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Effect of Electromagnetic field of overhead transmission lines on the metallic

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Article  in  Electric Power Systems Research · October 2013

DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2013.05.002

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Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Electric Power Systems Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Effect of electromagnetic field of overhead transmission lines on the

metallic gas pipe-lines
Ossama E. Gouda a , Adel Z. El Dein b,∗ , Mostafa A.H. El-Gabalawy c
a
Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
b
Department of High Voltage Networks, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Egypt
c
Fayum Gas Company, Member of E–K Holding Group, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a study of the overhead transmission lines (OHTLs) electromagnetic fields effects
Received 15 July 2012 on the metallic gas pipelines. The inductive and conductive voltages between the overhead transmis-
Received in revised form 13 April 2013 sion line and metallic gas pipelines, in normal operation and under phase to ground fault condition of
Accepted 6 May 2013
the overhead transmission lines, are calculated. ATP software is used to simulate the OHTL under faulty
condition. MATLAB program is used to calculate the induced voltages taking into account the effects
Keywords:
of various parameters, such as: separation distance between the OHTL and the metallic gas pipelines,
AC corrosion
case of transmission line (phase to ground fault condition or normal operating condition), the screening
Conductive coupling
Inductive coupling
factor and the soil resistivity on the magnitude of the induced voltage along the length of the metal-
OTHL lic gas pipeline. The method used to calculate the induced voltage by inductive is based on the well
Pipeline known method “distributed source analysis”. Case study, to measure the induced voltage on the metallic
gas pipelines from OHTL under normal operating condition, is presented. The comparison between the
measured and calculated results shows a good agreement between them.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction pipeline. These hazards can be subject of workers to high poten-

Corrosion of the metallic pipelines can be described by many
ways, such as mechanical corrosion and chemical corrosion.
Mechanical corrosion of the metallic pipeline occurred if the
pipeline is cracked by over pressure, over temperature, or under
temperature. Chemical corrosion of the metallic pipeline occurred
if the pipeline is conducted by low activity chemical materials,
where a galvanic cell is formed. High activity materials in this cell
act as anode, while the low activity materials act as cathode. AC
corrosion of the pipeline is a combination of these types of corro-
sions. This AC corrosion is occurred if there is an induced AC voltage
on the pipeline by the interference effect between the pipeline and
neighboring power transmission lines. This voltage increases the
chemical activity of the pipeline, which acts as anode, hence the
corrosion rate increases. There are many mechanisms that describe
the pipeline induced voltage by the interference effect. These mech-
anisms depend on the type of coupling (capacitive, inductive and
conductive) between the pipeline and the power transmission line.
There are many hazards appear due to the induced voltage on the
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 1228008458; fax: +20 973481234.
E-mail addresses: azeinm2001@hotmail.com, adelzein@hotmail.co.uk
(A.Z.E. Dein).
tial, damage of the pipeline coating and corrosion of the pipeline
body.
An actual case study is presented in this paper and actual mea-
surements are carried out. The actual case study is the Fayum
metallic gas pipeline in which three transmission lines are par-
allel or crossing it, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the Fayoum
gas pipeline-power line geometry, which is taken as an actual case
study in this paper. Also, this figure shows the variation of the soil
resistivity along the length of the pipeline.
The leakage and stray currents on the metallic pipelines created
by the induced voltages are calculated and measured. Also the rate
of corrosion of the metallic gas pipelines that happened by induced
voltage is calculated.
The pipelines are buried by depth of 1.5 m, according to the
Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company specifications for the
transmission pipeline of nature gas code and the international
standards (IGEM) [1,2]. Hence, there is no effect of the capacitive
coupling on these buried metallic pipelines because there is essen-
tially no electric field transverse to the direction of the power line
at that depth below the earth’s surface [3,4]. Many researches dealt
with this topic such as: Dawalibi et al. carried out computations
for the analysis of electrical interference between power lines and
gas pipelines [5]. Dan D. Micu et al. investigated the evaluation of
induced AC voltages in underground metallic pipeline and deals

