MODULE 2: THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT: THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS

Learning Outcomes

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

• construct sound political analysis utilizing the methods and
• approaches learned
• distinguish the salient functions of each branch of the
• government including the mandated functions of the local
• government units
• assess the current performance of the Philippines government
• in the provision of basic welfare services to its citizens

INTRODUCTION
Political analysis is applicable in all branches of Political Science for these branches provide various frameworks
and paradigms for the better understanding of the political behavior of the people, the state affairs, and the challenges
of the government. The following are some branches of Political Science with their corresponding foci of analysis:
1. POLITICS: study of the concentration and application of political power in the society
2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: study of government processes and its bureaucracy
3. POLITICAL THEORY: study of ideas, concepts, theories and principles and their impacts in understanding political
realities
4. POLITICAL ECONOMY: study of the economic policies of state and economic decisions of the citizens
5. POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY: study of the interaction of people within the state and the influence of state in molding
the socio-political climate
6. POLITICAL HISTORY: study of the evolution of state and its government over a period of time
7. COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT: comparative study of state governments across the world
8. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: study of political relations among states and their governments. It focuses on the
interaction of states and its impact in the global political order.

METHODOLOGIES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

A methodology (Latin word “methodologia”) refers systems of approaches and methods used in investigating a
phenomenon. An approach refers to a specialized and disciplinal way of explaining things as it adheres to a specific point
of view to expound certain things while a method refers to systematic and procedural way of analyzing things

The following terms are relevant to Political Science methodologies. Try to discover such word by supplying the missing
letters.

A.) POLITICAL SCIENCE APPROACHES:

1. P H _ _ _ S _ P _ I _ _ L A P P R O A C H
2. _ _ S _ O R _ _ _ _ A P P R O A C H
3. J _ _ _ _ _ C A _ A P P R O A C H
4. _ E H _ V I O _ _ S T A P P R O A C H
5. I _ S T _ _ U T _ _ _ A L _ _ T A P P R O A C H
6. _ R I _ _ _ A L A P P R O A C H
7. _ E M _ N _ _ T A P P R O A C H
B.) POLITICAL SCIENCE METHODS:
1. Q _ _ _ _ T _ T I _ E METHOD
2. _ _ _ N T I _ _ T _ _ _ METHOD
3. _ _ X _ D METHOD
The following article is the news about the Php 4.5- trillion budget of the government for the year 2021. Read the
extracted article and reflect on the following questions provided after the passage.

Senate OKs ₱4.5T 2021 national budget on final reading

By CNN PHILIPPINES

URL Source:
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/26/Senate-approval-2021-national-budget-.html
Published: Nov 26, 2020 12:05:03 PM

Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, November 26) — Voting 22-0, the Senate on Thursday passed the ₱4.5 trillion
national budget for 2021 on successive second and third readings. Lawmakers swiftly approved the proposed general
appropriations law or House Bill No. 7727 after Senate finance panel chair Sonny Angara introduced on plenary the
amendments to the measure, which include greater budgetary support for calamity and coronavirus responses. "Much
of the increases the committee has made is in the health sector with regards to our COVID-19 response as well as to help
our countrymen deal with the numerous calamities befalling us in recent days," Angara, who sponsored the national
budget bill, said during his speech.
Augmentations The lawmaker said they set aside a ‘huge amount in unprogrammed appropriations’ for the
purchase, storage, and distribution of coronavirus vaccines. He said they allotted funds under the Department of the
Interior and Local Government's budget to recruit, deploy, and support contact tracers.
Earlier, contact tracing czar Benjamin Magalong underscored the need to look for a funding source to pay for the
services of contact tracing teams until 2021, as he noted the Bayanihan to Recover as One Act only provides the budget
for the salary of 50,000 contact tracers until December this year. The law is set to expire on December 19. The Research
Institute for Tropical Medicine is also getting increased funding for its quality assurance program, the training of more
COVID-19 laboratory personnel, and expansion of surveillance of other flu-like illnesses and severe and acute respiratory
infections. Increases were also made for programs that aim to control and prevent non communicable diseases.
Angara said the budgets of public hospitals such as Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center and Philippine
Children's Medical Center also received a boost so they could increase bed capacity and upgrade their equipment and
facilities. "Several increases are also forthcoming" for the Department of Health's Health Facilities Enhancement
Program, which aims to upgrade the public healthcare infrastructure, he added. The legislator said a disaster
rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance program for local governments will also be included in the LGU's support
fund, which could be used for the construction of evacuation facilities, rebuilding of damaged structures, and the
provision of aid to farmers and fisher folk hit by calamities, among others.
“Given the recent state of calamity, we also needed to expand our calamity and disaster funding,” Angara told
CNN Philippines’ News Night. “I think part of the new normal is not only adjusting to COVID-19, but also the increased
ferocity of typhoon and perhaps, God forbid, better to be prepared for upcoming calamity.” He said more funds were
lodged under the National Expenditure Program for the infrastructure projects in far-flung areas of the Department of
Public Works and Highways, cash assistance programs for displaced workers of the Department of Labor and
Employment, and scholarship projects of Technical Education and Skills Development Authority and Commission on
Higher Education.
Programs that promote arts, culture and sports will have increased funding. The Department of Education will
also have more budget for school supplies, teacher's allowances, and printing requirements for class modules. The
Philippine National Police and the Commission on Human Rights will likewise get higher budgets for next year.
No bicam?
Senate President Tito Sotto said in the same plenary session he received word that the House of Representatives
will no longer seek a bicameral conference, and will just adopt the Senate’s version of the measure. But in case House
legislators change their minds, Sotto said he assigned as chairperson of the bicameral conference committee Senator Pia
Cayetano with Senate President Pro Tempore Ralph Recto and Senate Minority Leader Frank Drilon as members.
Meanwhile Angara expressed confidence that the national budget will be ready by January next year. “I think there is
enough time in the next few weeks remaining in the legislative calendar to have a new budget by Jan. 1 of next year,” he
told CNN Philippines. Congress is scheduled to adjourn on Dec. 19, 2020.
 I.) THE PHILLIPINE GOVERNANCE
Governance refers to an act of leading an institution to achieve its purpose. It involves the implementation of laws
and imposition of social order for the general welfare of the people. Adopting the definition of World Bank to it,
governance is simply the promotion of fairness, transparency, and accountability. According to Asaduzzaman, et al
(2020), there are 5 loci of governance. These are:
✓ Global-space governance: outside the state-level governance; international governance like United Nations ASEAN,
EU, APEC
✓ National-space governance: within the dominion of the state (national and local government)
✓ Organizational Governance: governance among civic organizations and private entities (corporations)
✓ Service Space Governance: governance in service providers whether public or private entities like DSWD, PLDT,
BENECO, NAPOCOR, SSS, etc.
✓ Community Governance: known as grass root governance (barangay level)

To differentiate the term governance with other political science jargons such as government and state, have a glance of
the following flowchart:

STATE → BROAD POLITICAL ENTITY→ INHERENT POWERS→ SOVEREIGN UNIT

GOVERNMENT → SET OF BUREAUCRACIES → BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT→ STRUCTURE

GOVERNANCE → LEADERSHIP IN THE GOVERNMENT →POLITICAL PROCESS

*It is possible to have government without a state. Also, it is possible to have governance without a government.

❖ HENRY MINTZBERG’S CLASSIFICATION.

Henry Mintzberg is a Canadian academician and author affiliated to McGill University. He is also known for his theory X
and Y in the workplace.
1. Government-as-machine Model: the government should operate like a machine to achieve its efficiency. Strict
laws and policies should be observed to promote the highest standards of public governance.
2. Government-as-network Model: the government should allow collaboration in solving problems and promote
the value of communication among the stakeholders of the state.
3. Performance Control Model: this follows the business-type model of governance for it promotes flexibility of the
government functions and the same time innovation and creativity in solving the problems of the society.
4. Virtual-government Model: it advocates the privatization of welfare services to become competitive. It also
allows value negotiation and contract scheme with the private entities.
5. Normative-control Model: the government should promote values and norms that are beneficial for the survival
of the state. It involves the selection of people who could access the limited sources of the government, the
socialization of state assets, and implementation of sound justice system.

