Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering

Industrial Engineering Department

Engineering Materials lab (IE367)

Experiments Name: creep Test

Due Date: 25-11-2020 Wednesday (12:00 AM )

Name : Fatema Eyad Abu-Zaideh

ID: 126746

Section: 4 ( 2:30 – 4:30 )

ENG.Amena

Objectives 3
Introduction 3-4
Experimental Setup 5-6
Experimental Procedure 6-7
Experimental Results 8
Discussion and Analysis 9
Conclusion 10-11

References 11

Table of Contents
Objectives .................................................................................................... 3

1
Introduction ................................................................................................3
Experimental Setup .....................................................................................5
Experimental Procedure ...............................................................................6
Experimental Results and Calculations ......................................................8
Discussion and Analysis .............................................................................9
Conclusion ...................................................................................................10
References ..................................................................................................11

:Objectives

2
 ?what is the creep-

?who the creep is formed-

?can the creep effected by temperature & stress? and how-

:Introduction-1
A creep test, sometimes referred to as a stress-relaxation test, is used to determine the
amount of deformation a material experiences over time while under a continuous
tensile or compressive load at a constant temperature. Creep tests are fundamental for
materials that are needed to withstand certain operation temperatures under load. For
materials such as metals or alloys, their material properties change significantly at
.higher or lower temperatures

Creep tests are commonly performed on the following components and materials:

 Metal Working

 Springs

 Soldered Joints

 High-Temperature Materials

How to Perform a Creep Test?

To determine creep properties, a material is subjected to prolonged constant tension or
compression loading at constant elevated temperature. While testing, the material's
deformation is recorded at specific time intervals and overall data is plotted on a creep
vs time diagram. The slope at any point on this curve is known as the creep rate, in
which units are expressed in terms of in/in/hr or percent(%)
elongation/hr. Maintaining a constant temperature during a creep test is critical due to
the possible thermal expansion or shrinkage of the material.

Three Stages of Creep Testing 

3
Specimens pass through three different stages during a creep test (The applied stress
and temperature on a piece of material may be constant, creep is not completely
linear. It has three main stages). The first stage is primary creep, where the creep rate
begins by rising quickly and then slows down and decreases. The secondary stage is
where the creep rate remains fairly uniform. During the tertiary stage, when the
specimen is expected to reach its breaking point, the creep rate is much steeper than it
is in the secondary stage, culminating in specimen failure. If failure occurs, the time
for rupture is recorded. If a specimen does not fracture within the creep test
period, creep recovery may be measured.

How to Determine Stress-Relaxation?

To determine the stress-relaxation of a material, the specimen is deformed a given
amount and decrease in stress is recorded over prolonged period of exposure at
constant elevated temperature. The stress-relaxation rate is the slope of the curve at
any point.

Figure 1: Typical creep curve of strain vs. time at constant load and constant elevated
temperature

Experimental Setup:

4
- Creep Testing Machine
- 3 specimens of lead of standard dimensions. The specimens will be subjected to 3
Different loads ( 3 different stresses ).
An Excel sheet to record the measured extensions and plot the creep curves -

Creep Testing Machine : The Creep Machine is a simple lever and weight machine.
It has a long lever (Arm) with a pivot point near to one end. The pivot point is a
bearing, for very low friction. Students fit specimens of different materials to the short
end of the lever and known weights to the long end of the lever. The lever gives a
large mechanical advantage, so that even small weights will apply a large load (tensile
stress) to the specimen. This simple system gives a predictable, uniform and constant
load to the specimen. For accuracy, the Base Plate of the equipment is labeled with
the effective mass of the Arm at point ‘P’, where the Weight Hanger applies its load.
During the tests, students add this to the mass of the Weight Hanger, the weights that
they use and the mass of the support pin. This gives them an accurate value of the
load at point ‘P’. The force at the specimen is then the product of the load,
the mechanical advantage of the Arm and the acceleration due to
gravity. A digital displacement indicator measures the change in length (extension) of
the specimen during the experiments. The indicator is exactly the same distance from
the lever pivot as the specimen, but on the opposite side. This ensures that it measures
the specimen displacement in a 1:1 ratio, and is not affected by the slight angular
movement of the arm. A thermometer measures the ambient temperature around the
specimen. Supplied with the machine is a set of precision loads and a Weight Hanger.
A ‘cool pack’ is provided for the student to freeze in a suitable refrigerator(not
supplied) and put it next to the specimen to test the effects of lower temperatures on
Creep. The student may also heat the pack in heated water and put it next to the
specimen to test the effects of higher temperatures on Creep. A clear enclosure fits
around the specimen area to help keep the temperature constant and provide some
.protection when specimens are tested to fracture

