillary tube (l) = ………………………….. m
Radius of the capillary tube (a) = ………………………….. m
V= 10 cc = 10 x 10-6 m3
Procedure (i) Measurement of time for

liquid flow:
 The experimental set up is as shown in

the figure. A graduated burette is washed
with water and also with the given liquid
whose viscosity is to be determined.
 The burette is then fixed vertically in a
stand. A capillary tube is connected to
the tip of the burette by means of a
rubber tube and is held parallel to the
table so that the flow of liquid is
streamlined.
 The given liquid is filled in the burette
slightly above the zero-mark. Now the
pinch clip is released. When the level of liquid reaches the zero-mark the stop-clock is started
and the time is noted. Similarly the time is noted when the liquid level crosses 5, 10, 15 ......
50 cc.
 The time taken for the flow of every 5cc of the liquid ( t ) are determined. The pressure head
(h) is calculated by using a meter-scale. It is seen that as pressure-head ( h ) decreases, the
time of flow ( t ) increases. The product ( ht ) is also calculated.

Page 112
 The capillary tube is held horizontally. The bore of the capillary tube is focused with the help of a
travelling microscope. The horizontal crosswire of the travelling microscope is made to coincide
with the top of the bore of the capillary tube.
 The reading in the vertical scale is noted. Now, the travelling microscope is moved so that the
horizontal crosswire coincides with the bottom of the bore of the capillary tube and the vertical
scale readings are noted.
crosswire, the readings in the horizontal scale corresponding to left and right edges of the bore of
the capillary tube are taken. The difference between the two readings gives the diameter. The
 The average diameter and hence the radius of the capillary tube are determined. By using the
given formula, the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid is calculated.
Observation:
Burette reading (cc) Time (s) Height ( m)
Range h1 x10-2m h2x10-2m T (s) ht x10-2m s

x10-2m
25-35
30-40
35-45
40-50
Mean =
Calculation:
Result:
Coefficient of viscosity of water η = …………………………… kg m-1s-1

Page 113
6. Young’s modulus – Uniform bending
Apparatus required:
Travelling microscope, reading lens, screw gauge, vernier calliper, etc…..
Formula:
q = 3 Mgal2 Nm-2
2 bd3y
M - Mass ………………. X10-3kg

G - Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2)
a - distance b/w knife edge to weight hanger in meter
l - Distance b/w two knife edges in meter
b - Breadth of the material in meter
d - Thickness of the material in meter
y - Depression for 100 gm in meter
Procedure:
 Using two knife edges, the meter scale is placed horizontally. midway between the knife
Exactly
edges, a pin index using clay is affixed such that its tip is facing upwards. At that point a
weight hanger is suspended.
 The microscope is adjusted such that the tip of the image of the pin is exactly at the centre of
the cross wires.
 The loads are added to the hangers in steps of 50 gm and the microscope is adjusted so that
the tip of the image of the pin just coincides with the horizontal cross wires in each case and
the microscope readings are noted.
 After reaching the maximum load, the hanger is unloaded in the same steps of 50 gm and the
microscope readings are noted again.
screw gauge respectively at different points on the beam and mean value is taken. From the
observations, the young's modulus of the beam is calculated by using the given formula.

Page 114
Tabulation
Microscope reading
Depression y
X10-2m for 100 x10-3
Mean kg
Loading Unloading
S.No Load in kg X10-2m X10-2m
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
W+50
W+100
W+150
W+200
W+250
Mean y=
To find the thickness of the beam using screw gauge:
Observed Corrected Reading

Pitch scale Head scale Head scale (mm)
Reading
S.No reading coincidence reading Ob. Red. ZC
=PSR + HSR
(mm) (Div) (mm)
(mm)
Mean = …………………x 10-3 m

Page 115
To find the breath (b) of the beam using vernier calliper:
Mean = ……………..x 10-2m
Calculation:
Result: The young’s modulus of the given beam is……………… Nm-2