0378-7796/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2013.05.002
 Author's personal copy

130 O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136

Fig. 2. Fayoum gas pipeline-power line geometry.


wires and IZ presents the effect of the ground wires. This mutual
impedance can be calculated as follows [8,9]:

Zph&pipe = Zph&pipe × Ksf (2)

 
De  
Zph,pipe = 0.04935 + j0.14468log10 = Zph,pipe  ∠ (3)
Dph,p

where Dph,p = (xph − xp )2 + (yph − yp )2 , (xph , yph ) are the coordi-
nates of the phase conductor, (xp , yp ) are the coordinates of the

buried pipeline, De = 658 /f [10],  is the soil resistivity, 
Fig. 1. Fayum gas pipeline geometry, where the three transmission lines are parallel depends on the ratio of (De /Dph,p ), hence it may be positive or neg-
or crossing it. ative and Ksf is the screening factor which can be calculated from
the following relation [11]:

with parameters affecting such interference from double circuit M12

Ksf = 1 − (4)
power lines [6]. L2
where M12 is the mutual inductance between the earth wires and
2. Pipeline induced voltage each phase of the power line and L2 is the earth wire inductance.
In case of non-homogenous and multilayered soil, other formula
2.1. Inductive coupling between pipelines and OHTLs for the mutual impedance like that in [12,13] can be used.
Finally, the inductive induced voltage at any distance x along the
Pipeline induced voltage, by the inductive coupling mechanism, length of the pipeline is calculated as follow [8,9]:
depends on the load currents of the overhead transmission lines, Ez (x)
−Z Z2

the separation distance between the overhead transmission lines
and the pipeline, and the soil resistivity [7].
The method used to calculate the induced voltage by inductive
in the buried pipelines due to the power frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
power line is based on the well known method “distributed source
analysis”, which is fully explained in [8,9]. In this technique the
pipeline and its surrounding earth form a lossy electrical transmis-
sion line, which characterized by the propagation constant; , and
the characteristic impedance; Z0 . In this technique the inductive
voltage is calculated with the help of the longitudinal driving elec-
tric field; Ez , which is along the path of the pipeline, and is calculated
as a contribution of each phase current. Hence, Ez can be positive
or negative, and it can be expressed as follows [8,9]:
  
Ez = Iph a Zph&pipe + Iph b Zph&pipe + Iph c Zph&pipe
a b
where: Iph is the current of each phase a, b and c; Zph&pipe is the
mutual impedance between each phase a, b and c of the power
line and the underground pipeline including the effect of ground
e−x + e−(x−Lp )
1
V (x) = (5)
 Z1 + Z0 Z1 + Z0
where Z1 and Z2 are obtained by the Thevenin equivalent circuit,
Lp is the pipeline sub-section length, where the pipeline is subdi-
vided into many sub-sections, each of them is assumed to be less
than 10 km. In this case study, the actual measured value of the soil
resistivity for each pipeline sub-section length is used in the cal-
culations; hence the non-homogenous soil effect is ignored in this
study.
2.2. Conductive coupling between pipelines and OHTLs
In conductive coupling phenomenon, the flowing of the currents
through the ground raises its potential. Ground potential decays
 as the distance from the current discharging point increases. This
+ IZ (1)
c means that, the ground potential is increased in the domain. Also,

as the discharged current increases, the ground potential increases.
So, if the buried pipelines are located in this domain, they will be
subject to this potential. The ground potential will be very high
in case of grounding fault conditions of the overhead transmission
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O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136 131