5
 Figure 2: The creep machine

:Experimental Procedure
1. Select three standard creep specimens.
2. Fix the first specimen from top and bottom using the two holes of the specimen to
the two pins of the creep testing machine.
3. Apply a load of 200.91 N on the specimen using the creep testing machine.
4. Adjust the dial gauge of the testing machine to zero reading.
5. Remove the safety pin of the machine to start the test, and start the stop watch
Simultaneously to count the time of the test.
6. Start recording the time vs. deformation of the specimen. Keep recording the data
until the specimen failed.
7. Repeat the test from step 2 to 6 of the procedure using a load of 216.6 N and 232.3
N for the second and third specimen respectively.
8. Plot, for the purpose of comparison, on the same sheet of graph paper the
relationship between time and strain of the three differently loaded specimens

6
Figure 3: Fit the Specimen into Place (bottom first)and Fit the Pins

7
Experimental Results and Calculations:
Equations and Formulas:
∆L
ε E=
LO

Where:
εE : Engineering Strain
∆L : Extension (deformation)
LO : Initial Length

Results & calculations:

∆L
1)ε E = = 0.02/22.5 = 0.000889
LO
2)0.02/22.2= 0.000901
3) 0.02/22.2= 0.000901
Data Analysis

For each test, plot a chart of specimen extension (mm) on the vertical axis against
time (sec) on the horizontal axis

8
 0.25

0.2

0.15
strain

0.1
spiecemen1
0.05 speicemen2
spiecemen3
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (sec)

Figure 4: Creep Strain Curve for the 3 specimens used

Discussion and Analysis:

-Increasing the applied stress always decreases the lifetime of the specimen

-Both temperature and the level of the applied stress influence the creep
characteristics. At a low temperature, and after the initial deformation, the strain is
virtually independent of time. With either increasing stress or temperature, the
following will be noted: (1) the instantaneous strain at the time of stress application
increases; (2) the steady-state creep rate is increased; and (3) the rupture lifetime is
decreased. Creep deformation also can occur in tools and dies that are subjected to
high stresses at elevated temperatures during hot-working operations, such as forging
and extrusion.

-In many cases, the three parts of the curve are not clearly distinguishable. To obtain a
complete picture of the creep properties of a material, it is necessary to construct
creep curves for a range of stresses over a range of temperature.

-As the applied stress decreased the primary creep is also decreases, secondary creep
is prolonged, and the possible extension during tertiary creep tends to increase. Very
low applied stress may mean that tertiary creep does not occur even after lengthy
service life.

9
-Pure Lead may be dangerous and poisonous. Hands should be watched with soap and
water to avoid any potential side effects that can be caused by direct contact with
Lead.

-Possible error sources:

**The specimens used are not exactly identical; can be solved by choosing the most
similar specimens to use in the experiment.
**Error in taking the time intervals; can be solved by taking more than one reading
and taking the Average time.

Conclusion:
Many complex processes are taking place inside the solder alloy during the creep test.
The deformation observed is a result of the simultaneous application of a load (the 4.8
kg weight) and the atomic movement inside the alloy at elevated temperature. (In this
case room temperature is an “elevated” temperature.) A creep curve such as the one
:shown above is often divided into three portions

Primary creep: This is the deformation that occurs just after the load is applied. In
this region, the curve is downward. This means the deformation rate is decreasing.
During primary creep, the internal structure of the alloy is changing in response to the
.applied load

Secondary creep: There is often a stage where the slope of the creep curve remains
approximately constant, like a straight line. This is the period of secondary creep (also
called steady state creep). During secondary creep, the internal structure of the alloy
.remains approximately constant

Tertiary creep: At the end of secondary creep, the plot begins to curve upward. This
signals the onset of failure for the alloy and is called tertiary (third stage) creep.
During this period, small cavities begin to form and grow inside the alloy. Growth and
.inter-linkage of these cavities eventually lead to failure of the alloy

