BERNOU LIS ,Undar

o Lass pUE TO BNO :

Date. aeing
$sothaemal proces forthe too potns
hs kv
2g

k: coellent by best. Conat

(radinyauahly.c dependen
bent- s0, dr, 90) 4Zz constost. + yitt.

DBeanoalls cquaton om isothaamal adiabate pncea

measua doprdanay oE). for a isothesmal prouy
HEADJN VAR\OUs PIPE

C Lubsh hdihg he valse o

O CONTINIT) EqUATION:
As mass or Macs s a constost C, de
P
aczordln ta lawo consewatien tzcont
mass hone z Qenl). f 2

RAVz constant.
gaing by g
t7onst.
Aubst
dP
ihuking tha salutigratn
Aboue eguton a p6 or conyeike
aanghy adiaba poces. for
-+ 92=ionctat thd
2
2
&Ay

ontnuih
Loe
Losses
Enexg
Major loscea Minor Loss es
tpipeline haa value
yale!llkha)
shot pipe
OThese laserae du ho hichen

b) suddeo contvation o pie CRduo

Cheys
 Day &
eROted by the ut
alled dag

heodrag fwal dng b sheastres

 elassmate
Date
Page

dthe
sheo sess tothe produt o the veeasheod a the dens Phy wth
aloguw actor calia the
fmmeted bolidg Prgjecteg

Cpao/Ap
Su2 qunhhy
asr tsea Lwel he te
fnd the speed o the
the ond wae
ae 1o. A043 Nom (absaluta pressuu )

R2281

Por adlabahe pncoswo have

340. 174l ms

at
level hare the

Maz tBB

Cmls )
nd Mach no hon aaynpkane
when a asnp kane ytn q t l00 n/h
may be faten a
wid vele ay
Ca th
 287.SDy 10.9371 p
2
6836 0.
22222. Maz
2 saies iestoads
stati fNeno Uhaingfesiu
whhyngat pl a neeg onhe Point
0 VeVi- .
222-2
48xa7i9 314.
Binathe 4S8 314.
îavoled). wok shat thee'
nas
=293 T
leIe
oefiäank Thomn Aoua
2
C.Se93)
=91.43c MazM
P
Ma
5SD06,
Page
s27.79
dlasSMate Date Page 936| o.
Date
cAsSMate
 Losol head yomsudden enlognt
V, P,

Consibra utd
whith ha sudaon eslargomant do
ahaan in ligue
Gnsidy 2sechensD&

Let -pYesdcee intenshy at sed) )

Acea
Orreajantjag valua at

Deue ho Suddon chonge Det pipe jom

Th smaller iantr hot abb .
 Aplying artehe a
fua He-Lao Ioc ha
a chag
athngn
BeLneul l head
Sq head takea auoday
the
Lquid dua plai Cshit
seoodperat hosuddan
intha Ths,
dinuhe 2 anlargunat te

momenhum
equating Chan SechenD
omomenhun masxveliy
nannehnun
-.

Page. Date.

s.
Henay

deeaing duddoa
Coatra
tten
he

had
2v-2uV,
Vi-v
btcomea contatènter the hon
sudduo
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ha, Loss head. the
CvsV)hes aa
AVe A,
V V af
achalspeibieuales
Ve ue
head fotatea
24 mi duadeo
Ac 'acae due Page Date
he= enlagmsnt pla
bot sudden
at naler
enlarganat
deee sechis)
an fh
ho pipe
h tachan vota las
hai.
)
 ehown Date
Page
Kircholjá eq uahoo
V

Mathsthodasg Suschtng V2
we
2.
hc
Concider a eactin ct a kV
temperah TE nd censt.
erteuing, & leaung
tempdahuey
ki the tass caeltient!
 classmate clasSMte
Date Dote
Page poge

tquATION 0f PARTICLE OF DIMSIONA MOTIO OF o The boyot oree (hs) m'ac )

PARTIC LE THROUGH FLuID:

O Consider a massm'
actien on er ten a mouig thraugh
t uld undae the
vetoy
3 2

patide" tlatve t the huid be u . Let the bn ham rag osient ).

on the pathice te f& &lot tha Apjeted rea
portide. measud n
plan peatsdtuilo to
be ' Then the rtowtont dore on the paride t
F= fe -F8- fo.
O The acceler abien the porhi e a dul dt . Nos, suba Nhg the vous
F= m

dt, 2
e Sine mia constont compoung eqch& et)
Fe'- Fa Fo (3). Jhen, 2m
Througbet aidy
O The extaxn al tors. lan be expvessed a podut o the mas . du
dt 2m
'm' and aceratien 'ap o the porhdde
fe: mae (i).

