Guided Wave Propagation and Interaction with Defects

Sauvik Banerjee
Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076
Phone: (022) 2576 7343
Email: web:

Traditional Ultrasonic NDT

Longitudinal wave (P wave)

E(1 )
c1
(1 )(1 2 )

Aluminum: 6300 m/s

Shear wave (S wave)

Bulk waves (P and S waves) are used in traditional ultrasonic NDT
in the range of 1MHz-50MHz, so that wavelengths are much shorter than the thickness.

Higher the frequency shorter the wavelength, and better the chance to
detect smaller discontinuities, i.e increased “sensitivity”
E G
c2 2 (1)
However, higher the frequency lower is the depth of penetration into the
Aluminum 3150 m/s
material and reduced signal amplitude

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 Guided Wave or Plate Wave or Lamb Wave
(Large Area Inspection)
Wavelength can be longer than the thickness of
Transmitter Receiver
the plate. Typical frequency range (50kHz-1MHz).

Anti-symmetric mode (A) Symmetric mode (S)

Multimodal Nature

Extensional /compressional

Flexural
3

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Properties of Guided Waves

y
d
x
Multimodal and dispersive as seen in the
dispersion curve

thickness and material properties play an important role frequency dependent velocity of individual mode

Distortion of the shape of the waveform as the wave propagates away from source

d
Vgroup
dk
Can travel much longer distance and
extremely sensitive to the presence of discontinuities in their path

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

2
 Structural Health Monitoring Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves

Surface mounted or bonded piezoelectric (PZT) transducers

Active SHM: An optimized source signal is injected into plate-like structure

Fast and Accurate Theoretical Model for Guiding Experiments & Data Interpretation Wit

Sensor Data
Development of Algorithms for Damage Identification (With and Without Baseline)

Detailed Numerical Simulations to Study Wave Interaction with Defects (LSDYNA, Hyb

Diagnostic Imaging Tool Location and severity of defects

Banerjee, S, et al., in Advanced Ultrasonic Methods for Material and Structure Inspection, T. Kundu (editor),
Pubs. ISTE, London, U.K, 2007Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Experimental Facilities

Function
GeneratorOscilloscope

Power Amplifier

Tektronix Function Generator 3021B (8 bit, 250MS/s)

Tektronix Oscilloscope (8 bit, 250MS/s) Piezo Systems Inc, EPA 104 (Max 200 V output)

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

3
7

Experimental Facilities

National Instruments
PXI system

NI PXI-5105: 8 Channel data acquisition card (12 bit, 60MS/s)

NI PXI-5105: Arbitrary waveform generator card (14 bit, 100MS/s) NI PXI-2532: 16x16 Matrix Switch

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Experimental Facilities

Piezoelectric materials as transmitter and receiver

Thickness mode of vibration Radial mode of vibration

Thin Piezoelectric (PZT)

wafers permanently bonded to the surface
Piezoelectric (PZT) broadband transducers
placed to the surface by means of gel

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

4
 Dispersion Relation

Dispersion Equation
g(k1, k2 , ) 0
k1 k cos ; k 2 g(k , , ) 0
k sin

c = kphase velocity
c
For isotropic plate of thickness 2H
2 Dispersion curve for an aluminum plate of 1 mm thickness.
tan(
2 H)
2
2k 2 k 2
Antisymmetric
tan( 1H)4k 2 1 2
d
Vgroupdk
tan( 2k 2 k2
2 H)
2
1 Symmetric
tan( H)4k 2 1 2
2

1 k
22
k1 ; 2 k k2
22
k1 c ; k2
1 c2
Re( 1, 2 ) 0

10

Generation of Guided Wave Mode

Snell’s law is used

At each excitation frequency incident angle is controlled for generation of specific Guided wave mode

V wedge / air / fluid V phase

sin( )sin( 90 o )
incident

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

5
11
Normal Surface Loading
Source
Receiver

Transducer
Vibration direction
F ( x1 , x 2 , t)f (t ) g ( x1 , x 2 )
1 mm
Point load: g(x1, x2 ) x1 x2
Form of Surface Loading: Load Frequency Spectrum of Load
50

Broadband Excitation: 1

40
2 t 4 t 0
f(t) sin0 .5 sin ,
-1
30
012 3 45 6 0 0.5 11.5 2

0 t; 2 s s Frequency (MHz)

20

Narrowband Excitation: Load 10

Frequency Spectrum of Load
1
2 f ct 100
f(t) sin 2 f ct 1 cos , 0
n 0
50
0 t; fc / n -1
0
fc 0.5MHz, n 5 cycles

Sine Pulse in a Hanning Window

5 10 15 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay
s Frequency (MHz)

12
Surface Motion in a Thin Aluminum Plate
Narrowband excitation
Broadband excitation -9
5 mm -9
5 mm
x 10 x 10
55

Strong presence of A0 mode 0

in all excitations
0

-5 0 10 2030 40
0 10 20 30 40 s
s
Strong distortion of the shape
10 mm
x 10
-9
-5 x 10
-9
10 mm
5 5
of waveform is observed in case of broadband excitation
0 0

-5
-5
0 10 20 30 40
s 0 10 2030 40

In case of narrowband excitation, x 10

-9 -9
s
15 mm
x 10
guide wave travels as a wave packet 5
15 mm
5

0
0

-5
0 10 20 30 40 -5
s
0 10 2030 40
s

x 10
-9 50 mm
x 10
-9
50 mm
2 2

0 0

-2 -2
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 2030 40
s
s

Banerjee, S., et al, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Prof.