❖ B. GUY PETER’S CLASSIFICATION.

B. Guy Peter is a Political Science Professor at University of Pittsburg and the founding editor of European Political
Science Review of Governance.

1. Market Model of Governance: leading the government like a corporation by setting goals and strategies for the
effective delivery of services to the people
2. Participatory State Model of Governance : promoting inclusivity by engaging the people into community
decision-making process
3. Flexible Government Model/Contingent Government Model : advocating flexibility of government functions and
avoiding complex bureaucracies for unexpected challenges.
 4. Deregulated Government Model: lessening the concentration of political power among high-ranking public
officials and promoting the delegation of functions in the middle and lower administrative tier of government to
directly address the problems of the masses.

II.) THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

In principle, the constitution is the highest law of the land. It is the fundamental law that shaped all other statutes in
the country and served as the written limitation of the state. In studying the Philippine government, constitutional law
aids us to analyze the legal foundations of government functions and the extent of the application of political power in
each branch of the government. As Political Science student, you must be informed that there three fundamental ways
in reading and interpreting the provisions of the Philippine Constitution. These are:

• VERBA LEGIS: words in the Constitution must be interpreted in plain form except for the technical terms (legal
phrases) and exemptions provided
• RATIO LEGIS EST ANIMA: if reading the provisions of the Constitution created multitude of perspectives, then,
the intent of the original framers should prevail and this should be the primordial basis of the application of a
certain provision.
• UT MAGIS VALEAT QUAM PEREAT: the Constitution must be interpreted as a whole and its provisions must be
interpreted as unifying components of law rather than conflicting provisions. The 1987 Philippine Constitution is
a reflection of democratic ideals that valued human rights, social justice, and integrity in public service.

The Philippine Constitution ensures that the branches of Philippine government should operate under the core
principles of co-equality of functions, separation of power, and checks-and-balances (Rivas & Nael, 2010). It also
stipulates the structure and functions of each branch of the government in the following articles (De Leon & De Leon Jr.,
2011).
ARTICLE VI: Legislative Department
ARTICLE VII: Executive Department The Three Branches of
ARTICLE VIII: Judicial Department Philippine National
Government
ARTICLE IX: Constitutional Commissions
ARTICLE X: Local Government

The Legislative Branch. The main function of the legislative branch is to formulate laws and to confirm
the appointments by the President through its Commission on Appointments, consisting of 25 members (1 as ex-
officio chairman; 12 Senators and 12 District Representatives). Before a law is signed by the President, it will
start as a bill which will be subjected into three main readings in each house of the Legislative branch. If the
president was not satisfied in the bill passed by the Congress, he can veto (I forbid) it.
It also has the power to declare a state of war (defensive war) and the power purse (rationalize the
amount of the annual national budget). As legislators, both senators and representatives enjoy parliamentary
immunity (immunity for criminal, civil and administrative liability arising from speech while discharging their
duties as lawmakers)
In the Philippines, the legislative branch is classified as bicameral in nature (Senate as the Upper House
and the House of Representatives as the Lower House). The term CONGRESS in Philippine politics refers to both
Senate and HOR acting as one unit.

Qualification of the Members of Philippine Congress:

a.) Senators
Age: at least 35 years old
Residency Requirement: 2 years
Literacy Requirement: Able to read and write
Citizenship: Natural-born Filipino
Registered Voter: Yes
Technical Requirement: None
b.) House of Representatives
Age: at least 25 years old
Residency Requirement: 1 year
Literacy Requirement: Able to read and write
Citizenship: Natural-born Filipino
Registered Voter: Yes
Technical Requirement: None

Term of Office: For Senators, 6 years for 2 consecutive terms; For HOR, 3 years for 3 consecutive terms

Current Composition: 24 in the Senate and 303 in the House of Representatives (243 district representatives
and 60 party-list representatives)

Recent Issues and Development:

• The speakership of Lord Allan Velasco who replaced Allan Peter Cayetano
• Denial of franchise to ABS-CBN Corporation
• Allegation against MAKABAYAN bloc representatives as affiliates of CPP-NPA