Archiemedad The boyont Jarus the þroduct e

th
tha mas o the uid dsp'lacad the porhde
accelaration om the extend (vi).
2m
dt
be s;'a the pahit then aeiy Ywt
whenewes the direchnay
dansiny e me parttde displacas these sam volume o Ja
The mass

whuu, e- dunsihy the utd.

 nodut
head
the
Date.
Page CU).
DS h
shres
ichon +2
Tw.
L WickaukWalshea
it 2uo.
tALX)
in APhs icken h
shim termP- Ta (p:ast
Ke ,4l (22
we
ito
e each uo
die h 2Tw asRate S.u
Dellned
shear -wheaa behwean 2
AP
loss - Fachor
Relatien
ehuen
Wall head AL
equahien P/
AP
=
P fidien
Teprescna
ue
Beznoull J *Faoniog
C
A
 Date
Page. Date
Page

274 Cviti) lan be calewatd

alit u a climansionlecs ning auahtea

Jram eg Cui), we haug
The Vveloshy dsh bubsn r Netueian lutds conbe abtainsd thmugh
th

iv)

The ve siqn in cquahism afir th at

as Tadiua inXe aneo

Reaanaing at gat
Al can be
equat
2D Tw

4Uut
2D
lagth du

Nous, gox head lass duuh

ofh the boundan Condihions, u=0
sikien
w
".AP z
AlLu3il)
equahis
 Date
Date
Page Paga

à diago nalicasle, Rod the

Ae

Q hau that
enau lha ollauing mahiDtaganal' mahik Uman
tansoumin4 mabi% Ke
4 3-2|
3 -4 1
uma

M= y 3 2 D TEi ceau Jxom akave

3 2 ) alshibuson wzt rádius with Ih
ine
21 I thecente
kom

Ths auecag welethy lu) the eati chieam fouin Thmugh

2 (xix)
loca

The marinum valua a acal velaihdenahd hy (uma

Louated at the ateo To
2x0,
A+ the cdisc ka mdeic =o)l
subshihuting,
Bo, above benrmay Tu

max 2

as AP
24L
into aboue eguaforn,

tuaL
APD
2

Cxvi)
 Date_
Page ) Date

The abae equahen åuseh e maaauinn he

by maouzing the viscecihy the Jutd
Thu¡h a hibe
Head loss du to ichen in laminaz
s2,L
2u

We ho that, u=

tha marionurn uelen

Eliainaing 24L
the aboue. Valu inb

2Tuw
and
1G
2x 8x oY
SuD SuD Neef
32uAL

92)AL Nge
Lamiary

Noas, Al can be Teplaud by L

Thus, fax lamihar Aou thrugh the pipe the vas a<

:JAP: 32).U.L (xii) calaulated ita the

number

The abaveequaten Hagn - foisele ea

Macla mymber (Ma)

alasticrce
murbe = a g r Hal force
Ma)
Mach Elsti ferce

Uelocih ot fh
 Solution: :km/hour
Givenk1.4
ndR=287JII(kg 1100 at
TakeProblem For Solution
Given: : Problem1:
k=1.4.
temperature
adiabatic
2:
Calculate process, are Find
Speed sea-level
whereat
10,1043 the
Temperature,
the
of the Pressure, speed
aircraft, Mach velocity N/cm
of
K). number p (abs.) the
V= VkRTC= of T= T
temperatureairis = = sound
sound
1100 273 10.1043 and15
at 15
a is 15 + °C wave
km/hour given
point
1.4 N/cm
= Crespectively, in
on by 288 air
20C. a equation x =
1000
1100 x jet 287 "K,
10.1043
at
60x propelled x sea-level
R
288
as 287 =
= x Take
10*
305.55
m/s = aircraft,340.17 J/(kg where
R
N/m
287 the.
which m/s. K)
and JI(kg
pressure
Ans.
is k=
flying K)
1.4 and and
 FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS IID 171

