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ARH 304

GEOGRAPHICAL CLIMATIC
 Southeastern rim of Asia  TYPE 1 - Two pronounced seasons:
 ±7,100 islands dry from November to April and wet during
 ±115,707 square miles (299,681 square km) land area the rest of the year
 Major regional island group; Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
 Many volcanos (Taal, Mayon)  TYPE 2 - No dry season with a
pronounced rainfall from November to
January.
GEOLOGICAL
 TYPE 3 - Seasons are not very
 Abundant in indigenous materials such as:
pronounced, relatively dry from November to
 Bamboo, coconut tree, palm, cogon grass, rattan, nipa
April, and wet during the rest of the year.
 44% land area cover by forest
 Many kind of trees
 TYPE 4 - Rainfall is more or less
 Molave, yakal, guijo, pine trees, narra
evenly distributed throughout the year.
 Clay in Ilocos and Pangasinan
 Limestone, adobe stone, marble, gypsum, granite, volcanic rock

SOCIAL/CULTURAL HISTORICAL
 Filipinos are mixture of races - not pure malay  Scientific theory – Philippines was once part of Asia during pre-historic
 Mixture of native or Malay and foreigner – mestizo time
 Filipino traits
 Hospitality  3 ½ centuries colonized by foreign countries
 Respect esp to the elders use of po and opo  Spain – Roman Catholicism
 Sentimentals  American – used of English language
 Pakikisama



Utang na loob
kahihiyan FIRST FILIPINOS
 Close family ties  Immigrant of Malayan Origin _primitive people with no knowledge of
 Hundreds of dialect agriculture
 Later joined by Malay from Indonesia, merged and build tribal system
known as barangays
 Filipinos became Muslim until the arrival of Europea Spanish explorers

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INDEPENDENCE
FOREIGN RULES  1946 Philippines Independence
 Ferdinand Magellan landed in Philippines in 1521 but killed by Lapu-lapu  Pres. Ramon Magsaysay – survivied the rebellion of communist guerillas
 Miguel Lope de Legazpi – brought Christianity established Spanish (Hukbalahap) Peoples Liberation Army “Huks”
control over all inhabited areas except in Sulu, Mindanao  Pres. Ferdinand Marcos under martial law_people power
 1896 Jose P Rizal – nationalist movement revolt against Spaniards  Snap election and Pres. Corazo Auquino became 1st woman president
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Spanish rebellion continued (guerillas)



Spain sell Philippines to Americans for 20 million dollars
1935 US gave the Philippines independence
RELIGIOUS
 Japanese Invasion  Only Catholic country in the east of Mediterranean sea
 Legacy of Spanish Missionaries – Catholicism
 Invade Manila and set up a puppet government
 Aglipayan Church was formed by Gregorio Aglipay and Isabel de los Reyes
 After fierce battle in Bataan and Corregidor American and Filipino
 Islam are concentrated in Sulu archipelago, southern and western midanao
surrender  RELIGION DISTRIBUTION
 General McArthur – returned to the country completing the  93% in 1960 Filipinos are Christian; 80% Roman Catholic
liberation  5% Aglipayan; 3% Protestants; 5% Muslims; 1% Iglesia ni Cristo

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR ARCHITECTURE

PRE-COLONIAL SPANISH AMERICAN &

PERIOD COLONIAL ERA JAPANESE ERA
• 900-1565 • 1565-1898 • 1898-1940s

THE NEW UNDER POST-WORLD

MILLENIUM PRESIDENT WAR II ERA
• 1986-PRESENT MARCOS SR. • 1945-1960S
• 1965-1986

Pre-Colonial Period Structures Pre-Colonial Period Structures

 Archaeological records indicated that Filipino villages were • Their fishing imprelemts provided more yield than those
established either near bodies of water or in a swidden or used for hunting. Hunting was more of a game than a
slashed and burned agricultural environment. pre-occupation.

 According to Robert Fox (was an anthropologist and leading  The water provided a good means of travel since roads
historian on pre-Hispanic Philippines), early Filipinos live did not exist until the Spanish times.
along the coasts or rivers due to the following factors:
 The bodies of water were the major source for bathing,
• The daily diet of early Filipinos were mostly food from washing and drinking.
the sea. Animals like chicken, pig, or carabaos, were
treated more as ritual or festival foods.