Page 116
7. Rigidity Modulus by torsion pendulum
Aim: To determines the rigidity modulus of the given wire by using torsion pendulum.
Formula: N/m2
Where l = length of the wire in meters
a = Radius of the wire in meter
Io = kg.m2
Where M = Mass of the disc in kg
R = Radius of the disc.
Procedure:
 A heavy cylindrical disc suspended from one end of a fine wire whose upper end is fixed
constitutes a Torsional pendulum. The disc is turned in its old plane to twist the wire, so
that on being released, it executes torsional vibrations about the wire as axis.
 (L) Of the wire (say 50 cm) continue the same for 60 cm, 70 cm …. Each case take two
trials and the readings are tabulated.
 From this reading calculate the time period of one oscillation (T) then calculate L/ T2 .
 With the help of the thread to measure the circumference of the disc and calculate the
radius of the disc ( R ).from this value to calculate the Moment of inertia of the disc I.
 (Mass of the disc is 1.350 Kg).
 By using the formula to calculate the rigidity modulus of the given wire.

Page 117
Time taken for 10 Time
Length of the wire Mean l/T2
S.No oscillation (Sec) period T
l(x 10-2)m (sec) (m/s2)
Trial 1 Trial 2 (Sec)
Mean (l/T2) = …… m/s2
Screw Gauge

Observed Corrected
Reading Reading
S.No reading coincidence reading
=PSR + HSR (mm)
(mm) (Div) (mm)
(mm) Ob. Red. ZC
Mean = ………………. mm
= …………………x 10-3 m
Result:
The rigidity modulus of the given wire is founded using torsion pendulum
= …………………. x 10-10 m

Page 118
8. Sonometer – AC frequency
Aim: To determine the A.C. frequency of domestic power supply.
Apparatus required: Sonometer set, weight hanger, meter scale etc.,
Formula:
m – Linear density (m = πr2d) d – Density of material of the wire

g – Acceleration due to gravity (Kg/m3)
(m/s2) l – Length of one loop (m)
M – mass (Kg)
Procedure:
 Put certain load say, 1Kg on the hanger. By adjusting the movable bridges until the
resonance is occurred (when maximum sound is heard) and the distance between the
bridges is noted (l).
 Repeat the experiment by decreasing the load on the hanger in steps of 200 gm.
 From the above reading calculate M / l2
 With the help of the screw gauge measure the diameter of the sono meter wire in two
mutually perpendicular directions at several places along its length and hence find mean
radius r of the wire.
 To calculate the linear density of the wire with help of radius of the wire and the density of
the given material wire.
 Using the values of m, g, M/ l2 calculate the frequency of AC main.
Tabulation:
Length of one loop

Mass (x
(l)
10-3Kg)
Cm
Mean = ……………… x 10-4

Page 119
Screw gauge
Zero error = ……………………div. Zero correction=……………………….x 10-3m
Corrected
Observed Reading
Head scale
Pitch scale Head scale Reading (mm)
S. No coincidence
reading (mm) reading (mm) (mm) Ob. Red.
(Div)
PSR + HSR
ZC
Diameter=……………..mm
Radius = …………… mm
Result:
A.C. frequency of the domestic power supply = …………….Hz

Page 120
DIPLOMA (NA&OE,PE)
SEMESTER-II
Ex. No. Content Page no.
Cycle - 1
Exp -1 Spectrometer – refractive index of the prim 2
Exp -2 Resistance by ohm`s law 4
Exp -3 P-N Junction Diode Characteristic 6
Exp -4 Basic Logic gates 8
Cycle - 2
Exp -5 Basic Logic gates 11
Exp -6 Post Office Box 13
Exp -7 15
Spring Constant
Exp -8 Calibration of low range voltmeter - Potentiometer 17

Page 121
1. Spectrometer – refractive index of the prim
Aim: To determine the refractive index of the given prim by using spectrometer.
Apparatus required: sodium vapour lamp, spectrometer, prism, reading lens, etc.,
Formula:
- Refractive index of the prism,
A – Angle of the prism,
D - Angle of minimum deviation.
Theory: A spectrometer is used to measure the necessary angles. The spectrometer consists of
three units: (1) collimator, (2) telescope, and (3) prism table.
Setting the Telescope: Focus the t122elescope onto a distant (infinity!) object. Focusing is done
by changing the separation between the objective and the eyepiece of the telescope till you get the
and adjust the collimator till the image of the slit is seen clearly through the telescope. Henceforth
do not disturb the collimator focusing adjustment.