Temperature, T = 20 °C
* T= 273 + 20 = 293 °K, k = 14 and R= 287 J/(kg "K)
Usingequation for the velocity of sound, we get
C= kRT =1.4 x 287 x293 = 343.11 m/s
Machnumber is given by equation as
Ma = 305.55
= 0.89 Ans.
C 343.11
Problem3.: An aeroplane is flying at an height of 10 km where the temperaure is -50C:
The speed of the plane iS corresponding to M= 2.0. Assuming k= 1.4 and R= 287 JI(kg K).
Find the speed of the plane,
Solution : Given :
Height of the plane, Z = 10 km fextra data}
Temperature, T = -50 °C
.. T= -50 + 273 = 223 °C
Mach number, Ma =2.0, k = 14and R = 287 J/(kg "K)
Using equation for the velocity of sound, we get
C =VkRT = 14x 287 x 223 = 299.33 m/s
Using equation, Ma = Or 2.0 =
C 299.33
.:. V= 2.0 x 299.33 = 598.66 m/s
598.66 >x 60 x 60- 2155.17 km/hr Ans.
1000

Problem 4: Find the Mach number when an aeroplane is flying at 1100 km/hr through still air
having apressure of 7.M/cm and temperature -5 C. Wind velocity may be taken as zero. Take
R= 287.14 JI(kg K). Calculate the pressure, temperature and density of air at stagnation
point on the nose of the plane. Take k= 1.4. May 2008, Dec. 2008, May 2009]
Solution: Given : 1100 x 1000
Speed of aeroplane, V= 1100 km/hr 60 x 60
= 305.55 m/s

Pressure of air, p, = 7 N/cm = 7x 10 N/m

Temperature, T = -5 °C
.. T, = -5 + 273 = 268 °K
R =287.14 J/(kg "K) and k = 1.4
Using relation C = kRT for velocity of sound for adiabatic process, we have
C, = 1.4 x 287.14 x 268 328.2 m/s
 Solution
:Givenpressure
: poini
Problem5: ia In Stagnatien
UsiDeesity,
ng p" Using
Stagnation
Pressare, T Stagnation
Pressure.
Using p" I72
Speed N/m
equation
Pressure on equation equation 1I1
ature, of8.0 the so equation
of that (i) FLUID
aeroplane, Calculate
nose
thegiven for for .:
of Nlcm of FLOw
air, of value Mach
above, state stagnatioc stagnation
T, p V= (abs.)plane, athe for number,
OPERATIONS
= = stagnation of =
and stagnaticon
-10 8.0 800
which
314.44
237.14 x ispifR R P
314.43 temperate. pressure,
N/cm
°C kmhr temperature 12.24 10
x in is Ma,c.
kg
taken
pressure, is m. - = =
= = flying
density 273 12.24
8.0 1000800 x Herce287.14
as 2 7.9x
60
60
x -10°C. =
x at =
41.44
10*
10 328.20305.55
10* temperature
1.355 p=
N/m Take
800 J(kg -RT "C Nm [!+
12.24 =
222.22
m/s = km/hour kg 0.1=733) 0.9309
R m' x"K), Ans.
= and - 12.24
287 Ans. 10* then
through 268 =
JI(kg
density N/m ´
pressure N/cm
-
[1.1733] 0.93!
and
7.0x
°K) still on
T Ans. 16* ]1.4-1.6 Ans.
and should I.4
air the = = [.17335
2004) k
[Nov. stagnation 314.44 314.44
having= be
1.4. taken "...0)
"K. K
a