Salary:
SG 32 for Senate President and House Speaker amounting to Php 360, 539/month
SG 31 for Senators and District Representatives amounting to Php 301,095/month

The Executive Branch. The executive branch comprises the President, the Vice President, and the
Cabinet members. The main function of the executive branch is to administer laws and apply laws in their most
practical means. The president is the commander-in-chief of the military and she/he is in-charge that the
government could manage the security situation of the country. The president also appoints his cabinet
secretary with the confirmation of the Commission of Appointments; however, he can appoint the justices of the
Supreme Court without the confirmation of the said commission. If the president becomes incapacitated
because of health reasons or death, the rule of succession shall be followed:
1st Order of Succession: Vice President
2nd Order of Succession: Senate President
3rd Order of Succession: House Speaker

Qualification of the President and Vice President

Age Requirement: at least 40 years old
Residency Requirement: at least 10 years residing in the Philippines
Literacy Requirement: Able to read and write
Citizenship: Natural-born Filipino citizen
Technical Requirement: None

Term of Office: 6 years for the President (without re-election as President);

6 years for Vice-President for 2 terms only
*4-year Rule: any public official who resumed the office of the President and
served for at least 4 years; then, he/she will no longer eligible
to run as president

Current Composition: 1 President; 1 Vice President; 21 department secretaries

Recent Issues and Development:
• The clash of the President and Vice President in terms of political orientation
• Duterte’s foreign policies favoring China and Russia
• The rise of the Duterte trolls in social media
• The effort of the administration to curb the pandemic by availing COVID-19
Vaccines
Salary:
SG 33 (highest) for the President amounting to Php 395, 858/ month
SG 32 for Vice President amounting to Php Php 360, 539/month
SG 31 for Department Secretaries amounting to Php 301, 095/month

The Judicial Branch. The Supreme Court is known as the highest court of the land. The judicial powers
enshrined in the Constitution shall be performed by the Supreme Court. The Court is composed of 15 Justices (1
Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justice). The Judicial branch of the government is mandated to adjudicate the
content of the law passed by the Congress and should exercise its power of judicial review regarding the
constitutionality of the law. The justices of the Supreme Court could try a case by en banc (all 15 justices; if it
involved the constitutionality of the law) or by division (group of 3, 5 or 7 justices; if the case is administrative,
criminal or civil in nature).

HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN THE PHILIPPINES (1-highest; 5-lowest):

1.) Supreme Court: the highest court

*Senate Impeachment Court: highest court of impeachment for erring high-ranking public officials

2.) Court of Appeals: the second highest court which perform judicial review over the decisions made by the
regional trial court of the National Labor Relations Commission
Court of Tax Appeals: created under RA 1125 to decide over taxation cases (tax evasion)
SANDIGANBAYAN: created under PD 1606 to try over graft and corruption cases of former high-ranking officials
(like President, Vice President, Senators, etc.) and of incumbent officials (Senators, Representatives, Governors,
Mayors, etc.)

3.) Regional Trial Court: original jurisdiction in all criminal cases (punishable by the Revised Penal Code and other
Republic Acts implemented in the country)
Family Court: it is based on Republic Act 8369 (Family Court Act of 1997). Family Courts have original jurisdiction
over cases involving a minor (less than 18 years old) suspect, custodial rights over children, adoption cases,
annulment of marriage, petition for financial support against an irresponsible parent, etc.
National Labor Relations Commission: a specialized agency that has jurisdiction to try and decide over labor
complaints (employer-employee relationships)
Shariah Court: special court to try over cases concerning Islamic laws

4.) Municipal Trial Court/ City Trial Court: assigned by the Supreme Court to have original jurisdiction among
cases concerning lands (cadastral cases) and breach of a local ordinance

5.) Lupong Tagapamayapa (Barangay Justice Council): created under the provision of local government code to
administer reconciliation efforts between parties in conflict caused by petty conflicts (karaoke noise, debt, slight
physical injury, simple seduction (BUT NOT RAPE), trespassing without intimidation, gossip). This is to decongest
the volume of cases raised in MTC and RTC.

