Department of Education Region VII

Division of Mandaue City

Forces and Motion

Science 8
Module 1

SELF LEARNING KIT

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 FOREWARD

This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) in Science will serve as a

guide for grade 8 learners. This will aid you in investigating
the relationships between the amount of force applied
and the mass of the object to the amount of change in
the object’s motion.

In this kit, you will be able to gain more ideas and

enrich your knowledge and understanding about the
science concepts on forces, mass and motion of an
object. The hands-on activities will help you lead to the
answer of your questions about what is happening
around you.

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OBJECTIVES:
After going through this kit, you are expected to:
1. Identify the different types of forces
2. Differentiate between balanced and unbalanced forces
3. Explain Newton’s Three laws of motion
4. Apply Newton’s Three laws of motion in daily life situation.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
The learners should be able to;
1. investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and
the mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.
2. Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of
force is exerted back on it

I. WHAT HAPPENED?

Hello everyone! It was Sir Isaac

Today we will be learning Newton, an English
deeper on the topic about Physicist, astronomer
FORCE and Motion. and mathematician,
Force is something like you who was able to
push or pull something and formulate theories of
it would cause a change in motion and gravity.
the direction of the object. As we go on this
module, we will be
learning Newton’s
As we you turn to
Three Laws of Motion.
the next pages,
you will find some
exercises and
hands-on activities
that will help you
understand better
of the lesson.

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Let’s ExerSCIENCE

Arrange the scrambled letters to find the correct word that is being
described.

1. It is a type of force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or

wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends.
e n i s t o n

2. It is a force that acts between two surfaces in contact to resist the

motion of an object.
r c i f t o n i

3. A force that pulls objects toward each other because they have mass.
l r n o i a t t i v a a g

4. This is a force that acts upon objects as they travel though air. AIR
t c e a n e r s i s

5. This is a force exerted by the plane on an object, like a book on top of

a table that is at rest.
r o n a l m

6. This is used as the unit of force.

w o n e t n

7. The amount of material present in a body.

s m a s

8. This refers to the speed and direction of an object.

o l e c i v y t

9. It refers to the rate of the change in velocity.

c a l e r i c t e n o a

10. A condition of an object to resist change in their state of motion.

t e n i r a i

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What’s In
Types of forces
Type of Force
Description of Force
(and Symbol)
An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or
another object. If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then
Applied Force
there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is
Fapp
the force exerted on the desk by the person.
The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other
massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By
definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth
Gravity Force
experience a force of gravity that is directed "downward" towards
the center of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is always equal
(also known as
to the weight of the object as found by the equation:
Weight)
Fgrav = mg
where g = 9.8 m/s2 (on Earth)
Fgrav
and m = mass (in kg)
Caution: do not confuse weight with mass.
The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is
Normal Force
in contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is
resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force
Fnorm
upon the book in order to support the weight of the book.
The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object
moves across it or makes an effort to move across it. Friction force
often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if a book slides
Friction Force across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction force in
the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two
Ffrict surfaces being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular
attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces. As such,
friction depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the
degree to which they are pressed together.
The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon
Air Resistance
objects as they travel through the air. The force of air resistance is
Force
often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will
frequently be neglected due to its negligible magnitude (and due to
Fair
the fact that it is mathematically difficult to predict its value).
The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string,
Tension Force rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the
Ftens wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the
wire.
The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched
Spring Force
spring upon any object that is attached to it. An object that
compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a force
Fspring
that restores the object to its rest or equilibrium position.

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 Forces can produce changes in motion, when an object at rest starts
to move, there is a change in speed, direction or a moving object stops. The
force that is capable of changing the state of motion of an object is called
net force.
Forces acting on an object are balanced when these two forces (push
or pull) are equal in magnitude and in opposite direction. Magnitude refers to
the size or strength of the force which is usually expressed in Newton (N).
When the amount of forces are unbalanced, the object will change its
speed of the direction it is moving in.

A Free-body diagram is used to show the relative magnitude and

direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation.

The size of the arrow in a free-body

diagram reflects the magnitude of the force.
The direction of the arrow shows the direction
that the force is acting. Each force (arrow) in
the diagram is labelled to indicate the exact
type of force. It is generally customary in a free-
body diagram to represent the object by a box
and to draw the force arrow from the center of
the box outward in the direction that the force
is acting.
The only rule for drawing free-body
diagrams is to depict all the forces that exist for
that object in the given situation.

Example:
A car moving at constant velocity along the

NET FORCE is the total amount of force acting on an object. Balanced force is
attained if the net force is 0, meaning no movement / no acceleration
happens on the object. Motion is attained if all the forces acting on an
object are unbalanced.

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 What will you do

Look at the picture below. Decide whether the force is balanced or

unbalanced. Decide on where will, the direction of motion be.

Balance force Direction of motion

/Unbalance force
west east

1. 7 units 10 units
10 units

10 units
2.

FT 2 N

Fg 2 N

3.

5N 5N

4.

5. A boy sitting on a
chair

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 HANDS-ON ACTIVITY 1
Let’s have fun!

