Activity 1 --- To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of

such items.

Aim: To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.
Procedure:
Resistances and tolerances of solid state resistors are identified
through a code

Light emitting diodes

Solid state resistors

P N junction diodes Collection of Diodes Zener diodes

Capacitors

Inference: Visual identification of the different components is done.

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Activity 2 Use of multi- meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an
LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working
order.

Aim: To identify circuit components using a multi-meter.

Procedure: To check a diode the multi-meter is used in ohm
meter mode. If the diode shows low resistance it is forward
biased; else reverse biased. Thus the p and n terminals are
identified.
A LED emits light when it is forward biased. When continuity
check is done on LED using multi-meter, if it glows, it means it
is forward biased LED.
When continuity check is done on a capacitor it shows infinity resistance. This is the test for a
capacitor.
Since a transistor can be considered as two diodes connected back to back, we can identify the three
terminals, holding one common and observing the resistance of the
other two with respect to it.

An IC chip is identified as one with several pins, with each pin serving
as a circuit element wrt to the ground.
The different circuit elements are shown in the diagram.
Inference: The circuit elements have been identified using the multi-
tester based on the mentioned principles.

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Activity 3 - To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab

Aim: To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.

Procedure: The outline of the glass slab is traced on a paper fixed to a board. A line making a certain
angle with the normal N N’ serves as the incident ray, on which pins P 1 and P2 are planted. The
refracted image of the pins is viewed from the other face as in figure. Pins P 3 and P4 are planted such
that they are in line with images of P1 and P2.

The pins are removed and the figure completed. The angles of incidence, refraction and emergence
are marked and measured.
It is observed the angle of emergence equals the angle of incidence which implies that the emergent
beam is laterally shifted and not deviated as in refraction through a prism.

Inference: Angle of emergence = angle of incidence; there is lateral shift of the emergent light.

( Boys / girls attach a A4 sheet and draw a fig of refraction at a glass slab)

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 Activity 4 - To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, (ii) concave
mirror
Aim: To observe the variation of image for different object distances, due to refraction through a
convex lens and reflection at a concave mirror.

Procedure: The lens ( mounted on a holder) is placed to capture a refracted image of a distance object
on a screen. Distance between lens and screen gives focal length. The image is real inverted and

diminished to point size.

It is then placed before an object as a candle or illuminated cross hair. Image is observed for the
condition object distance u greater than image distance v and object distance u lesser than image
distance v. The refracted image is captured on a screen on the other side.
For u greater than v, the image is real inverted and diminished while for the other case, the image is
real, inverted and enlarged.
When object is between the focus and the optic centre of lens, the image is virtual, erect and enlarged.

Reflection
Procedure: The concave mirror ( mounted on a holder) is placed to capture a reflected image of a
distance object on a screen. Distance between mirror and screen gives focal length. The image is real
inverted and diminished to point size.

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It is then placed before an object as a candle or illuminated cross hair. Image is observed for the
condition object distance u greater than image distance v and object distance u lesser than image
distance v. The reflected image is captured on a screen on the same side.
For u greater than v, the image is real inverted and diminished while for the other case, the image is
real, inverted and enlarged.
When object is between the focus and the pole of lens, the image is virtual, erect and enlarged.

Inference: The variation of image for different object distances is studied for both reflection and
refraction.

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Activity 5 - To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses
from the given set of lenses.

Aim : To obtain a lens combination whose resultant focal length is got by the equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑭
= 𝒇 +𝒇
𝟏 𝟐

If two thin lenses are separated in air by some distance d (where d is smaller than the focal length of
the first lens), the focal length for the combined system is given by
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅
= + −
𝑭 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝟏 ×𝒇𝟐

We can mount the lenses on a holder either in combination or with a distance of separation in between
them.
The real image of an object at any is captured on a screen on the other side.
We then use the formulae given above to find the focal length of the combination. If there is a concave
lens, then its f must be taken as negative, in the equation.
Inference: The experiment can be repeated for different object distances.

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 Activity 6 -- To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Aim : To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Apparatus: We can use a diffraction grating with a spectrometer to observe the diffraction pattern.

A simpler method will be to have two razor blades kept very close by and shine light on to it from a
source.

We observe a maxima and minima of light intensities of the light radiation from the source.

Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a fine opening or
aperture. The diffraction pattern arises due to interference of light waves from different symmetrical
point of the same wave front.

The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a

central bright band having alternate dark and weak bright
bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

If we use white light it shows as a splitting of different

colours. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the
size of the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves.

Inference: The diffraction has been observed. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is
comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture.