UEMP#2135049, VOL 0, ISS 0

Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations

of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical
Faults based Wind Power Plant
Inas M. O. Mohammed, Michael Njoroge Gitau, and Ramesh C. Bansal

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 Electric Power Components and Systems, 0(0): 1–13, 2022
# 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1532-5008 print / 1532-5016 online
DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2022.2135049
2 51
3 52
4
5
Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations 53
54
6 of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under 55
7 56
8 Unsymmetrical Faults based Wind Power Plant 57
9 58
10 1 1 2 59
Q5 Inas M. O. Mohammed, Michael Njoroge Gitau, and Ramesh C. Bansal
11 1
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 60
12 2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 61
13 62
14 63
15 64
16 CONTENTS 65
17 Abstract—In this article, a fault ride-through controller is 66
1. Introduction proposed with the use of proportional-integral compensator and
18 electronic sensors for riding-through alternative current faults in a 67
2. Modeling and Control of the Vienna Rectifier-I
19 wind power plant collection grid connected with a permanent 68
3. DC-Bus Voltage Controller Design magnet synchronous generator. Three parallel-connected wind 69
20
4. Fault Effect Elimination and Analysis energy conversion units supplying a direct current (DC) load are
21 simulated and discussed. It is found that the sub-module will 70
5. Simulation Results and Discussion
22 directly adjust the transmission of power and protect the generator 71
6. Conclusion from overheating, which can occur due to voltage fluctuation. 72
23
References Furthermore, a DC voltage controller is designed to ensure a
24 stable closed-loop system, and the system stability is verified 73
25 using bode plots. The dynamic response of the system is 74
26 demonstrated with the use of power simulator (PowerSim, 75
27 Rockville, USA) software to verify the reliability of the proposed 76
rectifier topology.
28 77
29 78
30 79
31 1. INTRODUCTION 80
32 Direct current (DC) power transmission and distribution 81
33 systems have received practical acceptance in power grids 82
34 toward renewable energy resources. Moreover, DC sys- 83
35 tems offer more advantages over the alternative current 84
36 85
(AC) systems such as [1–5]: (i) A synchronization pro-
37 86
cedure is more flexible than that on AC systems. (ii) The
38 87
absence of reactive power enhances the general system
39 88
efficiency. (iii) It is easy to integrate the renewable
40 89
energy sources into a DC system with less complicated
41 90
control strategies at low cost. (iv) The DC distribution
42 91
systems have a high penetration level of compressed con-
43 92
44 verters used to interface both distributed generators (DGs) 93
45 and loads, yields a sustainable power load, unlike trad- 94
46 Keywords: voltage control, fault ride through, vienna active rectifier-I,
itional AC distribution systems. In this regard, recent 95
47 wind power, transient stability, generation transients, fault clearance research studies have been developed further to improve 96
Received 1 November 2019; accepted 21 June 2020 DC technology. For an AC transmission system, each 97
48
Address correspondence to Ramesh C. Bansal, Department of Electrical
49 Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
wind energy conversion unit (WECU) on a wind power 98
50 E-mail: rcbansal@ieee.org plant (WPP) includes a big size 50- or 60 Hz power 99