At the end of this activity, you should be able to demonstrate Newton’s First
Law of Motion.

You’ll be needing the following materials:

Empty glass 5-peso coins ( 5 pieces or more)
Cardboard plastic ruler
1 peso coin

Procedure:
COIN DROP
1. Arrange the set-up as shown. cardboard
coin
2. Slowly pull the cardboard with your hand
and observe what happens.
3. Arrange again the set-up as shown. This
glass
time, quickly flick the cardboard with your
finger. Observe again what happens.

Probing Questions:

Q1. What happens when you slowly pulled the cardboard? Explain.
Q2. What happens when you flicked the cardboard? Explain.

STACK OF COINS
4. Stack the coins on a flat level surface.
5. Quickly hit the coin at the bottom with the edge of the ruler.
Probing Questions:
Q3. What happens when you hit the coin at the bottom?
Why is this so?

Wrap
All objects have the tendency to resist
Up
changes in their state of motion or keep doing
what they are doing. In physics, this property is
known as inertia. A more massive object which
has more inertia is more difficult to move from
rest, slow down, speed up, or change its
direction. 8
The coin dropped into the glass because it was
II. WHAT TO LEARN

Let’s get ready.

This is the time that
we need to
understand the
concepts of force
and motion of an
object.

Law of Inertia
Place a book on your table. Will it move by itself? Unless you push the book, it
will stay put just the way you left it. Imagine a spacecraft moving through
space. When the engines are turned off the spacecraft will move through
space at the same speed and in the same direction. The book and
spacecraft have inertia. Because of inertia, an object at rest tends to stay at
rest. An object in motion tends to keep moving at a constant speed in a
straight line.

Newton’s First Law of Motion: LAW OF INERTIA states that an object at

rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will stay in motion and
travel in a straight line, as long as no external net force acting upon it.

Newton’s First Law Newton’s first law of motion explains

how inertia affects moving and nonmoving objects. INERTIA-is
the
According to Newton’s first law, an unbalanced force is
tendency of
needed to move the book on your table. You could
an object to
supply the force by pushing the book. An unbalanced resist
force is needed to change the speed or direction of change.
the spacecraft. This force could be supplied by the
spacecraft’s engine.

Effects of Inertia

To overcome inertia, you must use

the hind brake instead of the rear
brake first when you suddenly stop
or else you will be thrown away.

You and the car have inertia. If the car comes to a sudden
stop, your body tends to keep moving forward, so these is
where seatbelt is very important. When the car starts moving 9
again, your body tends to stay at rest. You move forward
because the car seat exerts an unbalanced force on your
Law of Acceleration

Hi there! Try this!

Are the forces exerted

on the box of the same F=5 N
F=10 N
magnitude?

Will there be a change in the

position of the box? If there is, in
what direction will it move? Why?

When the forces acting on an object are unbalanced, the object will
change its position. If the object is at rest, the force makes it move. If
the object is moving, the force changes its velocity. Any change in
velocity (speed and direction) is acceleration. So, unbalanced forces
cause acceleration.

3 Things acceleration of an objects depends on:

a. Magnitude (size of the force)
b. Direction which the force acts
c. Mass of the object

If two forces act on the same object, the greater

force will produce more acceleration than the smaller
force. Therefore, the greater the force applied on the
object, the greater is its acceleration. But if the mass of
the object increases, acceleration decreases. In other
words, they are inversely proportional.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: LAW OF ACELERATION states that the
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

Newton’s second law can be describe by this equation

In this equation,
F = is the force measured in Newton (N)
m = is the mass measured in kilograms (kg)
F=mxa
a = is the acceleration measured in meter per second
per second (m/s2)

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 A newton is the SI unit of force. An unbalanced force of 1 N will
accelerate a mass of 1 kg at 1 m/s2. One Newton of force is equal to one
kilogram-meter per second per second (1kg-m/s2).
Let’s Try!

1. If no friction is involved, how much force

would you have to apply to 10 kg object Tips!
to make it accelerate at a rate of 45 m/s2? 1. Identify first the
given values and
Solution: what to find
2. Know the formula to
Given: m = 10 kg F=mxa
be used
a = 45 m/s2 F = 10 kg x 45 m/s2 3. Substitute the given
Find: F = ? F = 450 kg m/s2 values using the
formula.
You would have to apply a force of 450 kg 4. Proceed solving using
m/s2 or 450 N the operation

2. What acceleration is produced by a 3000-N force on a 1000-kg car?

Solution:
Given: m = 1000 kg Find: a? a = Fnet
Fnet = 3000 N Equation: m

a = Fnet = 3000 N a = 3000 kg. m/s2 a = 3 m/s2

m 1000 kg 1000 kg

The acceleration of the car is 3 m/s2.

Self-Test 1:
If a crate accelerates at 2.5 m/s2 and if the net force exerted is
about 500 N, what is the mass of the crate?

Law of Interaction

Forces always act in pairs. The two forces act in opposite directions.
When you push on an object, the object pushes back with an equal force.