115 (5), pp. 1905-1911, 2004
Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

6
 13

Surface Motion in a Thin Unidirectional Composite Plate

source
Broadband excitation 00 propagation 900 propagation
90osensor
45o 0o
Fiber direction

1 mm

Wave speed is faster along fiber direction (00 propagation)

Phase reversal distance is higher compared to the Aluminum plate

Rising 1st peak and decaying 2nd peak result in smooth change of phase (phase reversal phenomenon)

Banerjee, S., et al, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Prof.

115 (5), pp. 1905-1911, 2004
Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

14

Lead Break in a 32 layered cross-ply composite plate

Theory Experiment
0o 0o

source
90osensor
45 o

0o
0o 30 o 0o 30 o

32 layered cross-ply graphite/epoxy

composite plate: 4.4 mm thick
60o 60o
30 o 30 o

Mathematical form of the Source Function

f (t)t t/ 2 ; 0t
2.1 t 60 o 90o 90o
1 e ;t 60 o
Time of rise

5 s
o o
90
Banerjee, S. and Mal, A. K., Journal of Strain Analysis (IMPreocf.hESa)u, v4i0k B(1an90
),eSrj0e9e,20C3iv,i2l E0n0g5. Dept, IIT Bombay

7
15

PZT Wafers for SHM of Thin Plate Structures

Source
1.50E+00
1.00E+00
Input pulse: 5 cycle sine
5.00E-01 pulse in a Hanning window with central frequency 300kHz
0.00E+00
-5.00E-01
-1.00E+00
-1.50E+00
0.00E+00

5.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.50E-04

Tim e (s ec)

1
0.8
0.6 50mm 100mm
0.4 200mm
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

Transmitter (source) Receiver

16

Modeling of PZT Driven Surface Motion

Input Signal: In-plane point force PZT

Output Signal: In-plane surface displacement
offset
Input Output
100 mm

Plate
Experiment Exact Theory LS DYNA
1.50E+00

S0 A0 Reflection in
1.00E+00 LSDYNA
5.00E-01 simulation

0.00E+00

-5.00E-01

-1.00E+00

5.00E-05 Time (sec) 1.00E-04 1.50E-04

-1.50E+00
Banerjee, 0.00E+00
S., et al, Proceedings of 8 th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM),
Stanford University , September 2011Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

8
17
Wave Interaction with a Defect: LSDYNA Simulation

Notch
2 mm
deep

5 mm thick Aluminum plate

Parija Bilyae, Dual Degree Dissertation, 2011

18

Experimental Verification Source 50 mm 100 mm Receiver

5mm
Notch 2mm deep and 4mm wide

LSDYNA No damage LSDYNA Damaged

Experiment Experiment

9
19
Wave Scattering by Crack/Boundary

Observation point
Observation point
H=1.6 mm
8H 8H
0.1H 8H
0.1H
H
D H
W
8H
1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 -0.5
-1.0
-1.5

(a) Incident (b) D = 0.1 H

(a) Incident (b) W = 1.0 H

1.0
1.5
0.5 1.0
0.0 0.5
-0.5 0.0
-1.0 -0.5
-1.0
-1.5

(c) W = 2.0 H (d) W = 3.0 H (c) D = 0.2 H (d) D = 0.3 H

1.01.5
1.0
0.50.5
0.00.0
-0.5-0.5
-1.0
-1.0-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 500 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

(e) W = 4.0 H (f) W = 5.0 H (e) D = 0.4 H (f) D = 0.5 H

Time (micro-second)
Time (micro-second)
Chang, Z. and Mal, A. K., Mechanics of MateriaPlsr,o3f.1S,apupv.ik1B9a7n-2er0j4ee, ,19C9iv9il Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

20

Wave interaction with a rivet hole

Aluminum plate: 300x300x1.6 mm

Receiver Location : 20mm from the centre of hole

Signals at the receivers in presence of a hole of 6 mm dia

Receiver #1 Receiver #2
Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 21

Wave interaction with a rivet hole and an edge crack

Signals at the receivers in presence of a hole of 6

mm dia and edge cracks of 1.6 mm length

Receiver #1 Receiver #2

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Experimental Sandwich Panel (ISRO)

HCSS sample plate for laboratory experiment

Elastic properties of the HCSS: Experimental setup

Material E1 E2 E3 G12 G23 G13 12 13 23 t
(GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (kg/m3) (mm)

CP-lamina 110.3 110.3 18.237 42.41 4.136 4.136 0.30 0.12 0.12 1650 0.17
UD-lamina 60.22 60.22 10.252 18.20 3.611 3.611 0.20 0.03 0.03 1420 0.08

Soft-core 0.0802 0.0802 1.6112 0.0321 0.0963 0.0963 0.25 0.025 0.025 32 12
HD-core 0.7345 0.7345 1.9844 0.2822 0.4826 0.4826 0.33 0.042 0.042 128 12
Adhesive 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.40 0.40 0.40 1250 0.01

13 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 23

Dispersion Curve and Surface Motion

1.5
Theoretical LS-DYNA
7
1
A0
6 0.5
5
4 0
A0
S0
3 -0.5

2 -1
100 kHz , 300 mm
-1.5
1 0 100 200 300 400
0 50100150 200 Time ( s)
Frequency (kHz)
0 Response to 100kHz Vertical Excitation
Dispersion curve for the composite skin only
7 1.5
Theoretical LS-DYN A
6 A0
5 1 S1
4 S0
R
3 0.5 A1 S0/A0
2
1 S1
A1 0
0
A2
-0.5

A3
S2
-1 100 kHz , 300 mm

0 50100150 200 -1.5

Frequency(kHz) 0 100 200 300 400
Time ( s)

Dispersion curve for the Sandwich StructureResponse to 100kHz Horizontal Excitation

Pol., C. B and Banerjee, S., Wave Motion, 50, pp. 964-978, 2013.
Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Validation with theory/simulation/experiment

Observations:
GW propagation in HCSS is multi-modal in nature
A good agreement is observed between the baseline theoretical, numerical & experimental signals
Presence of 6 independent wave modes is observed with 3 prominent (separable) modes (A2, S2 & A0)

Theoretical group velocity-dispersion plot for the HCSS

1 .00 .00 20
A2
S2

A2 T heo re tical N u m e rical E xpe rim ental

T he ore tic al
N u m e rica l
E xp e rim e n ta l
0 .5 0 .00 15
A0

S 0 /A 1 / S1 S2

0 .0 0 .00 10
Normalized

WT

A0

-0 .5 0 .00 05
S 0 /A 1/ S 1

-1 .0 0 .00 00
05 01 001 5 020 0250 0 50 10 0 1 50 2 002 50
T im e ( s)
T im e
WT of the signals at 150Comparison baseline output responses
kHz frequency

24 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 Study of disbond effect

Numerical received signals Experimental received signals

1.201.065

A0 (Num.)A0 (Num.)
1.15 1.050
A0 (Exp.) A0 (Exp.)

A2 (Num.) A2 (Num.)
1.035
1.10
A2 (Exp.) A2 (Exp.)

S2 (Num.) 1.020 S2 (Num.)

1.05
S2 (Exp.) S2 (Exp.)
1.005
1.00
0 255075100 125 150 0 255075100 125 150
Disbond size (mm 2) Disbond size (mm2)

Variation in modal amplitudes with disbond SizeVariation in modal group velocities with disbond Size

25 Sikdar, S. and Banerjee, S., Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures, 27 (13), pp. 1767-1779, 2016.
Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Study on high-density core effects

Observation:
Presence of HD- core region in HCSS leads to decrease in amp

Numerical signals showing the HD-core effects Experimental signals

Variation in A0-mode amplitude with HD-core Size Variation in A0-mode group velocity with HD-core Size

26 Sikdar, S. and Banerjee, S., Ultrasonics, 71, pp. 86-97, 2016

Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 Identification of disbond regions in HCSS

Signal difference coefficient (SDC) algorithm:

N 1 N N 1 N Aij (x, y)
Damage Index: Dd(x, y) i 1j i 1 ij D (x, y) i 1j i 1 ij sdc (x, y) 1
(Ref. Zhao et al 2007)
where Dd(x,y) represent the Damage Index measured from actuator-sensor pair: i-j

t2
Aij ( x, y)
(ssdc
d sb )dt t
1ij is the signal
t different coefficient & is a spatial distribution function
1
2

[sd ]2 dt
t1

where t1 is the time arrival of signal for particular GW mode & t2 = (t1 + bandwidth of signal)

Pij (x,y), Pij ( x , y )

Aij (x, y) , Pij ( x , y )

Pij (x, y) [ (x x )i 2i ( y y )2 (x xjjij)2 ( y y )2 ] / p

where, Pij is the distance between actuator ‘i’ and

receiver ‘j’, and the is a small scaling parameter & selected as 1.05 (Zhao et al 2007)
Illustration of the SDC algorithm with the
elliptical distribution function

27 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

Combined identification of disbond & HD-core regions

Observation:
The SDC algorithm based proposed SHM methodology has the
SDC map representing the exact location of the disbond & HD-core regions

Observation:
The proposed SHM methodology has the potential to accuratel
SDC map representing the exact location of closely spaced disbond & HD- core regions

Sikdar, S. and Banerjee, S., Composite Structures, 156, pp. 568-578, 2016
28 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay

1
 Multiple disbond identification in the HCSS

Numerical model of HCSS with multiple disbond regions

Observation:
The SDC algorithm based proposed SHM methodology has the

SDC map clearly representing the exact location of multiple disbond regions

29 Prof. Sauvik Banerjee, Civil Eng. Dept, IIT Bombay