1
 2 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

100 transformer [2–6]. In this work, the power transformers as, (i) it can ride through several grid faults, (ii) able to 150
101 are replaced by the power electronic converters. The have an instant disconnection from the grid in case of a 151
102 weight of a power transformer is extremely higher if fault and return fast into regular operation after the fault, 152
103 compared to a power electronic converter of identical fea- and (iii) has the ability to smooth-out the discontinuous 153
104 tures. The classical full-bridge active rectifiers are the power fluctuation from the wind [15]. Vienna active rec- 154
105 power electronic converter topology mostly used in stud- tifier-I, introduced initially by Kolar [16], is one of sev- 155
106 ies being done to design the DC combination grids for eral types of converters that can be selected as a 156
107 WPPs [7, 8]. The classical active rectifier has a large generator side converter for WECSs. The Vienna active 157
108 number of controlled switches which operate at a high rectifier-I has been chosen to be an efficient and cost- 158
109 switching frequency, then the efficiency of the wind farm effective rectifier, and that recognizes the fundamentals 159
110 is low because of the switching losses [2, 8–10]. Since of power quality and power reliability applications [2, 160
111 the number of grid-connected wind farms is continuously 16]. Furthermore, it has many advantages over conven- 161
112 increasing, the WPPs have to play a considerable role in tional and other types of active rectifiers, for example (i) 162
113 maintaining grid stability, which requires that the wind has the capability of double boosting effect because it 163
114 turbine generator (WTG) on wind farm stay linked to the consists of two inductors on input and output sides, 164
115 power grid during any fault conditions. The fault ride- which can improve the rectifier features, (ii) it has the 165
116 through (FRT) is an expression used to explain the ability ability of buck-boost operation, (iii) allows transmission 166
117 of a wind farm to contribute to the grid during faults, of the power to the DC-links even if the supply voltage 167
118 which is critical for assuring the power system stability is positive or negative, (iv) involvement of a single 168
119 [1–4]. A WPP generally consists of a large number of switch per power cell, and that permits to construct a 169
120 WTGs linked jointly at the main bus. The WECU are highly stable and reliable rectifier, (v) it can obtain two 170
121 grouped into two categories [11, 12] DC-output voltages, (vi) the DC-ripples decrease for a 171
122 1. Fixed speed WECU: (e.g. squirrel cage induction given capacitor value, (vii) it has the possibility of con- 172
123 generator (SCIG)), tinuous current modes, (viii) it has less number of active 173
124 2. Variable speed WECU: this type is grouped into semiconductor devices, (ix) low current total harmonic 174
125 two classes, distortion (THD), and (x) high power density due to the 175
126 i. permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) three switches which are based on three-level configura- 176
127 based wind turbine (WT) with a full
tions. Therefore, it has been applied in several high vol- 177
128 rating converter,
tages and high power applications. 178
129 ii. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based WT
The main goal of this work is the development of a 179
130 with a fractional rating converter. 180
The full rating converters cutoff the synchronous WECS-based DC transmission technology to improve the
131 181
machine speed from the grid frequency and supply adjust- system stability and FRT capability of the WPP. The
132 182
able operation over a wide range of speed [12]. The vari- improvement is made by including an interface between a
133 183
able speed WTGs can monitor the power speedily and three-phase, three-unit variable speed AC synchronous gen-
134 184
flexible with active power electronic converters. erator and a constant DC-bus, based modular voltage
135 185
One of the considerable challenges in wind energy con- source converter (VSC). For maintaining high power, as
136 186
well as conserving a constant DC-bus voltage. The inter-
137 version systems (WECSs) is to handle the discontinuity of 187
face is desired to ensure high energy efficiency by main-
138 the wind and to protect the grid stability. The power elec- 188
taining a stable DC-bus voltage.
139 tronic converters and energy storage systems are substantial 189
The DC collection grid in this article is built using a
140 components to maintain the continuation of wind power. 190
parallel connection of WPPs each consisted of PMSG and
141 Conventional converters have the following demerits 191
Vienna-I rectifier and connected to the load via a
142 [13, 14]. 192
DC-link.
143 1. Only a buck or a boost converter, that is, their 193
attainable DC voltage output is higher or lower than The rest of this work is organized as follows; section
144 194
the input AC voltage. 2 presents the modeling and control of the Vienna active
145 195
2. Susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), rectifier-I, including rectifier structure and analysis. The
146 196
which reduces system reliability. design of a DC-bus voltage controller is introduced in
147 197
When PMSG has been integrated with WT, the studies section 3 using bode plots for the compensator to evalu-
148 198
have shown that the PMSG has many advantages such ate the system stability. Section 4 discusses the fault
149 199
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 3