Qualification of the Supreme Court Justices

Age: at least 40 years old (Supreme Court)
Residency Requirement: none
Citizenship: Natural-born Filipino
Technical Requirements: -a duly licensed lawyer
-15 years in law practice (including teaching of law subjects)

Term of Office: until the justices reached the age of 70 years old (but they can avail early retirement) unless
removed through IMPEACHMENT or QUO WARRANTO
Current Composition:
15 justices (Supreme Court)
69 justices (Court of Appeals)
6 justices (Court of Tax Appeals)

Recent Issues and Development:

• Former CJ Sereno was removed through Quo Warranto Petition (Landmark Case)
• The case of West Philippine Sea in the Arbitral Tribunal led by SC Senior Justice Antonio
Carpio
• The 2019 Maguindanao Massacre Verdict by RTC Judge Jocelyn Solis-Reyes of
Quezon City
• The probable impeachment case of SC Justice Marvic Leonen

Salary:
SG 32 for Supreme Court Chief Justice
SG 31 for Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; Court of Appeals Presiding Judge;
Sandiganbayan Presiding Judge

The Constitutional Commissions. The constitutional commissions are special entities created by the
1987 Constitution to protect the able against the abuses of the government and serve as the final bastion of
public welfare and order. These commissions may not be abolished by ordinary law (republic acts.
Memorandum-circular, or executive proclamation). The Constitutional Commissions are:

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION: serves as the central personnel agency of the government
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS: enforces and administers all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an
election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum and recall
COMMISSION ON AUDIT: examines and audits all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and
expenditure or uses of funds and property owned or held in trusty, or pertaining to the government.

Qualification of the Members of Constitutional Commission:

Age: at least 35 years old (CSC, COA, and COMELEC)
Residency Requirement: none (all Constitutional Commissions)
Citizenship: Natural-born Filipino (CSC and COMELEC)
Natural-born or Naturalized Filipino (COA)

Technical Requirements:
• Proven capacity in public administration for CSC commissioners (probably a degree in Public Administration,
Political Science, Management, etc.)
• Law degree for COMELEC commissioners and political neutrality
• CPA with at least 10 years of experience for COA commissioners

Term of Office: 7 years without reappointment and must be performed in staggered term (all Constitutional
Commissions)

Current Composition:
CSC= 3 commissioners
COMELEC= 7 commissioners
COA= 3 commissioners

Recent Issues and Development:

• FOR COMELEC: postponement of SK and Barangay elections. Election will resume on December 2022
 • FOR COA: COA flagged the Office of the Vice President Leni Robredo for its slow utilization of medical fund
(almost 123 million pesos pending medical assistance program)
• FOR CSC: issuance of guidelines for government workers in the time of COVID19 pandemic

Salary:
SG 31 for the Chairperson of each Constitutional Commission
SG 30 for the members of each Constitutional Commission

The Local Government Units. The local government units are smaller political subdivisions of the state
which are created by law to manage its own local affairs. In the country, the local government units are the
barangay, the city/municipality, and the province. The local government units exist to advance people
participation and to effectively impact services consistent with national policies (Rivas & Nael, 2010). The Article
X of the Philippine Constitution emphasizes the concepts of local autonomy. In practice, the local autonomy
among local government units was enshrined in Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991).

Qualification of Some Local Government Officials:

Age Requirement: at least 23 years old for Governor and Vice Governor; Mayor and Vice Mayor of urbanized
cities

At least 21 years old for Mayor and Vice Mayor of component Cities and municipalities
At least 21 years old for barangay officials at least 15-30 years old for SK members

Literacy Requirement: be able to read and write

Residency Requirement: 1 year for Mayor, Vice Mayor, Vice Governor and Governor, 6 months for Barangay
officials

Term of Office: 3 years for 3 consecutive terms (Governor, Vice Governor, Mayor, Vice Mayor)

3 years with re-election (for SK chairperson and members)

Current Composition:
81governors in the entire archipelago (1 province-1 governor)
1, 634 mayors in the country
42, 046 barangay captains

Recent Issues and Development:

• Paradigm shift in governance from unitary to federal form of government
• Patronage politics in the barangays and municipalities (network politics)
• Selective distribution of basic welfare services
• Rampant political killings during electoral period

