Rev.

Confirming Pages

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459
CHAPTER 7

T∞, except for μs, which is evaluated at the surface temperature Ts. Although
the two relations above are considered to be quite accurate, the results obtained
from them can be off by as much as 30 percent.
The average Nusselt number for flow across cylinders can be expressed
compactly as
hD
Nucyl = ___ = C Rem Prn (7–37)
k
where n = _13 and the experimentally determined constants C and m are given in
Table 7–1 for circular as well as various noncircular cylinders. The characteris-
tic length D for use in the calculation of the Reynolds and the Nusselt numbers
for different geometries is as indicated on the figure. All fluid properties are
evaluated at the film temperature. Note that the values presented in Table 7–1
for noncircular geometries have been updated based on the recommendations of
Sparrow et al. (2004). Correlations for square and chamfered cylinders for all
possible directions of incoming fluid are available in Tong et al. (2016).

TABLE 7–1
Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection over 
circular and noncircular cylinders in crossflow
Cross-Section of the
Cylinder Fluid Range of Re Nusselt Number
Circle 0.4–4 Nu = 0.989 Re0.330 Pr1/3
D 4–40 Nu = 0.911 Re0.385 Pr1/3
Gas or 40–4000 Nu = 0.683 Re0.466 Pr1/3
liquid 4000–40,000 Nu = 0.193 Re0.618 Pr1/3
40,000–400,000 Nu = 0.027 Re0.805 Pr1/3
Square Gas 3900–79,000 Nu = 0.094 Re0.675 Pr1/3 
D 32,000–1,600,000 Nu = 0.0249 Re0.811 Pr1/3 

Square Gas 5600–111,000 Nu = 0.258 Re0.588 Pr1/3 

(tilted 45°) 46,000–2,300,000
D Nu = 0.0260 Re0.839 Pr1/3 

Hexagon Gas 4500–90,700 Nu = 0.148 Re0.638 Pr1/3

D

Hexagon Gas 5200–20,400 Nu = 0.162 Re0.638 Pr1/3

(tilted 45°) D 20,400–105,000 Nu = 0.039 Re0.782 Pr1/3

Vertical plate Gas 6300–23,600 Nu = 0.257 Re0.731 Pr1/3

D

Ellipse Gas 1400–8200 Nu = 0.197 Re0.612 Pr1/3

D

Source: Zukauskas, 1972, Jakob 1949, Sparrow et al., 2004, and Tong et al., 2016.

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