Unlock the prism table for the
measurement of the angle of minimum
deviation ( Dm). Locate the image of the
slit after refraction through the prism as
shown in the above diagram
 Keeping the image always in the field of view, rotate the prism table till the image begins
to retrace its path. The prism is in the minimum deviation position.
 Lock both the telescope and the prism table and use the fine adjustment screw for finer
settings. Note the readings of the telescope.

Page 122
 Without disturbing the prism table, remove the prism and turn the telescope (now unlock
it) towards the direct rays from the collimator. Note the scale reading of this position. The
angle of the minimum angular deviation, viz, Dm is the difference between the readings for
these last two settings.
Tabulation:
To find the angle of the prism
Vernier A Vernier B 2A A
Posit M V M V v v m
ion T T v v
S S S S ea
R R A A
R R R R B B n
Righ
t
Left

Page 123
To find the angle of minimum deviation:
Direct reading Minimum deviation position
VB vA VB
R MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR
Calculation:
Result:
The refractive index of the given prism = ………………….

Page 124
2. Resistance by ohm`s law
Aim: To verify ohm`s law and hence to find the resistance of the given coil.
Apparatus required: Resistance box, capacitance box, wire, power supply, ammeter,
Voltmeter, rheostat, etc,
Circuit diagram:
Graph:
R by graph =
THEORY
9. Ohm’s law states that in a resistive circuit, when the resistance is kept constant, the current
through the resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor.
10. This is given by the formula: V= I x R
This can also be written as:
11. Ohm’s law easily verified in the lab by setting up a simple circuit consisting of a power
supply that will supply the voltage, a non-variable resistor and connecting wires.
12. An ammeter can be added in the circuit, in series with the resistor, to measure the current
flowing through the circuit.
13. A voltmeter can be added parallel to the resistor in order to measure the voltage across the
resistor.
14. By varying Rheostat fix the voltage value and measure the corresponding current value
from the ammeter
15. The current and reading measurements taken by the ammeter and voltmeter can be plotted
as described and if the graph obtained is linear, with slope close to the resistance value,
then Ohm’s law will be verified for R.
16. Thus, if voltage was plotted as a function of the current an ohmic resistor would yield a
linear plot with slope equal to the resistance value.
Tabulation:

Page 125
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading
ohms
V (V) I (amp)
Result:
Ohm`s law is verified and the resistance of the coil
i) By calculation …………………… Ω
ii) By graph ………………………….. Ω

Page 126
3. P-N Junction Diode Characteristics
Aim: To draw forward and reverse bias characteristics curve of a diode and to construct a Half
wave and Full wave rectifier.
Apparatus required: Diode Kit, Rectifier kit, multi meter, etc.,
Circuit Diagram:
I) Forward bias ii) reverse bias
Procedure:
Forward Biased Condition:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in forward bias i.e Anode is connected to positive of the power
supply and cathode is connected to negative of the power supply.
2. Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30) V and a series resistance of 1kΏ.
3. For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the corresponding values of forward
current (If).
Reverse biased condition:

1. Connect the PN Junction diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected to negative of the power
supply and cathode is connected to positive of the power supply.
2. For various values of reverse voltage (Vr) note down the corresponding values of reverse
current ( Ir ).
3. Calculate the Efficiency.
Forward bias Reverse bias

Page 127
Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter
reading reading reading reading
Volt mA Volt μA
Model graph
Result :
i) The characteristics of the diode are drawn.

ii) Forward resistance of the diode (from graph) ……………. Ω

Page 128
Apparatus required: Trainer kit, IC’s 7408, 7432, 7404, and voltmeter etc.
.Pin out diagrams:
Procedure
NOT Gate:
14 pin and the 7th pin are connected to positive and negative of the power supply
th
respectively.
 Using the first two pins to construct the NOT gate. The 1st pin connected to
the input and the 2nd pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter. The negative
terminal of the
Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
AND Gate
th
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the AND gate. The 1st and 2nd pin
connected to the input and the 3nd pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter. The
negative terminal of the Voltmeter is earthed.
tabulated.
OR Gate

