unil-Sevun

DNA 3tructr e

McLeoTIe-btiinablso o DV

phosphute

base
daoxurboSe

Deoxuibose suaar
Shand o DVA
OH batw22n nucat
O Covalent
bonduna
uudroes

C
pmass oube
tndQ\
nuckoti
OA

ene Ccon be a o0 Qettes

9 miLetters 2mOn

SCAme

on ttes A,T, Cand G r e Abosis tound on

aR e on eoth.

o7 09.21A ADoses T ock that A

The bonde
A
Adanane CA ) o
nde with
withTT
hujuine(T)
S CAndw onl
SiSkuown ads
wtl
hudeqan bonda COmplennontor base
Asne huakn bunde
GWesne G)3 udrcgen bud
paring
 D tewnodep 3 ones)

-ruskone lpvotáon)

hoid DWA ahor

14.032
harhe-Chos xparimat
Rhosprute

DN-AO,CAN
Rrotas-H,0CSN
Sllr
omuc inumber Cprotan
Pev most phopna
mass wumberCp+n)

1S
32 +7(eta nasten) rodioactive 1otope
Co vesion g an element t o dPorend
wum.pes o nutrons)

2rodiooctive sotppe
when Dneu ove novnmol ond not spas Ahoo are not xiten t n
numbey. U

Expaiment used vixusos {backenopnaoes)

reprodcton o virus

DNA -vus
ce
2 repsodx
 Bacteriophuges

Sut abeled Phohw abeled

isorOpeo
Protem copsule DNA

) Indectionu
cel

2Blendin

Cetraugetion.
aex centridugur on atex cevthrituqation
phophonug in éelês

*rotens Contan sultu DNA Contuns phosphoY

Nuele hads 2 09.2

Ditn tne srands nueltides ore held

wge the1 th.covalene bonds (phospmodiester
botd)

*Srands are helA toapthr ith hudroyet

bonds between buaes

Doble hein
 SDINE packagiaa?
hustonas huAcdeosamer
(ocka)oos) DNH
Cusraps tuice)

the DVA.
here are repetitve sequencos chstered in certan
re
Sometimes these repettve seaquonces
Satelte DNA
ase hese custers are caled
We do nt enow the tumetion of these ropetitie
sequneces.
the boda) coilled
hee aye squences which are codinatellina
pYOtein codanq qpnes but stucturedl.
ome 52quenehs ate ron-2odina and tolomeres.
aaine Yound around centromoses

tztomeu
Centiomeie

Cmosomer

g h Iapek te sqences 45°/% o the whole DNA

rolJein zmgoding acnes (eaoe -2°
Structux 2 DNA J 2 0 °
nacdi genes2°
Lntrons 24
Other 7-

28.09.21 DNAReplication

Consarvative repicaion dstrupkive r2plicahic

 Semconservatire vepication

proven to be the

. woy DNR s repticated

Hesalsonand Stah eprinan

us 2d Vand isotopes
ConseVate dispevsiv SmConSAT e
itiodeN
NIS

repicote
H
E
un

os.io2

wwieds the douL hex

StiandS exposinqthe bases
SapaxatR

heleaesipeainttond
helicose

DNA pone1ase oktaches

trands
nuc daotides akong theexposed
e ading stcsi

okuzukRagoent
te heliphase iggnkand
DNA pomevoce

moves on o
ottadhes p ime o me
the rapcodad
 DXHisug - attaches tragments tugetho

Cecading styand

okozoti agunts
agao skrand
PT
mes

targotqpn q Cor laryoqraph.)