lines, where heavy currents will flow through the ground in these
cases. So, ground potential domain will be increased under fault
conditions [14]. Pipeline induced voltage may exceed the coating
strength of the pipeline. So, the pipeline coating may be damaged
[7].
Actually, all types of grounding faults are studied, and it is noted
that; single line-to-ground has the highest short circuit current.
Hence, in this paper, AC induced voltage is studied for this type of
fault only.
ATP software is used to simulate the overhead transmission lines
in case of line-to-ground fault condition [15]. In this paper, it is
assumed that the line-to-ground fault is occurred at each kilometer
along the overhead transmission line. Simultaneous of single line
Fig. 3. The Cu–CuSO4 reference electrode.
to ground faults at different points are implied. Hence, the fault
current is obtained at each kilometer along the overhead transmis-
sion line, using ATP software. From these fault currents the induced
voltage along the length of the pipeline is calculated.
The magnitude of ground potential rise Vg can be calculated as
follows [14]:
Vg = Ig Rg (6)
where Vg is the magnitude of ground potential rise, and Ig is a part
of the fault current, which can be calculated from the following
relation: Fig. 4. Illustration of the induced voltage measurement.
Zt
Ig = K I (7)
2Rg + Zt sf f (Cu–CuSO4 ) reference electrode is performed by placing the elec-
trode over the pipeline with the porous plug in firm contact with
where If is the total fault current, and Rg is the resistance of ground-
moist earth. In extremely dry areas the earth around the electrode
ing system of power lines tower. Assuming each tower has four
should be moistened with fresh water to enable good contact and
legs; each leg is grounded with a vertical rod, and then Rg can be
thus eliminate reading error.
calculated as an equivalent resistance of these four vertical rods as
The soil resistivity, along the shared corridor, around the buried
follow:

4L

pipeline is measured using the driven rod method. The driven rod
Rg = ln −1 (8) method (Three Pin or Fall-of-Potential Method) is normally suitable
8L r for use in circumstances such as transmission line structure earths,
where L and r are the grounding rod length and radius, respectively. or areas of difficult terrain [18,19].
The total zero sequence impedance of the overhead earth wire
and surrounding power line towers can be calculated using the 4. Pipeline coating discharge
following relation [7]:

Pipeline coating is deteriorated by many factors. Eddy current
Zt = 0.5 Zs + Zs (4Rg + Zs ) (9) is one of these factors, where this current discharges from the
pipeline to the soil through the coating by capacitive effect. Coating
where Zs is the zero sequence impedance of the overhead transmis- discharges affect the pipeline coating in case of normal operating
sion line earth wire. The conductive voltage at any point x along the conditions, but they have a series effect under fault conditions of
length of the pipeline can be calculated as follows: the power lines. The resistance, reactance and impedance of the
re pipeline coating can be calculated from the following relations
Vx = Vg (10)
xl + re [20,21]:
where re is the equivalent hemispherical ground electrode radius, Ru
Rct = (12)
which can be obtained by the following relation: 2rx
L
re =   8L   (11)
Xct =
e
(13)
ln 2r
−1 ω2εo εr rx
and xl is the distance between the grounding grid and the pipeline. where Ru = c e = 10 M, c is the pipeline resistivity, rx is the
pipeline radius, εr is the coating relative permittivity, and e is the
3. Experimental study coating thickness.

Zct = 2 + X2
Rct (14)
Pipeline induced voltage is measured using digital voltmeter ct
and copper/copper sulphate (Cu–CuSO4 ) reference electrode. The The discharge current can be calculated by the following rela-
Cu–CuSO4 reference electrode is a simple electrochemical or gal- tion:
vanic cell like a battery uses a chemical reaction to create an electric
Vac
current. A cell of this kind is divided into two half cells, each of them Idisc = (15)
Zct
contains a reactant in a solution, called the electrolyte [16,17]. One
common type of half cell contains a copper electrode immersed where Vac is the pipeline induced voltage in steady state conditions
in an electrolyte of dissolved copper sulfate, which is shown in or in line to ground fault conditions. It is the sum of the voltage
Fig. 3. The measurement method is illustrated in Fig. 4. Measure- induced by the conductive coupling and inductive coupling in the
ment of potential between a pipeline and a copper/copper sulphate case of line to ground fault.
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132 O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136

1.4

1.2

Corrosion rate (g/cm2 yr)