Page 129
th
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the OR gate. The 1st and 2nd pin
tabulated.
Now verify the truth table with help of voltmeter and the results are tabulated Circuit diagrams
Input Out Input Out

A put A put
0 1
1 0
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Page 130
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Result:

Page 131
Apparatus required: Trainer kit, IC’s 7400, 7402, 7486 and voltmeter etc
Pin out diagrams:
NAND
th
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the NAND gate. The 1st and 2nd pin
tabulated.
NOR
th
respectively.
 Using the first three pins to construct the NOR gate. The 2nd and 3rd pin
connected to the input and the 1st pin goes to positive terminal of the given voltmeter. The
tabulated.
EX-OR
th
respectively.

Page 132
 Using the first three pins to construct the EX-OR gate. The 1st and 2nd pin
A B A B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth tab Verification table
A B A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Page 133
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Result:
6. Post Office Box

Aim: To determine the specific resistance of the material of wire
Apparatus required: Post office box, Galvanometer, Battery, Coil, Screw gauge
Formula:
x 10-6 micro ohm meter
Length of the wire, L = m
Radius of the wire, r = m
Unknown resistance of the given coil X = ohm
Circuit diagram:

Page 134
Tabulation:
P Q R X
ohm Ohm Lies between Ohm
ohm
To find the radius (r) of the wire using screw gauge:
S. Pitch Head Head Observ Correct

N scale scale scale ed ed
o readi
ng coinciden readi Readin Reading
ce (Div) ng g (mm) (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
PSR + Ob.Red.
HSR ZC
Thickness (d) =……………..m.m

Page 135
= ……………x10-3m
14. The unknown resistance is connected between the terminals X-X

15. The galvanometer is connected between the terminals G-G
16. Leclanche cell is connected between terminals B- B.
17. First check if the connections are correct.
18. Fix the resistance values of P and Q each equal to 10 ohm. .
19. Tap keys are pressed simultaneously; the direction of deflection in the galvanometer is noted.
20. Now change the value of the resistance R by 1 ohm and repeat to press tap keys
Simultaneously, the direction of deflection in the galvanometer is noted.
21. Repeat the same until resistance value of R differing by 1 ohm gives deflection on opposite
sides of the zero in the galvanometer.
22. Value of unknown resistance lies between these values of R which gives deflection on
opposite sides of the zero in the galvanometer. For ex. 5- 6 ohms.
23. Fix the resistance values of P and Q by adjusting the rotator switch
For eg. P=100 ohm, Q=10 ohm.
24. Now change the value of the resistance R repeat the experiment till the galvanometer shows
deflection in opposite sides of 0 for values of R differing by 1 ohm. ( If the first value of R is
between 5 to 6 ohm, this value will be lie between 50- 60 ohm).
25. Repeat the experiment keeping P=1000 ohm and Q = 10 ohm
26. Using formula find the value of unknown resistance X.
Result:
Specific resistance of the wire = ………………….. micro ohm meter

Page 136
7. Spring Constant
Aim: To measure the spring constant and to measure a period of oscillation of the system.
Apparatus required: Spring system, stop clock, meter scale, etc.,
Formula:
N/m
Where F = Mg
M – Mass (Kg)
g – Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
X – Difference between initial and final position (m)
Part I
9. Adjust the scale, such that the pointer from the spring and hanger are at a particular
mark. The scale is in increments of centimeters.
10. Place a 100 g mass on the hanger and record the reading on the scale. [Stretched spring
length (x)]
11. Continue adding mass in steps of 100 g and record the scale reading till 500 g .
12. Convert scale reading from centimeters to meters.
13. Convert mass values from grams to kilograms.
14. Calculate the Force (Fg) acting on the spring.
Part II
15. Place a 100g mass on the hanger and note down time taken for 10 oscillation. Continue the
same up to 500 g.
16. Draw Mass vs, Time graph. From the graph calculate the force constant.