Solution
Given: : (abs.).
[k=1.4, Problem
density Stagnation
:. obtained
kg/m'.in Aspoint,For
stagnation
R= equation,
Using equation
Using for This For
Estimate p 287
Using
equation Mach Mach ecizbatic
R =0.63 6:
ty = An
J/(kg numbernamber,
287 the density, flow,
"K), for
of JI(kgspeedkg/m. air stagnatvon stagnatio
..
is the ..
air, plane i* the Ma, the Ma
p p "K)] A p p value p local C=ARTvelocity
= RT|= 1.4 =
k
= = pitot is 287
of = = = = = = =
= 287 -10
0.63 44 air moving 10.9 3 10.93
10
x
RT 263 temperatare, 8.0 8.0 pressure,
0.683
of JI(kg
kPa plane tube of Maca
kg/m' = 287.5 x x p [1.0933] 1010i+ x
x 325.07222.22 sound 273
+
and on in 10* should aumber
44 an [1.09331 "K) =
the the
x atmosphere = 4x287 is
= N/m be RI given 263
10°
stagnation plane 1.324 taken 287.5 4-1.0 2 and 0.683.
Pa hence °K
= x by
44
= records kg/m' in
26
°K
3 - 10.93 263
with N/m equal
temperature.
x 287.5 = |1 x 325.07 = ROW
10° the
pressure Ans. so 10 to OF
N/m stagnation that
273
- N/m²= Ma- m/s COMPRESSI8LE
p the
= =
44 value 14.5 10.93
pressure KPa
of
(0."C683)° FLUIDS
2003]
(Dec. N/cm
(abs.) p
70 is Ans. IIL!
kPa and Ans.
173
Problem l: The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm and 400 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rp.m. The vane angles of the
impeller at inlet and outlet are 20° and 30° respectively. The water enters the impeller
radially and velocity of lowis constant. Determine the workdone by the impellerMay
per20081
unit
weight of water.

Solution : Given :
Internal diameter of impeller, D, = 200 mm = 0.20 m
Externaldiameter of impeller, D, = 400mm = 0.40 m
Speed, N = 1200 r.p.m.
Vane angle at inlet, = 20°
Vane angle at outlet, = 30°
= 0
Water enters radially means, a = 90° and V
Velocity of flow, Vf = V Fig. 9.4
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP EAEE 269

Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are,

TtD,N N X 0.20 x 1200 = 12.56 m/s
60 60
RD,N TT X 0.4 x 1200 = 25.13 m/s
and us 60 60

From inlet velocity triangle, tan0 12.56

= 12.56 tan = 12.56 × tan 20 = 4.57 m/s

= 4.57 m/s
Vf2 4.57
From outlet velocity triangle, tan ¢ 25.13 - Vw
4.57 4.57
or 25.13 - Vw =7.915
tan tan 30

.. 25.13 -7.915 = 17.215 m/s

The work done by imnpeller per kg of water per second is given as

17.215 x 25.13
= 44.1 N-m/N Ans.
9.81
 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWIN PIPES AND CHANNELS I13

Forlow values of Reynold's number (Np, > 2500) the friction factor is also function of
surface roughness.
At very arge values of Reynold's number, the friction factor is independent of N, but is
afunction of surface roughness.

5.9.2.1 Solved Problems on Hagen Poisuille Equation

Problem1:A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 Poise and specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 80 mm and length 15 m. Calculate the diference of
pressureatthe two ends of the pipe, if 50 kg of oil is collected in tankin 15s.
[May 2008, Dec. 2008]
:
Solution : Given u =0.9 Poise =
0.9
=0.09 Ns/m = 0.09 kg/m-s
10
Specific gravity = 0.8
Density = 0.8 x 1000 = 800 kg/m
Diameter of pipe =80mm =0.08 m.
Length of pipe = 15m
Mass of oil collected = 50 kg
Time taken = 15 s
The difference of pressure for laminar flow is given by Hagen Poisuille equation.
P-P 32 u vL
P8 P&D²

where v= Average velocity = Area

50
Mass of oil/sec = = 3.33 kg/s = Po X
15
3.33 = 800 x
10m's
.. Q= 4.1625 x
4.1625 x 10 = 0.828 m/s
V=
A 0.082
4
Now to find Reynold's number pvD 800 x 0.828 x 0.08 588.8
0.09
is laminar
AS Reynold's number less than 2100, the flow
32 vL ...{Cancelling pg}
P -P, =
D'
32 x 0.09 x 0.828 x15 = 5589 N/m Ans.
0.08
 Pressure Solution 5pipe
3.Problem 114
As
Reynolds lit/s.
oj IIE

