NITTE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Physics Activity

Submitted to - Mr. Sridhar

Submitted by – Naiara .B.C
Class- XII

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 INDEX

1. Certificate 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Activity 1 5

4. Activity 2 7

5. Activity 3 10

6. Activity 4 12

7. Activity 5 15

8. Activity 6 18

9. Activity 7 22

10. Activity 8 25

11. Bibliography 28

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 CERTIFICATE

It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation

work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter
and the related data collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by
NAIARA .B.C of Class XII NITTE International School regarding the
project titled, “: To investigate the dependence of angle of
deviation on the angle of independence using a hollow prism filled
with different transparent liquid”

Signature of the teacher Principal’s Signature

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons
who helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those
who helped me in the completion of this project.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of
gratitude to my Physics teacher, Mrs.SRIDHAR.V for his
valuable support, constant help and guidance at each and
every stage, without which this project would not have come
forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal, Mrs.
Sandhya Singh, for her immense encouragement that has
made this project successful.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for
encouraging me during the course of this project.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for giving
us the opportunity to undertake this project.

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 Activity 1
Aim
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs,
three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: No apparatus required in assembling a
circuit.
Material: Three bulbs (6 V, 1W) each, fuse of 0.6 A,
main switch a power supply (battery eliminator), three
(on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and
black plastic covering, a fuse wire.
Supplementary: Main electric board with a two-pin
socket and main switch.

Theory
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 V
A.C. and 50 Hz. The household circuit, all appliances
are connected in “parallel” with mains. The switches are
connected in series with each appliance in live wire. 5 A
switches are required for normal appliances like, bulbs,
fluorescent tubes fans etc. 15 A sockets and switches
are required for heavy load appliances ‘ like, refrigerator,
air conditioner, geyser, hot plates etc. All appliances
must have three wires called live, neutral and the earth.
Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time
P = P1 + P2 + P3 +………..
Where P1, P2, P3 are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly
high currents are drawn fuse of little higher rating, 10 to
20% higher than the current normally drawn by all
appliances.
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Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 in series with

switches S1, S2 and S3 respectively and connect
each set of B-S in parallel with each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer
(battery eliminator) to get required voltage from 0 to
10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the
power supply (battery eliminator).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S
set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S
set.
6. Check the circuit one again to ensure that
household circuit is complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse
must bum off at about 0.6 A.

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 Activity 2
Aim
To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance
of the source) on an LDR.

Apparatus
Light source, light dependent resistors (L.D.R.s) of
different variety, a multimeter (or meter bridge), a source
of intense light (a lamp bulb with battery eliminator) and
a convex lens.

Theory
The light dependent resistance are the devices for
detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves (light
etc.).
Its working is based upon the principle of variation of the
photoconductivity when radiation is incident upon it and
absorbed by it.
A light dependent resistor is prepared from cadmium
sulphide.
Its resistance depends upon the intensity and duration of
light incident on it.
A good quality LDR shows a resistance variation from 1
MΩ in complete darkness to about 10 Ω in full day light.
The intensity of light decreases inversely with increase
the square of distance.

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Procedure

1. Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the

measurement of resistance, in multimeter.

2. Plug the metallic ends of black probe in terminal

marked common in multimeter and that of red in
terminal marked as P (or +). Short the other
metallic ends and adjust the ‘R adjusting’ to get full
scale deflection reading at zero ohm in the meter.

3. Touch the metallic probes to the two metal ends of

the L.D.R. [Fig. (a)] and read the value of
resistance when (a) the source is kept at a
distance of 2 cm, fixing the source of light in a
stand and keeping the L.D.R. vertically below it.
(i) Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the
L.D.R. and
(ii) Moving the source to 6,8 and 10 cm from
L.D.R. and repeating observation three more
times.

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Diagram

Observation record

Conclusion
when the distance between light source and L.D.R.
increases the resistance of L.D.R. decreases.

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 Activity 3
Aim
To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids.

Apparatus
Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light
beam with parallel rays, a polaroid.

Theory
When an unpolarised light is made incident on the
interface of two transparent media at polarising angle,
the refracted and reflected rays depart from each other
at an angle of 90°. The reflected ray is completely plane
polarised. It can be tested by a polaroid.

Diagram

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Procedure
Keep the than glass sheet in a horizontal plane surface
with a hole under the sheet. Take a beam of
monochromatic light having parallel rays and make it
incident on the upper face of the glass sheet.
Adjust the angle of incidence to 57.5°.
Observe the reflected rays and the refracted rays. They
must make an angle of 90° with each other.
Testing of Polarization

1. Take a polaroid (P) and keep it in between incident

light and your eyes. Rotate it about an axis along
incident ray. No change of intensity of light will be
detected. It is so because the incident light is
unpolarised.
2. Take the second polaroid (A) and place it at a
proper distance between polaroid (P) and eye and
parallel to it. Light is visible through them.
3. Now rotate the polaroid (A) ranging from 0° to
360°. Keeping the polaroid (P) fix and note the
intensity of transmitted light.
4. When polaroid (A) and polaroid (P) at 90° than
transmitted light through polaroid (A) will be zero.
Result
When the two polaroids are parallel to each other light
transmitted through it. But when they are perpendicular,
there is no transmitted light. The light obtained through
polaroid (P) is plane polarised. The light has transverse
nature.

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 Activity 4
Aim
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a
concave mirror on a screen by using a candle and a
screen (for different distances of the candle from the
mirror).

Apparatus
An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror
with holder, a burning candle, a card-board screen.