200 where ea, eb, and ec are the three-phase generation instant 250
201 voltages, E is the maximum generator output voltage, xs 251
202 is the generator angular velocity. 252
203 Equation (1) can be rewritten as follows. 253
204 dia 254
205 ea ¼ Ria þ L þ van 255
dt
206 dib
(2) 256
eb ¼ Rib þ L þ vbn
207 dt 257
dic
208 ec ¼ Ric þ L þ vcn 258
209 dt 259
210 where R is the internal generator resistance, L is the gener- 260
211 FIGURE 1. Three-phase Vienna rectifier-I topology. ator inductance, van , vbn , and vcn are the terminal voltages 261
212 of the rectifier [2, 20–25]. 262
213 effect elimination and analysis, as well as the overall 263
214 simulated system is discussed in this section. 264
Comprehensive simulations using PSIM software are 2.2. Small-signal modeling of a Vienna rectifier-I
215 265
216 shown in Section 5. The conclusion of this work is pre- The analysis of the system response to small disturbances 266
217 sented in section 6. is called small-signal modeling of the system. The non-lin- 267
218 ear state-space equation describing the system operation 268
219 can be represented as follows [26]. 269
2. MODELING AND CONTROL OF THE VIENNA
220 RECTIFIER-I x_ ¼ Ax þ Bu (3) 270
221 where A is the system matrix, B is the input matrix, x is 271
222 2.1. Rectifier structure and modeling 272
the state vector, and u is the input vector.
223 The topology of a three-phase Vienna active rectifier-I has 273
224 been designated as shown in Figure 1, [2, 17–25]. The top- T
½vd vq v0  ¼ Z½va vb vc  T
(4) 274
225 ology contains three identical power electronic cells; each 275
226 one is connected individually to a phase input. Each power ½id iq i0 T ¼ Z½ia ib ic T (5) 276
227 cell involves one active switch and six diodes; the output 277
where Z is the abc/dq0 transformation matrix, id and iq are
228 of all the stages are connected to a middle link of output 278
the d and q axis currents, vd and vq are the d and q axis
229 capacitors (which is used as power storage device and DC 279
voltages, d is the duty cycle, vo is the total DC output volt-
230 ripple reducer). The middle link of the capacitors is func- 280
age; and can be represented as follows.
231 tionally connected to a neutral power by connecting the 281
232 middle link of one arm of the diode bridges of all the vo ¼ vo, u þ vo, l (6) 282
233 three-phases. The control details of the studied rectifier Dvo ¼ vo, u  vo, l (7) 283
234 have been described in refs. [16, 22–25]; the control of the
Dvo is the variation between the two partial DC output 284
235 three switches ensures the desired balanced output DC
buses, and should be equal to zero, 285
236 voltage. The rectifier is substantially a boost converter and
2 3 2 pffiffiffi 3 286
237 has a three-level structure of output voltage, VC1 is one- Vd 2 Vs 287
238 half of the overall output voltage, (VC1 þ VC2) has to be 4 Vq 5 ¼ 6 4 0 5
7
(8) 288
239 higher than the peak of the supply voltage Vs to ensure Vs0 0 289
240 continuous conduction. 2 3 2 pffiffiffi 3 290
Id 2 Is
241 The switching frequency of the rectifier is very high 6 7 6 6 7 291
242 4 Iq 5 ¼ 4 0 7 5 (9)
when compared with the supply frequency resulting in 292
243 a lower value of the boost inductor. The generation I0 0 293
244 side three-phase voltages can be represented as follows 294
where Vs is the rms supply voltage, Is and vo are the refer-
245 [16]. 295
ence values of the AC and total DC output voltage,
246 ea ¼ Esin ðxs tÞ 296
respectively.
247 eb ¼ Esin ðxs t  120Þ (1) 297
Refer to state-space Eq. (3) where the state vector x ¼
248 ec ¼ Esin ðxs t þ 120Þ T 298
½id iq vo Dvo  , the input vector u ¼ ½vd vq  T ,
249 299
 4 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

2 3
300 Gid11 ðsÞ Gid12 ðsÞ Gid13 ðsÞ 350
301 6 7 351
6 Gid21 ðsÞ Gid22 ðsÞ Gid23 ðsÞ 7
302 The state matrix A ¼ 6 6 G ðsÞ G ðsÞ G ðsÞ 7,
7 352
4 vd11 vd12 vd13 5
303 353
GDvd11ðsÞ GDvd12 ðsÞ GDvd13 ðsÞ
304 2 3 354
305 Giv11 ðsÞ Giv12 ðsÞ 355
6 7
306 6 Giv21 ðsÞ Giv22 ðsÞ 7 356
The input matrix B ¼ 6 6 7
307 7 357
4 Gvv11 ðsÞ Gvv12 ðsÞ 5
308 358
GDvv11 ðsÞ GDvv12 ðsÞ
309 2 3 359
310 2 3 Gid11 ðsÞ Gid12 ðsÞ Gid13 ðsÞ 2 3 360
i 6 7 id
311 d6 d 7 6 6 Gid21 ðsÞ Gid22 ðsÞ Gid23 ðsÞ 7 76 7 361
4 iq 5 ¼ 6 7 4 iq 5
312 dt 4 Gvd11 ðsÞ Gvd12 ðsÞ Gvd13 ðsÞ 5 v 362
vo
313 GDvd11 ðsÞ GDvd12 ðsÞ GDvd13 ðsÞ
o
363
314 2 3 364
315 Giv11 ðsÞ Giv12 ðsÞ   365
6 Giv21 ðsÞ Giv22 ðsÞ 7 vd
316 þ46 7 (10) 366
317 Gvv11 ðsÞ Gvv12 ðsÞ 5 vq 367
GDvv11 ðsÞ GDvv12 ðsÞ
318 368
319 where the symbol is in the form Gabbc , such as, a is out- 369
320 put, that is, an element of vector x, b is input, that is, an 370
321 element of a vector u, b is rank of the output a in the vec- 371
322 tor x, and c is the rank of the input b in the vector u. The 372
323 list of transfer functions Gabbc and their parameters are 373
324 given in Appendices A and B, respectively, and transfer 374
325 function is shown in Figure B1 (Appendix B). The equiva- 375
326 lent transfer function that represents the Vienna-I rectifier 376
327 is given by taking Laplace transform for (10), and Figure 2 377
328 shows the transfer function representation [26]. 378
329 379
330 3. DC-BUS VOLTAGE CONTROLLER DESIGN 380
331 381
2
332 As shown in Figure 3 [27] in a dq-frame, VDC is compared 382
333 with VDCref , the compensator Kv ðsÞ objective is to compen-
2
383
334 sate the error signal eV , and the command of active power
FIGURE 2. Transfer-function block diagram of the recti- 384
335 Ps controller is done by Psref , also Qsref can control the fier in the small-signal procedure. 385
336 reactive power Qs : Gv ðsÞ is a factor of the primary DC 386
337 capacitance and a time response to a step input signal. The where N ðsÞ is the controller transfer function, K0 is the 387
338 DC voltage controller is designed for the worst-case design constant value of gain. To ensure zero steady-state error 388
339 conditions of the rectification mode to regulate the DC Kv ðsÞ has to include an integral term. The lead filter 389
340 voltage across the DC-bus. Furthermore, the following equation N ðsÞ in Eq. (12) can be written as shown in Eq. 390
341 equations can define the DC voltage controller. 391
  (13) to obtain a stable closed-loop system for operating
342 2 ss þ 1 points, 392
Gv ðsÞ ¼  (11)
343 C s 393
344 where s is a time constant for the controller, and C is the   394
ðs þ ðp=aÞÞ
345 rectifier capacitance. The compensator gain Kv ðsÞ is shown N ðsÞ ¼ n0 (13) 395
ðs þ pÞ
346 as follows. 396
347 397
Kv ðsÞ ¼ N ðsÞ 
K0 where n0 is the filter gain, p is a filter pole, and a ð> 1Þ
348 S
(12) 398
is a fixed and real value.
349 399
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 5

400 450
401 451
402 452
403 453
404 454
405 455
406 456
407 457
408 458
409 459
410 460
411 461
412 462
413 463
414 464
415 465
416 466
417 467
418 468
419 469
420 470
421 471
422 472
423 473
424 474
FIGURE 3. Block diagram of a DC-bus voltage controller [27].
425 475
426 476
427 Then, the compensator gain Kv ðsÞ in the closed-loop trans- 477
428 fer function can be obtained as Kv ðsÞ ¼ 200sþ14000
s2 þ2274s
(16) 478
429 Figure 4 shows that the system is unstable when operat- 479
430 ing in an uncompensated mode of operation. The values of 480
431 parameters used are shown in Table 1. 481
432 The transfer function of the compensated loop gain is 482
433 given as follows, 483
434 484
LðsÞ ¼ Kv ðsÞGp ðsÞGv ðsÞ (17)
435 485
436 where Gp ðsÞ is the closed-loop transfer function. 486
437 487
438 1 1=s 488
G p ðs Þ ¼ ¼ (18)
439 si s þ 1 s þ 1=s 489
440 FIGURE 4. Bode plots of the uncompensated loop gain. 490
441 From Eqs. (14) and (15), respectively, a ¼ 32:3, and 491
442 The value of the filter phase dm is given by p ¼ 2274: Then, the transfer function of the overall volt- 492
443   age-loop gain can be deduced from Eq. (17) as follows, 493
a1
444 dm ¼ arc sin (14) 494
445 aþ1 200106 s þ 200103
LðsÞ ¼ (19) 495
446 The compensator frequency xm is shown as 1000s3 þ 1000103 s2 496
447 p 497
448 xm ¼ (15) Bode plots of the overall voltage-loop gain transfer
498
冑a function are given in Figure 5.
449 499
 6 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

500 Quantity Comment Value Parameter Description Value 550

501 551

502 dm Maximum phase of the filter 70 E Rated voltage of the PMSG 400 V 552
503 xm Compensator frequency 400 rad/s R Generator resistance 1X 553
n0 Filter gain 2 L Generator inductance 2 mH
504 554
k0 Constant gain 100 I Generator rated current 40 A
505 f Generator frequency 60 Hz 555
506 TABLE 1. Parameters used for bode plots. 556
Co Rectifier output capacitor 2000 l F
507 RL Load 50 X, 0.01 mH 557
508 TABLE 2. Parameters used for simulation. 558
509 559
510 In this article generator line to ground and double line 560
511 to ground, faults have been discussed. Figure 6 explains 561
512 the simulated system. 562
513 If the fault current exceeds the thermal capability of the 563
514 Vienna rectifier-I valves, the IGBT switch will be blocked, 564
515 and the system will stop operating until the fault is cleared. 565
516 In such a case, the system needs to be restarted. 566
517 Figure 7 shows the FRT controller. The rectifier output 567
518 voltage Vout (t) is sensed with the sensor gain H(s), the 568
519 sensor output will be H(s)Vout (s) which is compared with 569
520 a reference input voltage Vref (s). In case of disturbances or 570
521 571
FIGURE 5. Bode plots of the overall voltage loop gain. component variations in the compensator the difference in
522 572
the Vref “the input voltage reference” and H(s)Vout (s) “the
523 The frequency response sketched in Figure 5 shows that 573
sensor output” is named an error signal. The aim is to let
524 574
the closed-loop system is stable with the phase margin of H(s)Vout (s) equal to Vref (s) to obtain zero error, but prac-
525 
63 and the gain margin of 70 dB. 575
tically, the error signal is a commonly small value. The
526 576
output of the controller is the gate triggering circuit (F_sw)
527 577
shown in Figure 6. The proposed sub-module (SM) control
528 4. FAULT EFFECT ELIMINATION 578
circuit has been constructed to reduce the fault effect. The
529 AND ANALYSIS 579
recent grid codes require that AC generator-based variable
530 580
The simulated WPP consists of three parallel-connected speed WPP should be held in operation during fault cases.
531 581
WECUs supplying a DC load with the cost of 400 USD; The Simulink representation for the controller is shown in
532 582
for building a system consisting of 54 diodes, nine IGBT Figure 8.
533 583
switches, three AC power supplies, and DC load resistor,
534 584
inductor and capacitor. The values used in simulations are
535 5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 585
shown in Table 2.
536 586
An AC fault is applied to unit 2 terminals; this type of Simulations have been built on the PSim program. Three
537 587
538 fault is due to unbalance between phases and is called an WECUs are constructed in parallel, so that the parallel con- 588
539 unsymmetrical shunt fault. A shunt fault is defined as “an nection is the most reliable type of connection, that if one 589
540 unbalance between phases or between phase and ground.” unit collapses the system remains in synchronism. Several 590
541 A series fault is defined as “an unbalance in the same modes of operation have been simulated and are presented 591
542 line impedances.” as follows. 592
543 Shunt faults are an essential class of faults and include 593
544 various types of short circuits as well as unbalanced loads,
5.1. Steady-state operation 594
545 and can be summarized as follows, 595
In a steady-state operation, the switch will be locked for a
546 1. Line to ground faults. 596
2. Line to line faults. long time, so the voltage and current waves are in stable
547 597
3. Double line to ground faults. performance. Figure 9 shows the generator AC output volt-
548 598
4. Triple line to ground faults [28, 29]. age it is 390 V and the current is 38 A. There are small
549 599
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 7

600 650
601 651
602 652
603 653
604 654
605 655
606 656
607 657
608 658
609 659
610 660
611 661
612 662
613 663
614 664
615 665
616 666
617 667
618 668
619 669
620 670
621 671
622 672
623 673
624 674
625 675
626 676
627 677
628 678
629 679
630 680
631 681
632 682
633 683
FIGURE 6. The simulated system considering the fault in generator 2.
634 684
635 685
636 686
637 687
638 688
639 689
640 690
641 691
642 692
643 693
644 694
645 695
646 696
647 697
648 FIGURE 7. Schematic diagram of the FRT controller. 698
649 699
 8 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

700 750
701 751
702 752
703 753
704 754
705 755
706 756
707 757
708 758
709 FIGURE 8. Simulink representation of the FRT controller. 759
710 760
711 761
712 762
713 763
714 764
715 765
716 766
717 767
718 768
719 769
720 770
721 771
722 772
723 773
724 774
725 775
726 776
727 777
728 778
729 779
730 780
731 781
FIGURE 10. Steady-state components, (a) output voltage
732 782
and (b) output current.
733 FIGURE 9. Generator output, (a) output voltage and (b) 783
734 output current. undershooting, 12 A overshooting and 5 A undershooting, 784
735 and (iii) no ripple disturbance in the voltage and cur- 785
736 786
transients at the beginning of both voltage and current rent waves.
737 787
waves, due to the starting of the generator.
738 788
Figure 10(a) and (b) show the output voltage and
739 5.2. Unsymmetrical fault simulation 789
current waveforms. The output voltage as shown is in
740 5.2.1. Line to ground fault. When the line-to-ground fault 790
steady-state condition and is stable at 400 V after small
741 occurs, then still the output parameters are same as steady- 791
overshooting to 510 V due to system startup. The same as
742 state parameters because of parallel connection of units; if 792
output voltage the output current as shown is in regular
743 793
performance and stable at 40 A after some overshooting up the unit collapsed the system will remain in synchronism.
744 794
to 52 A. Figure 11(a) and (b) show the output waveforms. Figure
745 795
The positive points of these waveforms are (i) less tran- 11(a), shows the output voltage; which is identical to the
746 796
sient time; 0.03 s for voltage and current waveforms, (ii) steady-state value, and stable at 400 V after over and
747 797
the under and overshooting are running in a short time and undershooting in one cycle up around 102 V or 25.5%
748 798
one cycle; in 0.025 s 152 V overshooting and 50 V from the original voltage value, and down to around 50 V
749 799
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 9

800 850
801 851
802 852
803 853
804 854
805 855
806 856
807 857
808 858
809 859
810 860
811 861
812 862
813 863
814 864
815 865
816 866
817 867
818 868
819 869
820 870
821 FIGURE 11. DC components when applying a line to 871
822 ground fault, (a) output voltage and (b) output current. 872
823 FIGURE 12. Components when applying two lines to 873
824 or 12.5% from the original voltage value. Also, the output ground fault, output voltage and (b) output current. 874
825 current in Figure 11(b) is stable and constant at 40 A after 875
826 small overshooting (due to switching) up to 11 A or 27.5% 876
827 from the original current value, and undershooting down to 877
828 5 A or 12.5% from the original current value. The transi- 878
829 ents in voltage and current waves are continuing for a very 879
830 few times approximately 0.025 s. 880
831 881
832 5.2.2. Double line to ground fault. When applying double 882
833 lines to ground fault as shown in Figure 12(a) and (b), the 883
834 output voltage and current waves are fluctuated (current is 884
835 fluctuating through the load) due to the fault. 885
836 The output voltage as shown in Figure 12(a) is fluctuat- 886
837 ing around 400 V, with small overshooting up to about 887
838 560 V and shooting down to about 215 V. The output cur- 888
839 rent wave as indicated in Figure 12(b), is fluctuating 889
840 through 40 A after overshooting up to about 56 A and 890
841 shooting down to about 21 A. 891
842 892
843 893
844 5.3. FRT controller 894
845 895
Figure 13 shows a fault controller waveform in two lines
846 896
to ground fluctuation fault, to enhance the system stability
847 FIGURE 13. Components when applying extra circuit for 897
and reliability; by allowing the path of current from capaci- ride-through two lines to ground fault, (a) output voltage
848 898
tors through the diodes and the rectifier to the load. and (b) output current.
849 899
 10 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