Theesult o

qel electsophore
DNA
ecnque usd to separote tagnnents o
accosda to Size
called a
po duces a vique patren 4or ech person
aryoRe or dripgraph.
usd pakesn t t idendiy loodind nwwdeeu)
8

PCR-Brase Chain Rackon

0
ecnique malee mukpl apies o a DN somple
(DNA reiation)
Cmiwons copie wthm a teu houNS)
02.1
1.3 Transairien,
care
Proten made up. ol
amwo acid uwhen e eat protens,th
make n a potena)
brOken up into omyo cds

NGa cPp ol DNA - a

9ene mKINH.Cmes5aner

DNARNAProtein
o n s l a t i on
on ption
Cenzymes) OboBoma

DNA stuctions RNAa couy ot a part of insh uctons

h e inShuctons
amd excate he

Protens thn end xeut

EASY
beseond
EYPLFwATI ON
Sense Sru
TCG

TCGAD-
Acmlat 9uCGA: RNA/MRA
OnesonaAemplaCOp
use tns
TU
h

Undosmichtcope
DNG

C
Crancmptn bubb»
 Rromoter
er ator
TCGT9

ACAT

NA poymerase adde RYA oeodes

nread &gior(used in ehsekn) o qonoos Usl
Show wNere incrigion storts and a terminu u whure
iends..

Post ranacntion wmedilicaien

appens in uclaus

promots
tevmnatwr

xehi.naru'pion

- til
SLcing
-.nAroY emor ed
res o
pvometes and
tenot os eLoye o

wete RNHCMRIA
-Raves the
muluus oap
 RANSLAT 1CN

anscp¥hon 41onsotion
PNA mRA protein

ugos

E T Am RNR

mRNE
Crpaucn qoe3 alene

sma subunt

tNA onstioal RNL

ound in the cutoplasm.
RNA mOleude

DNAI cen ond be yead

bod cn reat)
G

triplet code

ERNA
A C
Codon
amticodor
 (BA)

mRW

Sm bunit

23/41
CAsTn a 3mn10

POptide dhain
EP A

e holds theR arta

nam

theSste om kh. +RNA

ha ost itsum n 0cd
Ddee harngd.

n amnoacid codon taoe

Aa R
mution -oblue eye>

ACAGU GOA AaC

TIanSF,on

TAC GGT CGA

THC &T CGA AGC

Y Y

odiation
mutaHon chanoL in ONA cod Caton vixuses
randomu
chemhculethasenojienic)
30t RANSARTIOAT
fhases
n t i aton
onqa tionn
vandlcation
emnaion

here axe ony 6H codona poss,ble

-GO codons CostoSpond t tRNA> wth, am ino aCI dS
here is 1 star t codon CAuG)
hre are 3 top codons CULAH, UAG,UGA)

poy- -tal
Cap start strt codon codes
&o Hethionsne CHe

Elonntion3
th phas where po lupeptide chan qettin onga

OH

N N-C

COshoxyle

R
O

C N C
i

Poptioe bond
om S nd directon
enok o! orqanisahion in
proteins

omar4 StrMctare (1° strucue

hyolsogen

-cabexy goup (-coo4

OH cawbox acid)

N-MtAaSe-a
made up g acomb.natici c 2
p n a r Struct is
aminwacids S a esuk o txonslation

Secondo ructure (2 Stuctwre

ami no acids Lon dilJarent parts et the
1 SucturecoLn orn hyodroqn bonds

rbonds

H-bonds

-sheet
 eataStrmctuure39
B.01.22 exaet
-seet
KqYoup ia-heLix o
LDilphile beidaosiow ovned bekuween suepusS
betwe polor am eidS
Hy o pv bon aetw een
No dAWaals ntxoctons alzo oK
Man.
ciPexent amino acids lwithin the
2
1
Camimo acid drain) -hx)
CUnUDAU
sket)

nwwA
(algha dham)
TLA
n

pvote ic qNonpP
(p-heet

Quutemar stucure
>ererak subunits pokupeptSe dhasns)
1 Structure combind to o M
+ h e bond3 ound in3 R
ne>ent in 1
ti brous Gbul e a qodse)

inboub in wate sable ha woter

ccWagun
Louchwe
Puen Lsanspost ozam