Theory
Hence as the object (burning candle) is moved from
infinity towards the concave mirror, its image (position
of screen) moves from mirror focus towards infinity.
The two cross each other at distance 2f i.e., at the
centre of curvature of the mirror.
For candle distance less than focal length, image
becomes virtual and does not come on screen.
Diagram

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Procedure
Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by usual
method.
Mount the concave mirror in holder in first upright and
keep it near one end of the optical bench, keeping
mirror face inward.
Mount the card-board screen on a second upright and
keep it at distance equal to rough focal length of
mirror, from first upright.
Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it
near other end of the optical
bench.
Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect
flame of burning candle is formed on screen. Move the
screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be
nearly at the focus of the concave mirror.
The image will be real, inverted and much more
diminished.
As the burning candle is moved towards the mirror, the
screen has to be moved away from it for getting a
sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases.
When the position of the candle approaches centre of
curvature of the mirror, the screen also approaches the
same position. The image size will be equal to the
actual flame size.
Now interchange the uprights. Bring candle upright
nearer to mirror than the screen upright.
Move the candle further nearer. The screen has to be
moved away for getting an enlarged inverted real
image on screen.
As the candle reaches the focus of the mirror, the
screen may not be able to get its image which will be

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formed at infinity i.e. beyond the length of the optical
bench.
Conclusion
This change in position, nature and size of the image
is according to theoretical predictions.

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 Activity 5
Aim
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. .

Apparatus
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source
of monochromatic light (laser pencil) black paper and a
glass plate.

Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around
the comers or edges of a fine opening or aperture.
Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is
comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture. The
diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the
aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength
of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to
interference of light waves from different symmetrical
point of the same wave front. The diffraction pattern
due to a single slit consists of a central bright band
having alternate dark and weak bright bands of
decreasing intensity on both sides.

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Procedure

1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using

adhesive.
2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges
are parallel and extremely close to each other to
form a narrow slit in between.

3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of

blades and place at a suitable distance from a wall
or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser
pencil.
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark
bands is seen on the wall.

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Conclusion
when light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then
it bends away (spread) at the comers of slit showing
the phenomena of diffraction of light.

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 Activity 6
Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a
resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

Theory
A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse
biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence,
it does not glow.

1. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal

device. It also conducts when forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
light while conducting. Hence, it glow.
2. A transistor is a three terminal device. The
terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and
collector (C).
3. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal
device in form of a chip. [See figure (UM 3482 IC
Tone Generator)]
4. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts
when either forward biased or reverse biased. (In
fact there is no forward or reverse bias for a

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 resistor). It conducts even when operated with
A.C. voltage.
5. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does
not conduct when either forward biased or
reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to
a D.C. source, then multimeter shows full scale
current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is
because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in
figure.

Diagram

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Procedure

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has

form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a
LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for
checking the continuity. The probe metal ends
are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter
as common and P (or + ve).

If such that the black one is in common and red probe

is in P (or + ve). On touching the two ends of the
device to the two other metal ends of probes.

1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one

way and does not move when reversed and there
is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one
way and does not move when re-versed and
there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one
way and also when reversed, the item is a
resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied
in one way and also when reversed, the item is a
capacitor.

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Observations

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 Activity 7
Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam
of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing
pins, office pins, protractor.

Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of
glass slab, then it bends towards the normal since
refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium.
The refracted ray (QR) travel along straight line and
incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the
normal since refraction takes place from denser to
rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is
called emergent ray.
From the following diagram

1. The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray

i.e. i = e.
2. The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its
original path (incident ray) by a distance d = t sec
r sin (i – r).

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Diagram

Procedure
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing
board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the
middle of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line
PQ making an angle i with the normal. PQ will
represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at
distances 1 cm or more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two
more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such
that these two pins cover the images of first two pins,
all being along a straight line.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through
points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray. Join QR to
represent refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle

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e. It comes to be equal to angle i. Produce PQ forward
to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU
measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and
measure the lateral displacement.

Conclusions

1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).

2. The lateral displacement increases with the
increase in the thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle
of incidence (i).

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 Activity 8
Aim
To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal
length by using two lenses from the given set of
lenses.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus. No particular apparatus is needed.
Material. A set of thin convex lenses, one of these is of
given focal length (say 15 cm), (we have to select a
second lens such that the combination gives a single
lens of focal length fc = 10 cm), lens holder with stand,
a white painted vertical wooden board with broad
stand, half meter scale.

Theory

1. The reciprocal of focal length in meter is called

power of lens in dioptre (D).

2. With a convex lens, the real image of a distant

object is formed at a distance equal to its focal
length.
3. If f1 and f2 be the focal lengths of the two lenses
and F be the focal length of the combination.

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Diagram

Procedure

1. Keep the white painted vertical wooden board to

serve as a screen.
2. The convex lens (known focal length f1 = 15 cm),
fixed into a holder stand is put on the left of the
screen. There are sunlight illuminated green
trees at large distance on the left of the lens.
3. The lens is moved towards and away from the
screen till a sharp, inverted image of
trees is formed on the screen.
4. Distance between central lines of the screen and
holder stand is measured by a half
metre scale.
5. The distance gives the focal length of the convex
lens about 15 cm.
6. Replace first lens by second convex lens of
required power and repeat the steps from 2 to 5.

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 This gives the focal length of second convex
lens.
7. Now bring both lenses in contact and repeat the
steps from 2 to 5. This gives the
combined focal length.
8. Determine the focal length with other given lens.
Determine the focal length of about six of the
convex lenses.
Calculations

Precautions

1. Thin lenses should be taken.

2. Lenses should have same aperture.
Sources of error

1. Lenses may not be thin.

2. Lens apertures may not be same.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. pinterest.com

2. learncbse.in

3. google.com

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