900 950
901 951
902 952
903 953
904 954
905 955
906 956
907 957
908 958
909 959
910 960
911 961
912 962
913 963
914 964
915 965
916 FIGURE 14. Switching and output voltages; to clarify the fault time.
966
917 967
918 The operation under unsymmetrical fault creates unbal- 968
919 anced currents between the generator phases and torque pul- 969
920 sation as shown in Figure 15. If this situation is continued 970
921 for long-term, the unbalanced currents might produce heat- 971
922 972
ing in the three phases, which affects the insulation of wind-
923 973
ings, as well as operation under symmetrical fault, turning to
924 974
high short circuit currents at the fault location [28].
925 975
926 976
927 6. CONCLUSION 977
928 FIGURE 15. Generator output currents while the double
978
This article has presented a FRT controller, by utilizing the
929 line to ground fault occurs. 979
proposed proportional-integral (PI) and electronic sensors;
930 980
considering the economical operation. The suggested SM
931 981
eliminates the fault current effect by controlling the output
932 982
Nevertheless, if the switch is opened, the diode will voltage. Several modes of operation have been discussed.
933 983
become forward-biased relative to the capacitors. The simulation results confirm the reliability of the pro-
934 984
The voltage and current magnitudes are around 400 V posed FRT module. Fault currents can be blocked rapidly
935 985
and 40 A, with accepted voltage and current ripple percent- to protect power tools from overheating problems. In con-
936 986
age; around 1.3% for both. There is overshooting in a volt- clusion, it has been found that the WTG integrated with a
937 987
age wave around 110 V or 27.5% of the original voltage Vienna-I based DC transmission system is a practical can-
938 988
value due to switching, continuing for only one cycle, and didate that can be employed in large-scale WPPs to realize
939 989
shooting down 20 V or 5% of the original voltage value,
940 a stable and reliable operation. Q1 990
moreover, for the current wave there is shooting up about
941 991
12 A or 30% of the original current value, and shooting
942 ORCID 992
down 3 A or 7.5% of the original current value.
943 993
Vsw in Figure 14 is a switching voltage, and Vout is a
944 Ramesh C. Bansal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1725-2648 994
DC output voltage. The standard voltage is 400 V, and the
945 995
acceptance error is around 6 10%, so it is from 440 V up
946 REFERENCES 996
and 360 V down. The fault time started when the voltage
947 997
was fluctuating from 300 to 490 V at 0.06 s, and the fault [1] S. S. Sahoo, A. Roy and K. Chatterjee, “Fault ride-through
948 998
clearance time should be after 120 ms. enhancement of wind energy conversion system adopting a
949 999
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 11

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10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.07.051.
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1018 2017.0182. control design of a vienna rectifier based electrolyzer,” pre- 1068
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for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Vancouver,
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Canada, 2016. pp. 1–8.
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1022 2015. DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2014.0420.
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1031 tifier for neutral point voltage balance,” IEEE Access, vol. 1081
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 12 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2022), No. 0

1100 [26] N. Youssef, K. Al-Haddad and H. Kanaan, “Implementation pffiffiffi 1150