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Fig. 5. Pipeline coating air bubbles created by corrosion on Fayum gas pipeline. 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

AC current density (A/m2)

5. AC corrosion of gas pipelines
Fig. 7. Corrosion rate according to the current density.

Always underground natural gas coated pipelines are cathodi-

cally protected against corrosion threats. Corrosive factors affecting
the pipelines are soil resistivity, water content, aeration, pH value,
soluble salts content, redox potential and pipeline to earth potential
[22].
Usually pipelines coating has small defects after lowering pro-
cess [22]. Fig. 5 shows pipeline coating air bubbles which are
created by corrosion on Fayum gas pipeline and Fig. 6 shows AC
corrosion of the same gas pipeline.
AC voltage induced on gas metallic pipelines, if they are con-
structed near to power transmission line creates AC current flows
through the coating. Pipelines corrosion is occurred by this AC
current, if that corrosion current exceeds the DC current that is sup-
plied by cathodic protection system [22–30]. The current density
in metallic pipelines is calculated by the following relation [23]:
Vac 8Vac
Iac = = (16)
R.A dct
2 = (1/4)d2 are the spread resis-
where R = /2dct and A = rct ct
tance and the area of the circular holiday, respectively. Iac is the
current density,  is the soil resistivity and dct is the diameter of
the circular holiday. Vac is the calculated induced AC voltage in the
pipeline.
Fig. 7 shows the empirical relationship between the corrosion
rate and the AC current density. This relation is obtained from many
researches. This relation shows that if the AC current density is
20 A/m2 , AC corrosion occurred by rate of 0.2 g/year [24].
6. Induced voltage in metallic gas pipelines (Fayum gas
pipeline: case study)
Simulation of the overhead transmission lines under normal
operating condition and phase to ground fault conditions are done
using ATP software [15] that to calculate the phase current in
both the normal and faulty conditions. Then, the pipeline induced
voltages due to the neighboring overhead transmission lines are
calculated by feeding the outputs of ATP to MATLAB program. Fig. 2
shows Fayoum gas pipe line geometry, where the three transmis-
sion lines (El-Kurimate-Cairo power line, Samaloute-Cairo power
line, and Dimo-6th of October power line) are parallel or crossing
it. The data of these lines are given in appendix A. The Natural gas
is supplied to Fayum area, through 72 km steel buried pipeline of
diameter equals 16 inch. It is coated by three layers of High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE), which has a resistance of 106 /m2 , relative
permittivity of 5, and its thickness is 4 mm. The pipeline is buried
at depth of 1.5 m in the soil. The soil resistivity varies from 2500 to
100  m Pipeline pathway, is in parallel to three high voltage over-
head transmission lines with different separation distances. These
distances vary from 35 m to more than 6 km, as shown in Fig. 2.

50
Calculated
45
Measured (summer)
Pipeline induced voltage (V)

40 Measured (spring)
Measured (autumn)
35 Measured (winter)
30

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pipeline length (km)

Fig. 8. Pipeline calculated and measured induced voltages in normal operating con-
Fig. 6. Pipeline AC corrosion on Fayum gas pipeline. dition of the transmission lines.
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O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136 133

Table 1 10000
Effect of homogenous and non-homogenous soil resistivity on the induced voltage. El-Kurimate-Cairo
9000
Samaloute-Cairo
Position along Induced voltage (kV)

Pipeline induced voltage (V)

the pipeline
8000 Dimo-6th of October
(km) With homogenous With non-homogenous values 7000
values of the soil of the soil resistivity,
resistivity =100  m, 1 = 100  m, d1 = 2 m; 6000
which equal the actual 2 = 500  m, d2 = 3 m and
5000
measured values 3 = 800
4000
48 2.9217 2.9478
50 2.3861 2.4074 3000
52 2.7175 2.742
54 4.9205 4.9561 2000

56 31.8935 31.9584 1000

58 38.0252 38.0944
60 30.4265 30.4903 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
62 4.8874 4.9229
Pipeline length (km)
64 2.2777 2.2977