Salary:
SG 30 for Governor and City Mayor
SG 28 for Vice Governor and City Vice Mayor amounting to Php 156, 731/month
SG 27-28 for Municipal Mayor depending on the classification of the municipality
SG 25-26 for Municipal Vice Mayor depending on the classification of the municipality

I.) LEADERSHIP REGIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES: THE CASE OF 16 PRESIDENTS

 Fig. 5: The 16 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines (Aguinaldo-Duterte)

This module suggests that in understanding the regimes of the 16

Philippine Presidents, we should adopt the theoretical framework introduced by Chai Anan Samudavanija, a Thai
political scientist. His framework of analysis has been known as the “S-P-D” framework (Security-Participation-
Development) which suggests that the regimes of the state could be easily deconstructed if we look into their policies
concerning state security, people’s participation and economic development.

In terms of analyzing the prevalent political behavior of each president, we could apply the EGT (Evolutionary
Governance Theory) which posits that the state governance is continuously evolving because of the context and the
strategy of political actors in the government. Thus, this approach does not intend to discriminate regimes with one
another instead it tries to link the forces that caused changes in the political landscapes and analyze the different factors
that affected the quality of governance.

THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHILIPPINE GOVERNANCE (Singh, 2016; Malaya & Malaya, 2018)