Reynolds drop diameter

Find 2:An
: FLUID
Given
number the
P FLOW
number,
-P,
Viscosity pressure
: 50oil
less mm. of
OPERATIONS
is Density viscosity
-P, P,
= than wherev= Pgiven
-P, =
N. drop and
D
2100,
= byQ=300L=m 4 of0.1 0
= Hagen
=
= = for
0 32 PYD A vL
32
4 3.5 50 0.9 0.1 lengthlengthNs/m, J
x
the
mm
lit/s x
0.l flow Poisuille 1000 Ns/m
m x is 4 = = 300 300 and
0.05 900 0.0035 0.05 m.
1.782
laminar 0.05 x 0.0035 = = m. relative
x equation m900
0.1 The
x 0.1.1 782
ns. 3000 kg/m-s rate
1.782
m/s = m'/s kg/m density
x 3
6842880N/m =
0.05 of
flow 0.9
801.9 ofjluid is
flowing
througi
through
tne
circular a
pipe
 Delivery
Pipe

Air
Delivery
,valve
ventilation
Casing
Impeller
ha
H

Eye of
pump

Suction
pipe

Sump

Foot valve
and strainer

Fig. 9.1 : Main parts of acentrifugal pump.

npeller :It is the
 (4) (3) (2) () (d) ()
Expressions
centrifugal
(a)Masometrie s denaledDelivery
ThiSatie by h
hqud Suction
above
In delivess
Delivery vatveSoetion end (i)
Detinition
figure d1ga incrang
ihere hon aidhe
H ss ss Diftuaertypeiuide
reprencnted Head surface the
the filled
Head liqurdHesd 'ipe sto lipe is the
Head pump Head (H,)
1Ths liquid inCIcascd tasMy
in (h,):I of i the atthe :A area,nplle
t(h):
he sutlace A
smparted hus(): byThe
: heiyht Heads pipe hqütd pie
at
if Loss H,sum
tank The the lower
Lonverajohibhrbaghchsnberhe
lo is whose Cnters
loss aid vertica!to ss isthe sequined whose
in
of by work. The which also the and ehd a Vanes
is of
of head the manomeric suction
writen called
vertical
tank Fig ohe Silp of one whics the
pump impeller It disiance
liquid
Eficiencies beght tnd the
in is or 92 end of gude gude hey :
isimpeller suctton height
Vorles
jtypr(h) sucionknown knetic flusd
denoted hesd
as pump tusing
is is is
Zero)
to head
is connceted
known connecied passCxvuncsvases aMe
the anddelivered
between
pipe enesgy
liflfromm of of
designs. interposed
and by a% aie
andwhich the
water ss delivery uctiom wIthout
and
casing defined a As
H the
is Centrifugat centre deliverv to ifito desipied
oreaches
- knowncentre is the
Loss t denotediquid the
prcssuse shock beiweca
head ipe, inlet
is as line outlet
the in
of given the is as lne pipe. A uch
and
head head known delivery by of of foot cncy theelore
sfdelivery
pipe the
of h, tothe pump the a
by the centrifugal bePump Volute
with ypefe)
blades
guide valve/
forms snpeller
in against way
the the as lifed pump
xtatic head,pump and athat
pumpfoliowing Non ahd paisage
..(9.2) which as
other discharge
tlie
head. This and shownpump
(9.1) returnotlier
luid
a islhe cnd
of