Newton’s third law of Motion: Law of Interaction (Action-Reaction). The

law states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite
reaction force.
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 Every time your feet hit the ground when you are running, the ground
hits your feet with an equal and opposite force. When you hammer a nail,
the hammer exerts a force on the nail and the nail also exert a force on the
hammer.
Newton’s third law explains how balloons and rocket engines work.
When the neck of an inflated balloon is released, the stretched rubber
material pushes against the air in the balloon. The air rushes out of the neck
of the balloon. The action of the air rushing from the balloon pushes against
the balloon, moving it in the opposite direction.

When rocket fuel is burned, hot gases are produced. These gases
expand rapidly and are forced out of the back of the rocket. This is the
action force. The gases exert an equal and opposite force on the rocket
itself. This is the reaction force. This force pushes the rocket upward.

Engine of the rocket push Exhaust gas flow push the

forward rocket backward

Self-test 2:
Identify the action and reaction when releasing an inflated balloon.

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WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
I. Analogy: The first two given terms are related to each
other in some way. Select the letter of the word/s that is
clearly related to the third word/s.

1. Body at rest: law of inertia:: pushing a chair:

A. Law of interaction C. law of friction
B. Law of acceleration D. law of universal gravitation

2. Acceleration and force: direct proportion:: acceleration and mass:

A. Direct proportion C. direct square proportion

B. Inverse proportion D. inverse square proportion

3. Propulsion rockets: law of interaction:: accelerating car:

A. Law of inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of acceleration D. law of gravitation

4. Unbalanced force: pulling a cart:: Balanced force:

A. Rolling ball C. sitting on the chair
B. Swinging pendulum D. dribbling a basketball

5. Frictional force: rubbing your hands:: Tension force:

A. Pushing a cart C. book on top of the table
B. Hanging pen D. pins sticks on a magnet

II. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. The law of inertia applies to .

A. Moving objects C. only A
B. Objects that are not moving D. both A and B

2. An object’s velocity will not change unless it is acted on by a(n)

A. Net force C. unbalanced force
B. Strong force D. opposite but equal force

3. If you were in a spaceship and fired a cannonball into frictionless space,

the amount of force needed to keep it going would be .
A. Twice the force with which it was fired
B. One half the force with which it was fired
C. The same amount of force with which it was fired
D. Zero, since no force is necessary to keep it moving

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4. It is more difficult to start a 50-kg box sliding across the floor than a 5-kg
box because the 50-kg box has greater
A. size B. inertia C. volume D. velocity.

5. The force needed to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s2 is

A. 0 N B. 0.1 N C. 1 N D. 9.8 N

6. Which of the following explains why a passenger in a speeding bus is

thrown forward when the bus suddenly stops?
A. Inertia C. gravitation
B. acceleration D. Interaction

7. A mass is doubled and the net force is kept constant. The acceleration
of the body .
A. Is halved C. is tripled
B. is doubled D. remains the same

8. Forces always occur

A. In pairs B. in triplets
B. as single quantities D. by themselves

9. The action and reaction forces referred to in Newton’s third law of

A. Act on different bodies C. need not be equal in magnitude

B. Act on the same bodies D. must have the same line of action

10. A bag lies on top of the table. Which of the following statements
correctly describes the situation?
A. The bag exerts no force on the table.
B. There are no forces acting on the bag.
C. The bag is absolutely at rest in any reference frame.
D. There are many forces acting on the bag but they balanced each
other.

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REFERENCES
Evangelista, E.,et.al.,Science in Today’s World 8.Quezon City: SIBS Publishing
House.Inc.,2014
Rabago,,L.,et.al.,Science and Teachnology 8. Quezon City:Vibal Publishing
House. Inc.,2014
Salvacion, L.,et.al.,Science, Environment, Technology, and Society 8. SIBS
Publishing House.Inc.,2014
Science Learner’s Module 8.Psig City:Depeartment of Education,2013
Villamor, Rufino A. and Torres, Marivic L. SCIENCE:Conforming to the
Globalized Trends in Education 8. Quezon City: Sta. Teresa
Publication,Inc., 2014

Photo credits

https://www.needpix.com/photo/download/90492/artillery-rocket-space-
ship-vehicle-weapon-free-vector-graphics-free-pictures-free-photos-free-
images

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SYNOPSIS

This Self Learning Kit explains different phenomenon in the science learning
competency which is to investigate the relationship between the amount of
force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
object’s motion and Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an
equal amount of force is exerted back on it

The learners are expected to enhance their skills and understanding on

the concept of force and motion and be able to apply it in their daily
activities.

Come and join us, as we investigate the relationship between the amount of
force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
object’s motion and Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an
equal amount of force is exerted back on it

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

IVY JOY TRAPA-LEOPOLDO
She graduated Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education with Area of
Specialization in General Science at Cebu State College currently known as
Cebu Normal University on 1997. Presently handling Grade 8 students at
Cabancalan National High School and teacher-adviser and coordinator in
the science department. Also had completed her academic requirement in
Master of Education in Science at Cebu Normal University.

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