Fig. 9. Total pipeline induced voltage in case of single line-to-ground fault of the
Fig. 8 shows a comparison between the measured induced volt- three power lines, individually.
age at different seasons and the calculated induced voltage in
case of normal operation of overhead transmission lines, along the 0.45
length of the pipeline. Pipeline induced voltage is measured dur-

Pipeline coating dischargeging (mA)

El-Kurimate-Cairo
0.4
ing different seasons because the power line current differs from Samaloute-Cairo
season to season. Also the seasonal change in the soil resistivity Dimo-6th of October
leads to change in the induced voltage. The induced voltage is cal-
0.3
culated and measured in case of loading El-Kurimate-Cairo power
line by 664 A, Samaloute-Cairo power line by 1150 A and Dimo-
6th of October power line by 486 A. Pipeline AC induced voltage
0.2
is measured monthly according to Fayum Gas Company mainte-
nance plan that to investigate the effect of power lines currents on
the pipeline, where these currents change monthly as they change
0.1
daily but within −5% of the rated values that used in calculations.
Also, from Fig. 8 it is seen that the differences between the cal-
culated induced voltages and measured values, which are taken at
0
different seasons, along the length of the pipeline, are very small 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

under the steady state condition. Pipeline length (km)

The effect of non-homogenous soil resistivity is calculated
using IEEE 80-2000 [31]. The results, given in Table 1, compare
the induced voltages at some points along the pipe line. The
tabulated induced voltages are calculated using homogenous val-
ues of the soil resistivity  = 100  m (which equal the actual
measured values of the soil resistivity at these points) and non-
homogenous soil structure contains three layers (1 = 100  m,
d1 = 2 m; 2 = 500  m, d2 = 3 m; and 3 = 800  m). It is noticed that
the variation between the values of induced voltages, which related
to the values of the homogenous soil resistivity and the values of
the non-homogenous soil resistivity, at each point along the length
of the pipeline is very small. That is because the pipelines are buried
in the upper layer.
Pipeline induced voltages, by inductive and conductive cou-
pling, in case of line to ground fault of the three overhead
transmission lines, are shown in Fig. 9. From this figure it can be
Fig. 10. Total pipeline coating discharging by inductive and conductive coupling in
case of single line-to-ground fault of the three power lines, individually.
The AC current density in A/m2 due to the resultant pipeline
induced voltages under normal operating condition is given in
Fig. 11. It can be noticed that, there are some points, which are
closed to OHTL, that have current densities exceed 20 A/m2 . So,
the pitting corrosion usually occurs at lengths starting from 44 km
to 46 km and starting from 55 km to 62 km, see Figs. 5 and 6.
Corrosion rate can be summarized, for the points that have high
current density, in Table 2.
120
Pipeline current density (A/m2)

100
noticed that, the pipeline induced voltage increases as the separa-
tion distance between the pipelines and the OHTLs decreases.
The discharging currents of the pipeline coating due to its 80

induced voltage are calculated using a code (M-file), which is writ-

ten by MATLAB program in case of line to ground fault. Fig. 10 60
shows the discharge currents of the pipeline coating in case of sin-
gle line-to-ground fault of the three overhead transmission lines,
40
individually. From Fig. 10, it is noticed that, the coating discharge
reaches to 0.45 mA in case of El-Kurimate-Cairo power single line-
20
to-ground fault condition, it exceeds 0.30 mA in case of single
line-to-ground fault of Samaloute-Cairo power line, and it reaches
to 0.20 mA in case of single line-to-ground fault of Dimo-6th of 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
October. These currents depend on short circuit current. Also, these Pipeline length (km)
currents generate a heat in the coating of the pipeline. This heat
represents hazards for this coating. Fig. 11. pipeline AC current density in A/m2 .
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134 O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136