10
When materials scientists study creep of metals and alloys, much more sophisticated
experiments are usually conducted. The alloys are precisely machined into test
specimens, the testing temperature is fully controlled, and the elongation of the
material is recorded in detail. In addition, the samples are usually analyzed before and
after creep testing to better understand the relationship between creep deformation
.and the internal structure of the material

With either increasing stress or temperature, the following will be noted: the -
instantaneous strain at the time of stress application increases; the steady-state creep
rate is increased; and the rupture lifetime is decreased. Creep deformation also can
occur in tools and dies that are subjected to high stresses at elevated temperatures
during hot-working operations, such as forging and extrusion. A standard specimen is
used in this experiment. The specimen is heated or cooled and subjected to different
.loads. The change in length of the specimens is recorded at various time increments

:References
.Manual of Engineering Materials Laboratory

/https://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/creep

https://www.academia.edu/7476463/Experiment_2_Creep

11
https://www.academia.edu/7476463/Experiment_2_CreepReferences:

ON
FI
12
DE
NT
13
IA
L
For curve 1 (1800 g) :

14
Using Graph
:(11.8639-9.2943)/(242.6625-
128.929)=0.0226 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.024 s¹
For curve 2 ( 1850 g) : (12.5821-
10.3711)/(181.942-
116.5965)=0.0338 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.032 s¹
For curve 3 (1900 g) : (12.1345-
10.0283)/(136.135-90.591)=
0.0462 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.048 s¹

Observations :

15
1- In our creep test , in the
first stage – Primary Stage
(1800 g graph t=0
to t=42.823s) , (1850 g
graph t=0 to t=39.039 s) ,
(1900 g graph t=0
to t=30.5305) , the
specimen is deforming in
the primary stage
described in the beginning
of the experiment ) .
2- The Secondary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals ( 1800
g

16
graph t=42.823s to t =
307.5875 s ) , ( 1850 g
graph t= 39.039 s to
t=241.7415 ), (1900 g
graph t = 30.5305 to t=
157.157 s)
3- The Tertiary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals shown
on
the diagram ( 1800g
graph t=307.5875 to t=
459.5395 ) , (1850 g

17
graph t =241.7415 to t =
319.994), and (1900 g
graph t= 157.157 t=
249.9685 s)
Discussion and
Conclusions :
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

18
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate ( in

19
ON
FI
20
DE
NT
21
IA
L
For curve 1 (1800 g) :

22
Using Graph
:(11.8639-9.2943)/(242.6625-
128.929)=0.0226 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.024 s¹
For curve 2 ( 1850 g) : (12.5821-
10.3711)/(181.942-
116.5965)=0.0338 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.032 s¹
For curve 3 (1900 g) : (12.1345-
10.0283)/(136.135-90.591)=
0.0462 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.048 s¹

Observations :

23
1- In our creep test , in the
first stage – Primary Stage
(1800 g graph t=0
to t=42.823s) , (1850 g
graph t=0 to t=39.039 s) ,
(1900 g graph t=0
to t=30.5305) , the
specimen is deforming in
the primary stage
described in the beginning
of the experiment ) .
2- The Secondary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals ( 1800
g

24
graph t=42.823s to t =
307.5875 s ) , ( 1850 g
graph t= 39.039 s to
t=241.7415 ), (1900 g
graph t = 30.5305 to t=
157.157 s)
3- The Tertiary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals shown
on
the diagram ( 1800g
graph t=307.5875 to t=
459.5395 ) , (1850 g

25
graph t =241.7415 to t =
319.994), and (1900 g
graph t= 157.157 t=
249.9685 s)
Discussion and
Conclusions :
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

26
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate ( in

27
ON
FI
28
DE
NT
29
IA
L
For curve 1 (1800 g) :

30
Using Graph
:(11.8639-9.2943)/(242.6625-
128.929)=0.0226 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.024 s¹
For curve 2 ( 1850 g) : (12.5821-
10.3711)/(181.942-
116.5965)=0.0338 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.032 s¹
For curve 3 (1900 g) : (12.1345-
10.0283)/(136.135-90.591)=
0.0462 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.048 s¹