d11 2  Is
1101 of a new linear control technique based on experimentally GDvd13 ðsÞ ¼ (A.16) 1151
1102 validated small-signal model of three-phase three-level C0  ðS þ d15 Þ 1152
boost-type vienna rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. pffiffiffi
1103 3 2  Vs S þ d18 1153
55, no. 4, pp. 1666–1676, 2008. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2008. Gvv11 ðsÞ ¼  (A.17)
1104 918622. L  C0  V0 denðsÞ 1154
pffiffiffi
1105 [27] A. Yazadani and R. Iravani, Voltage-Sourced Converters in 3 2  IS  x0 ðSd14 Þ 1155
1106 Power Systems: Modelling, Control and Applications. Gvv12 ðsÞ ¼   (A.18) 1156
C0  V0 denðsÞ
Q4
1107 Hoboken, New Jersey and Canada, 2010. 1157
[28] P. M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. New GDvv11 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.19)
1108 1158
York, USA: IEEE Press, 1995. GDvv12 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.20)
1109 [29] M. Stemmle, et al., “Analsis of unsymmetrical faults in high 1159
1110 voltage power systems with superconducting fault current 1160
1111 limiters,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1161
APPENDIX B
1112 2347–2350, 2007. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2007.899136. 1162
1113 Transfer-function parameters 1163
1114 APPENDIX A 1 1 1164
s0 ¼ ¼ ¼ 10 (B.1)
1115 Co Ro 2000  106 ^  50 1165
1116 The transfer-functions Gabbc 6Vs  Is 1166
d11 ¼ s0 þ ¼ 310 (B.2)
1117 Co  Vo2 1167
Vo ðS 2 þ d11 SÞ
1118 Gid11 ð s Þ ¼  (A.1) 6L  Is2 1168
2L denðsÞ d12 ¼ 1 þ ¼ 1:06 (B.3)
1119 Co  Vo2 1169
where
1120   6Vs2 1170
1121 denðsÞ ¼ S 3 þ s0 S 2 þ x20 d12 þ d13 S þ s0 x20 d13 ¼ ¼ 1:5  106 (B.4) 1171
(A.2) LCo Vo2
1122 Vo x0 ðS þ d11 Þ Vs 1172
1123 G id12 ð sÞ ¼  (A.3) d14 ¼   ¼ 0:2  106 (B.5) 1173
2L denðsÞ LIs
1124 Gid13 ðsÞ ¼ 0 1174
(23) d15 ffi 2s0 ¼ 20 (B.6)
1125 V  x0 ðd11 S þ s0 Þ 1175
1126 Gid21 ðsÞ ¼  o (A.4) 1176
2L denðsÞ
1127 
1177
V ðS þ so S þ d13 Þ
2
1128 Gid22 ðsÞ ¼  o (A.5) 1178
1129 2L denðsÞ 1179
1130 Gid23 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.6) 1180
1131 ðS 2 þ so S þ d16 Þ 1181
Giv11 ðsÞ ¼ (A.7)
1132 L  denðsÞ 1182
1133 x0 ðS 2 þ d11 Þ 1183
1134 G iv12 ð s Þ ¼ (A.8) 1184
L denðsÞ
1135 x0 ðS 2 þ d17 Þ 1185
1136 Giv21 ðsÞ ¼  (A.9) 1186
L denðsÞ
1137 1187
ðS 2 þ s0 S þ d13 Þ
1138 Giv22 ðsÞ ¼ (A.10) 1188
1139 L  denðsÞ 1189
pffiffiffi 
1140 3 2  Is ðS 2 þ d14 SÞ 1190
Gvd11 ðsÞ ¼ (A.11)
1141 2  C0 denðsÞ 1191
pffiffiffi
1142 
3 2  Is  x0 ðS 2 þ d14 Þ 1192
1143 G vd12 ð s Þ ¼ (A.12) 1193
2  C0 denðsÞ
1144 Gvd13 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.13) 1194
1145 1195
GDvd11 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.14)
1146 1196
GDvd12 ðsÞ ¼ 0 (A.15)
1147 FIGURE B1. Transfer-function block diagram of the pro- 1197
1148 posed rectifier in small-signal procedure. 1198
1149 1199
 Mohammed et al: Elimination of the Voltage Output Fluctuations of a Vienna Active Rectifier-I Integrated under Unsymmetrical Faults
based Wind Power Plant 13

1200   1250
6  L  x20  Is2 denðsÞ ¼ S 3 þ s0 S 2 þ x20 d12 þ d13 S þ s0 x20
1201 d16 ¼ ¼ 8527:3 (B.7) 1251
Co  Vo2 ¼ S 3 þ 10S 2 þ ð1:65  106 ÞS þ ð1:4  106 Þ
1202 1252
1203 6  Vs  Is2 (B.10) 1253
d17 ¼ s0 þ ¼ 12010 (B.8)
1204 Co  Vo2 1254
1205 d18 ¼ Lx20 Is ¼ 79:6  106 (B.9) 1255
1206 1256
1207 1257
1208 1258
1209 1259
1210 1260
1211 1261
1212 1262
1213 1263
1214 1264
1215 1265
1216 1266
1217 1267
1218 1268
1219 1269
1220 1270
1221 1271
1222 1272
1223 1273
1224 1274
1225 1275
1226 1276
1227 1277
1228 1278
1229 1279
1230 1280
1231 1281
1232 1282
1233 1283
1234 1284
1235 1285
1236 1286
1237 1287
1238 1288
1239 1289
1240 1290
1241 1291
1242 1292
1243 1293
1244 1294
1245 1295
1246 1296
1247 1297
1248 1298
1249 1299