TABLE 3: APPLICATION OF SPD FRAMEWORK IN THE REGIMES OF 16 PRESIDENTS

PRESIDENT GENERAL POLICIES FOR
SECURITY PARTICIPATION DEVELOPMENT
Emilio Aguinaldo (1898- Negotiation with the US -Revolutionary movement -Political development
1901) Congress through his against the Spanish through constitutional
emissary, Felipe Agoncillio colonizers -War with the reforms (Malolos
-Proclamation of the Americans in 1901 - Constitution) and
Philippine Independence Establishment of the first wellestablished foreign
in 1898 revolutionary government relations
in the Philippines
Manuel L. Quezon (1935- -Augmentation of the Creation of Government -Education reforms
1944) Philippine Army - Survey Board - through the creation of
Enactment of the first Institutionalization of Office of Adult Education
National Defense Act human rights among and the Institute of
Filipinos National Language -
 Executive Order 134
proclaiming that Tagalog
as National Language
Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945) -Declared the state of war -Revitalization of grassroot -Adaptive foreign policies
with the United States - governance through the in accordance with Japan’s
Forging political alliance barangays Co-prosperity Sphere
with Japan (Asianism)
Sergio Osmena (1944- -Strengthening the -Created the People’s -Strengthened the
1946) Department of National Court to try and decide economic structures to
Defense cases of collaboration with promote
the Japanese oppressor entrepreneurship -Judicial
reforms (abolition of Court
of Appeals and
augmentation of the
Supreme Court)
Manuel A. Roxas (1946- -Philippine-American -Campaign against the -Cultural rehabilitation
1948) Friendship and HUKBALAHAP after WW II -Liberalization
Cooperation Agreement - of the Philippine economy
Military cooperation by accepting foreign
between US and investments
Philippines
Elpidio Quirino (1948- -Abolition of PH-USA -Enactment of the -Creation of the
1953) Defense Pact - Minimum Wage Law in President’s Action
Strengthening of the 1951 -Labor protection Committee on Social
Philippine Military - among workers Amelioration (PACSA) To
Augmentation of Police combat hunger and
force poverty -Salary increase in
the teaching profession -
Salary increase among
government officials
Ramon Magsaysay (1953- -Land Tenure Reform Law Magna Carta of Labor (RA -Road Developments (565
1957) -Protection for the 875) -Social Security Act of kilometers of road) -
agricultural workers 1957 for employees Electrification among
remote areas -Langley-
Laurel Agreement favoring
the Philippine economy
Carlos P. Garcia (1957- -Security collaboration -Filipino First Policy to -Economic protectionism
1961) with Japan, Viet Nam, motivate Filipinos in (Fortress Model of
Malaysia and USA - participating in the Philippine economy)
Augmentation of economy -Republic
antiterrorism schemes Cultural Heritage Awards
for outstanding Filipino
Scientist
Diosdado Macapagal -Creation of MAPHILINDO -Fair opportunity for -Land Justice System
(1961-1965) (predecessor of ASEAN) Filipino and foreign through the 1963
investors in the Agricultural Land Reform
Philippines Code -Stabilization of
PesoDollar currency
exchange
Ferdinand E. Marcos -Subjugation of the New -Empowerment of Tourism industry with
(1965-1986) People’s Army - barangay through Imelda Marcos -Ambitious
Implementation of Martial livelihood programs - infrastructure
Law -Regional alliance Proliferation of self-help development
 through ASEAN
Corazon C. Aquino (1986- -Security against
1992) authoritarian tendencies
(1987 Constitution)
Fidel V. Ramos (1992- -Augmentation of forces in
1998) the Philippine Army and
Philippine National Police
Joseph Ejercito Estrada -All-out-war against local
(1998-2001) terrorist -Intensified
implementation of death
penalty among heinous
criminals * (Read the case
of Leo Echegaray or
interview your parents
and grandparents about
this person)
Gloria MacapagalArroyo -Peace agreements with
(2001-2010) the rebel groups -
Oakwood Mutiny and
Manila Peninsula Siege
Benigno Simeon Aquino III -Anti-terrorism
(2010-2016) Cooperation Framework
with USA -Enhanced
Defense Cooperation
Agreement
Rodrigo Roa Duterte -War on Drugs -Martial
(2016-present) Law in Mindanao -Revival
of Curfew Scheme
METHODS AND APPROACHES IN POLITICAL ANALYSIS. The following are the definitions and applications of the methods
and approaches of Political Science. This portion will help you for an in-depth analysis of the Philippine government as
well as the key public officials who are primarily responsible for decision-making.
1.) APPROACHES
2.) METHODS
3.) CURRENT POLITICAL OFFICIALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
projects and cooperatives
-Suffrage has been
extended to uneducated
citizens
-Practice of democratic -Reforms in public finance
governance -Political -Cost-saving schemes to
inclusivity through the lessen the Philippine
creation of autonomous foreign loans (Privatization
regions in the Cordilleras of some government
and in Muslim Mindanao assets)
-Booming of OFW - -Massive Industrialization
Increased Philippine Scheme (PILIPINAS 2000) -
foreign relations Advent of e-governance -
Adoption of Washington
Consensus in the
Philippines (Trade
liberalization)
-Creation of Philippine -Numerous welfare
Carabao Center - programs under the
Agricultural development banner “ERAP PARA SA
through improved MAHIRAP
irrigation system to
encourage farming in the
country
-Automation of the -Travel logistics
electoral process Development (Clark
Airport and Subic Bay as
alternative logistic centers
in Asia)
-Mandatory Kindergarten -Welfare Services (4Ps) -
Curriculum and the Political reforms
implementation of K-12 (strengthening public
program -Safe accountability)
environment (“TUWID NA
DAAN”)
-Political inclusivity in -Educational Reform (Free
public governance (leftist Tertiary Education in
group as member of Public Colleges and
government) Universities) -Infrasture
Development (Build!
Build! Build!)
a. Philosophical Approach: it is normative in nature. This approach focuses on making inferences and theory
about a situation based on individualized perceived realities.
b. Historical Approach: it is the most popular approach of political analysis. It focuses on the trends and
evolution of state governments.
c. Juridical Approach: it treats the state as embodiment of laws and policies. This approach emphasizes the
importance of law-making in the development of state.
d. Behaviorist Approach: it studies the collective behavior of people in the society and the role of the state in
modifying such collective behavior.
e. Institutionalist Approach: it focuses on impacts of the institutions to the lives of the citizens. This approach
examines the effectiveness and efficiency of state institutions in promoting public welfare.
f. Critical Approach: it focuses on the state structures and norms caused by social classes existed in the state.
This approach examines the power struggle between the elites and the commoners and its impact in
governance. It answers the question “WHICH GROUP/CLASS PREVAILS IN POLITICS?”
g. Feminist Approach: it focuses on the struggles and experiences of the women in the state. It analyzes the
causes and effects of gender oppression in the society and the role of state in resolving this problem.