Page 137
Tabulation:
Mass (x 10- Initial position Final position X = Xi – Xo

3
Kg) (cm) (cm) (cm)
Xo Xi
100
200
300
400
500
Mass (x No. of Time Period of

10-3Kg) oscillation Taken oscillation
Sec
Sec
100
200
300
400

Page 138
500
Model graph:
Slope of curve is K =……..
Result:
Force constant
(iii)By theory K = …….……. N/m

(iv) By Graph K =…………… N/m

Page 139
8. Calibration of low range voltmeter - Potentiometer
Aim: To calibrate the given voltmeter using potentiometer and draw a graph between voltage
and correction.
Apparatus required: potentiometer, Lechlanche cell, denial cell, power supply, galvanometer,
voltmeter, jockey, etc.,
Circuit diagrams:
Procedure
To find
5. Give the circuit connection as shown in fig.1 that is the positive of the L.Cell to A end of
the potentiometer and its negative to the B end of the potentiometer. Also connect the
positive of the D.Cell to the A end of the potentiometer and its negative connected to
jockey through the Galvanometer.
6. To find the balancing length lo: Move the jockey on the potentiometer wire till the
galvanometer shows null deflection. Note down the reading in m.
7. The primary circuit of the potentiometer is undisturbed. The given voltmeter is connected to
potentiometer and jockey by replacing D.Cell and Galvanometer as shown in fig.2
8. The position of the jockey is adjusted so that the voltmeter reads V volt (say 0.1 , 0.2 , …..
1.0 V) and the corresponding balancing length is noted in m.

Page 140
Tabulation:
Calculated value
Volt meter of voltage Correction
Balance length
S. No reading V
x 10-2 metre
Volt Volt
Volt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Model graph
Result:
The given low range voltmeter is calibrated and the correction graph is drawn.
Page 141
Page 142

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Nautical Physics & Electronics Lab – I (Manual)

Content Page no.

Important Instructions to students 2

Exp -2 ERROR ANALYSIS 8

Exp -3 AIR WEDGE- THICKNESS OF WIRE 11

Exp -4 SURFACE TENSION – CAPILLARY RISE METHOD 13

Exp -5 CALIBRATION OF LOW RANGE VOLTMETER - POTENTIOMETER 17

Exp -6 SPECTROMETER –REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF A PRISM

RESISTANCE AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL OF A COIL- 21

Exp -8 COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY OF A WATER AND KEROSINE 24

Exp -9 NON-UNIFORM BENDING- YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF A BAR 27

Exp -10 RESISTANCE BY OHM’S LAW 30

Physics Practical guide Page 1

Important Instructions to students

 The objective of the laboratory is learning.

 The experiments are designed to illustrate phenomena in different areas of

Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments. Conduct the

experiments with interest and an attitude of learning.

 You need to come well prepared for the experiment

 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to

 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up

readings or doctor them to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular

 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly

and carefully done.

 Bring necessary graph papers for each of the experiment.

axes and display units.

Physics Practical guide Page 2

 Do not fiddle idly with apparatus. Handle instruments with care.

signed out for the purpose of your experiment.

Left hand side Right hand side

Physics Practical guide Page 3

Model practical exam

Physics Practical guide

1 Nautical Physics & 0 0 20 100

EXP 1- Marine Hydrometer and Hare`s apparatus

same using Hare`s apparatus.

Apparatus required: Marine hydrometer setup, Hare`s apparatus, etc.,

1. Take Liquid – I (water) and Liquid - II ( experimental liquid whose density is to be

determined) in two separate tall jars.

Physics Practical guide

Height of float in Density of liquid

Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3

Physics Practical guide

Reading of water level in Reading of liquid level in Density of liquid

Mean d2 = ………………………. Kg m-3

Density of the given liquid using

1 . Marine hydrometer = ………………………. Kg m-3

2. Hare`s apparatus == ………………………. Kg m-3

Physics Practical guide

Apparatus required: screw gauge, rod etc.,

To find Zero Error (ZE) and Zero Correction (ZC) :

Physics Practical guide

To find the thickness of the rod using screw gauge :

Least count = = = 0 .01 mm

Zero error = …………… Zero correction = …………….X 10-3 m

Pitch scale Head scale Head Observed Corrected Reading

Physics Practical guide

Thickness (d) = …………………………mm

S.No. Xi (m) (m)

(i) Standard deviation σ = ……………. m

Physics Practical guide

To determine the thickness of a very thin wire by interference method.