Observations :

31
1- In our creep test , in the
first stage – Primary Stage
(1800 g graph t=0
to t=42.823s) , (1850 g
graph t=0 to t=39.039 s) ,
(1900 g graph t=0
to t=30.5305) , the
specimen is deforming in
the primary stage
described in the beginning
of the experiment ) .
2- The Secondary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals ( 1800
g

32
graph t=42.823s to t =
307.5875 s ) , ( 1850 g
graph t= 39.039 s to
t=241.7415 ), (1900 g
graph t = 30.5305 to t=
157.157 s)
3- The Tertiary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals shown
on
the diagram ( 1800g
graph t=307.5875 to t=
459.5395 ) , (1850 g

33
graph t =241.7415 to t =
319.994), and (1900 g
graph t= 157.157 t=
249.9685 s)
Discussion and
Conclusions :
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

34
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate ( in

35
ON
FI
36
DE
NT
37
IA
L
For curve 1 (1800 g) :

38
Using Graph
:(11.8639-9.2943)/(242.6625-
128.929)=0.0226 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.024 s¹
For curve 2 ( 1850 g) : (12.5821-
10.3711)/(181.942-
116.5965)=0.0338 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.032 s¹
For curve 3 (1900 g) : (12.1345-
10.0283)/(136.135-90.591)=
0.0462 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.048 s¹

Observations :

39
1- In our creep test , in the
first stage – Primary Stage
(1800 g graph t=0
to t=42.823s) , (1850 g
graph t=0 to t=39.039 s) ,
(1900 g graph t=0
to t=30.5305) , the
specimen is deforming in
the primary stage
described in the beginning
of the experiment ) .
2- The Secondary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals ( 1800
g

40
graph t=42.823s to t =
307.5875 s ) , ( 1850 g
graph t= 39.039 s to
t=241.7415 ), (1900 g
graph t = 30.5305 to t=
157.157 s)
3- The Tertiary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals shown
on
the diagram ( 1800g
graph t=307.5875 to t=
459.5395 ) , (1850 g

41
graph t =241.7415 to t =
319.994), and (1900 g
graph t= 157.157 t=
249.9685 s)
Discussion and
Conclusions :
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

42
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate ( in

43
ON
FI
44
DE
NT
45
IA
L
For curve 1 (1800 g) :

46
Using Graph
:(11.8639-9.2943)/(242.6625-
128.929)=0.0226 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.024 s¹
For curve 2 ( 1850 g) : (12.5821-
10.3711)/(181.942-
116.5965)=0.0338 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.032 s¹
For curve 3 (1900 g) : (12.1345-
10.0283)/(136.135-90.591)=
0.0462 s¹
Using Equation (Given) : Creep
rate = 0.048 s¹

Observations :

47
1- In our creep test , in the
first stage – Primary Stage
(1800 g graph t=0
to t=42.823s) , (1850 g
graph t=0 to t=39.039 s) ,
(1900 g graph t=0
to t=30.5305) , the
specimen is deforming in
the primary stage
described in the beginning
of the experiment ) .
2- The Secondary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals ( 1800
g

48
graph t=42.823s to t =
307.5875 s ) , ( 1850 g
graph t= 39.039 s to
t=241.7415 ), (1900 g
graph t = 30.5305 to t=
157.157 s)
3- The Tertiary Creep
stage is during the
following intervals shown
on
the diagram ( 1800g
graph t=307.5875 to t=
459.5395 ) , (1850 g

49
graph t =241.7415 to t =
319.994), and (1900 g
graph t= 157.157 t=
249.9685 s)
Discussion and
Conclusions :
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

50
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate ( in
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

51
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate
A typical creep curve for a Lead
specimen is shown in Fig.2 and
Fig.3 , this was obtained
following the testing procedure.
The graph drawn shows the three
stages of creep (Primary
Creep , Secondary Creep,
Tertiary Creep ) , each stage
described previously in the report.
The

52
specimen enters each of these
stages before rupturing occurs .
We also concluded from our
results that as the Load (Effective
Load F = (2.2 + 8 m) g N)
increases on the lever arm , the
time
for rupture decreases gradually ,
on the other hand as the Load
increases, the creep rate

53