(b) (a) 2.4.1

(b)
efficiency.Mechanical
the than The Manometric
as: by
wrilten
the Effidency
impeller the power impeller
power where, whcre, |
It at
Total
Efficiency
is to the Efficiency of
writtenavailable
the an
to
a V h, h, h, 7 head
impcller tCentritugal
he
power For
Power as (n,): Head water
(n.:
Velocity FrictionalSuction
Frictional VerticalVelocity Pressure outlet
at
Power at nlet,
atthe
the imparted is head, height head
at impeller The 1009 1000 W Work of head
at
the the shaft head known The Pump
Hm Manometric water head head outlet,Fot o the
of
impeller power done ratio of of of
shaft of of by as loss loss Ah, pump
the the at impeller
in the purmp. pump.
by manometric delivery in
inDelivery
of pump
centrifugaipump. the impeller
1000 the deliverysuction Total
shaft to manometric from
waler pipe. head. head
The
of per efficency. ppe. pipe, datun
pump ratio the second ut
head the
centrifugal
is of liC inlet
known the Mathcmatically.
kW to
powef thc uf
head the
aspump
available
mechantcul pump
inparicd
is
more (96) (94) (9
31
97) t
at 1s
 9.13.2 NPSH Note or 300
or If
itation
free).
obtained For
experimentally.
determined The the For
in equation pump Substituting Assuming Applying
mnust : terms NPSH
determining available any NPSHA I LS
value NPSH center-line
be of Z, FLUID
at pump
greater energy
(9.38) this Bernoulli =
of = =0 (Absolute
which NPSH
NPSHRinstallation and 0, value FLOW
suction can
is and
its per
(NPSHA).
NPSHR than also below for equation
V, Z,+
OPERATIONS
thvalue,
e where unit =0 2g pressure
is zero
pressure be the where
pump given NPSH =mass NPSH = NPSH = the NPSH = NPSH =
written between
point bracketed
the a and hs
distinction P,
gives pump by is head W=
equals is as, =
the usually
J/kg
in
P P-P, then4, quantity P. poinVapour
t availableWeight
maximum is -P.
tested pump is
2
the
and
-P , ' and A
2gy'Pa
made a

manufacturer
vapour
meters
g, -Z,hs- h-Z
ys - in pressure density
at
and hys - -Za hs
equation A'. suction
between
fficiency pressure
or is - hys +
minimum of of
mnore. in gZ
required
J/kg. ()
liquid pointliquid
and and
withoutvalue P,- W we to A) =
this cavitation get be - pg
NPSH pumped (Vapour
of value
any
suction
(NPSHR) occurs.Thus
hås pressure
noise. can
head also
(9.38)
*...
Zu-
(9.40) (9.39) (931}
heady
(1.. and
S be

Let Solving Or Solution

Given: :Assume (iv) (ii) Problem l:
us
chcck
in DensityFriction
DistanceVapour Gencrallygreater In The
tlhat order
terms NPSHR
the NPSH ..= NPSH ..= reservoir pressure : than
P-P, units of in Calculate to
of iluqid between
the bet NPSHR
havevaries
hs hs
encrgy the
p= suction NPSHR
= 2.943
J/kg = = = hs P is to level of cavitation
P,
open be liquidNPSH must
kgf-m
kg m² N 86.313
P-P. 0.3 per 8.8
P-P, 0.865 = = = with
pumped pipe
0.3 760 0.2631 200 of of bc
x
kgf-m/kg unit -0.3 P8 to
m
liquid pump
= kg m - gm/cc
kgf-m/kg mm atmosphere.
mm =0.3 200 the greater free
9.81 22.563 - meter -
pump
2 Hg 101325 x Hg kgf-m/kg. = in mm design,
m N-m hz s = -Z, h,
= = 0.865 the thanoperation
N-m
kg kg ..(:1N-m/kg =
Hg.
= - 0.3 6.5 865 casing.
gZ, 760 200 gmflcc. reservoir 2 speed
kg2 m
=9.81
J/kg 63.75 x m kg/m' atm l = meters
J/kg = 9.81
Ans. (101325 26664.47 atm following 8 of of
kg J/kg 26664.47)
(101325 - = centrifugal
or pump
N-m/kg 9.81865 x
...{Reservoir
101325 =
and
=
morc.
=
1 - N/m 0.2631 pump
data and
kg-m 865 J/kg}
9.8163.75 26664.47 N/m pump.
Suction : capacity
...":1 atm CENTRIFUGAL

kg m
) is
6.5 m open
- = of

kg
N-m
Ans.
2.943
- kgf-
9.81
0.3
-
atmosphere
to
2m.
76e oyd be
20
the
pump. PUMP
2
-9.81 2005/
(Oct.
J/kg = N} 0R

x 301
2