Table 2 operating conditions. The calculation method includes the effect

Corrosion rate versus the soil resistivity and AC current density.
of the separation distance between the OHTL and the metallic
Pipeline in km Soil resistivity AC current Corrosion rate gas pipelines and the soil resistivity on the values of the induced
in  m density in A/m2 in g/year voltage.
44 1850 20 0.2 Also, the induced voltages along the length of the pipeline, under
44.81 1850 111 0.3 normal operating conditions, are measured at different seasons and
45 1850 41 0.234 are compared with the calculated values.
46 300 20 0.2
The measured values depend mainly on the currents of the over-
54.35 100 20 0.2
55 100 24.15 0.2 head lines and on the soil resistivity, which varies with the seasons
56 100 81.5 0.3 and with each subsection along the pipeline length.
57 100 100 0.3 Under normal operating conditions, it is seen that there are
58 100 96.45 0.3
some points, which are close to OHTL, have current densities exceed
59 100 82.87 0.3
60 100 76.14 0.3 20 A/m2 as given in Table 1. So, the pitting corrosion usually occurs
61 100 36.15 0.234 at these points. Suggested method to mitigate the induced voltage
61.5 100 20 0.2 at these points is required.
From many calculations carried out, it is noticed that the
pipeline coating damage depends on the discharge current; hence
it increases in case of line to ground fault condition. Also, the
obtained measured induced voltages help in finding the points on
the pipeline at which it is necessary to install the polarization cell
to discharge the induced voltages to the soil.
Finally, the obtained results, for the case under study, can be
used as a guide for the selection of the path way of the pipeline
that has the lowest risk in the preconstruction phase.

Appendix A.

The following Figs. A1 and A2 and Tables A1–A3 give

the configurations and data of the El-Kuorimate-Cairo power

Fig. 12. AC current density of the pipeline in case of single line-to-ground fault of
the three power lines.

Fig. 12 shows the AC current densities of the pipeline in case

of single line-to-ground fault of El-Kurimate-Cairo power line,
Samaloute-Cairo power line, and Dimo-6th of October power line.
The line to ground fault currents of these transmission lines are
28 kA, 28.85 kA and 15.48 kA, respectively. It can be noticed that,
the current density reaches to 27,000 A/m2 at some points. So, the
pitting corrosion occurred immediately.
Normally, acceptable range of 3–5 kV are used for fusion bond
epoxy and polyethylene coatings [27], and it can be seen from the
diagram in Fig. 9 that actual pipeline induced voltages at several
points exceed that acceptable magnitude. That means the pipeline
insulation degradation occurs, due to the excessive current and
(over) heating effects, which is illustrated in the Figs. 5 and 6. For
those critical issues, a proposed mitigation and remedial solution
should be suggested. There are several different mitigation strate- Fig. A1. Power line tower dimensions of 500 kV.
gies that are used to minimize impact of power lines on pipelines.
Pipeline induced voltages can be reduced using polarization cells. Table A1
As it is known polarization cells consist of multiple plates of steel El-Kuorimate-Cairo power line.
arrange, fixed and immersed in 30% Potassium Hydroxide and pro-
Item Value
duce safe DC voltages suitable for cathodic protection, which are
distributed along the pipeline and are fixed at the points which MVA 575
Line voltage (r.m.s) in kV 500
have high induced voltage. These cells should be good connected Length in km 124
to the ground to absorb the pipeline induced voltage. Positive and negative sequence impedance per phase in ohm 3.307 + j14.053
Zero sequence impedance per phase in ohm 10.75 + j45.67
No of circuit per tower 1
7. Conclusions No of conductors per phase 3
No of ground wires 2
In this paper, the induced voltage along the length of the Diameter of a single conductor in mm 30.6
pipeline, due to inductive and conductive coupling between the Spacing between conductor in the bundle in cm 47
Span in meter 400
pipeline and OHTL, is calculated under both fault and normal
 Author's personal copy

O.E. Gouda et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 103 (2013) 129–136 135

line, Samaloute-Cairo power line and six October power line,

respectively.

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