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Pre-Colonial Period Structures Pre-Colonial Period Structures

CAVE LEAN-TO DWELLING

• WIND SHIELD OR ONE SIDED LEAN-TO WITH OR
• A NATURAL CHAMBER OR SERIES OF WITHOUT FLOORING
CHAMBERS IN THE EARTH OR IN THE SIDE
OF HILL OR CLIFF • SINGLE-PITCHED ROOF SUPPORTED BY
RAFTERS
• ANCIENT CAVE DWELLERS EXIST IN
CARVED FIGURES ON CAVE WALLS WHICH • PORTABLE SHELTER
WAS CALLED PHILIPPINE MURALS

Pre-Colonial Period Structures Pre-Colonial Period Structures

TREE HOUSES BAHAY KUBO (NIPA HUT)

• BUILT 2-20 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND • CUBE-SHAPED HOUSE

• PROTECTION FROM FLOOD, WILD ANIMALS, & • COMMON TYPE OF DWELLING INLOWLAND
ENEMIES AND COASTAL AREAS

• IT IS MOSTLY FOUND IN NORTHERN LUZON & • “BAHAY" IS A TAGALOG WORD FOR HOUSE
MINDANAO WHILE "KUBO" IS FROM THE SPANISH "CUBO'~
MEANING CUBE

• ONE-ROOM HOUSE, RAISED ABOVE THE

GROUND TO PROTECT THE DWELLERS FROM
THE DAMPNESS AND HUMIDITY OF THE EARTH

Pre-Colonial Period Structures

PARTS OF BAHAY KUBO

COMMON FEATURES OF
 BULWAGAN – LIVING, DINING, SLEEPING AREA,
SOMETIMES W/ A LOW TABLE CALLED “DULANG”.

BAHAY KUBO
 DAPOGAN OR ABUHAN – COOKING APPARATUS
W/ A SHOE SHAPE STOVE

 BANGAHAN OR BANGGERA – PLACE WHERE

POTS ARE KEPT

 BATALAN – AN EXPOSED PORCH WHERE CHILD-

SIZE JARS ARE KEPT & WASHING, DRINKING &
BATHING TOOK PLACE.

 SILONG – WHERE FARM & FISHING TOOLS,

PESTLES, PIGS & CATTLES ARE KEPT.

 KAMALIG – A STORAGE HOUSE DETACHED FROM

THE HOUSE WHERE UNHAWLED RICE IS KEPT.

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COMMON FEATURES OF
BAHAY KUBO COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO
STILTS
 STILTS
 POSTS  With plans which where either square, rectangular
 WALLS or octagonal, most houses are elevated from the
 ROOFING ground to avoid the dampness during the rainy
 FLOORING season or the heat emanating from the ground
during the warm season.

 Elevating the house provide protection from insects,

vermin, wild animals and floods

 Flooring may be of wood, bamboo rattan, beaten

bark or removable reed mat on wooden floor joist.

COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO

POST (HALIGI) WALLS (DINGDING)

 Structural components like the posts and beam are  Walls are made of wooden panels, tree bark, nipa,
made of bamboo, wood, tree trunks bamboo, sawali, coconut, and palm leaves


 A whole bamboo, vertically set up to support the
floor and roof member .
 Finished walls assembled on the ground and tightly
secured using rattan strip on the bamboo wall studs
 The bamboo siding is either;
 bamboo latticework (sala-sala)
 Interlaced/woven bamboo (amakan) sala-sala
 (sawali)
amakan/sawali

COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO

ROOF (BUBONG) FLOORING (SAHIG)

 Steep thatched roof maybe hipped, gable,
pyramidal in form
 Roof made from either bamboo, cogon grass
anahaw leaves or nipa shingles
 Bamboo strips laid perpendicular to the floor joist
eihter closely laid or with ample spaces, allowing
natural air to enter the floor

 NIPA – “Nypa Fruiticans”

a tropical palm with a short
trunk and broad pinnate leaves
that grows abundantly along
rivers ad estuaries

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COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO

BEAM (BIGA) BEAM (BIGA)
• MAIN BEAM (YAWI) SECONDARY BEAM (PATUKURAN)
• - a whole bamboo horizontally • - a whole bamboo laid over the main
laid to define the perimeter of beam to carry the floor joist
the house and tied firmly on FLOOR JOIST (SOLERAS)
each post with rattan strips - whole bamboo laid parallel with
each other over secondary beam to
FLOOR JOIST, support the flooring
(SOLERAS)

MAIN BEAM, SECONDARY BEAM, FLOOR JOIST, MAIN BEAM, SECONDARY BEAM,
(YAWI) (PATUKURAN) (SOLERAS) (YAWI) (PATUKURAN)

COMMON FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN

STAIRS
- a single log with notches as steps or maybe
ofbamboo frame with split bamboo as steps.

DOORS
- either sliding or hinged may be of wooden
panels, bamboo, or sawali

WINDOWS
- which are rarely provided, are made of
wooden panels, bamboo, buri, nipa and sawali and
may be of the sliding or awning type

● “Philippine architecture is an elusive thing, because while it

makes full use of modern technology, it is a residue of the
different overlays of foreign influence left in the country over
time… What resulted may have been a hybrid, a totally new
configuration which may include a remembrance of the past, but
transformed or framed in terms of its significance today.”

● - Architect Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist for Architecture)