Aerodynamics II

COURSE CODE : ASE204

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

LPU

Success is when your “signature” changes to “autograph”

by- Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam

01/15/2024 1
Problem

1. An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 8 km where the ambient

temperature is 250K. Find the Mach number and classify as
subsonic or supersonic when the speed of the aircraft is
I. 30 m/s
II. 300 m/s
III. 1000 m/s

2. A test plane has attained a speed of M=2.2 at an altitude of 16 km,

where the temperature is approximately - Gamma 1.4 and R=290
J/kg K. determine the speed of the airplane in m/s.

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Problem

1. A sonic velocity air jet has a temperature of 280 K. Determine

I. Velocity of sound in the jet
II. Stagnation temperature and stagnation enthalpy of the jet
III. Stagnation velocity of the sound
IV. Stagnation to static temperature
V. Critical speed of sound
VI. Maximum isentropic speed

2. Derive expression for and

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Mach Number : A True Measure of High Speed Systems

Velocity of flow V
Mach Number  M
Sonic Velocity c

Vac
Mach number of a flight M ac 
c

V jet
Mach number of a Jet M Jey 
c , jet
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 Mach’s Cone
• As Mach number increases, the strength of the Cone increases
and the Angle of the shockwave becomes increasingly severe

• Mach Angle

1
 
sin M 
 Moving Disturbance of Finite Size In A Fluid

• Mach’s thought experiments are limited to infinitesimally small object.

• What is minimum size of the object, which will follow Mach’s cone?

• Later experience proved following:

•As mach number becomes very large for a given size of the object, the Mach

wave becomes a shock wave and gets bent so severely that it lies right against the

vehicle.

• Resulting flow field referred to as a shock layer.

Mach’s experiments

Mach was actually the first person in history to develop a

method for visualizing the flow passing over an object at
supersonic speeds.
He was also the first to understand the fundamental
principles that govern supersonic flow and their impact on
aerodynamics.

"Photographische Fixierung der durch

Projektile in der Luft eingeleiten Vorgange"
that he presented to the Academy of Sciences
in Vienna in 1887.

Ernst Mach's photo of a bullet in supersonic flight

 Mach’s Witness of Shock

• Not only was Mach was able to make the invisible shock waves
visible, but it is even more amazing that he was able to photograph
the phenomenon.
• His experiments required split-second timing in an age before
computers or electronics were available.
• Mach's shadowgraph technique and a related method called Schlieren
photography are still widely used to observe supersonic flow fields
even today.
• Yet Mach's contributions to supersonic aerodynamics were not
limited to experimental methods alone.
• He was the first person to note the sudden and discontinuous changes
in the behavior of an airflow when the ratio V/c goes from being less
than 1 to greater than 1.
 Mach Waves, Revisited

• A ‘’point-mass’’ object moving with Supersonic velocity Generates an

infinitesimally weak “mach wave”.
• The direction of flow remains unchanged across Mach wave.

ct  1 1 1
sin        sin
 V  t  M M
Oblique Shock Wave

• When generating object is larger than a “point”, shockwave is

stronger than mach wave …. Oblique shock wave

 

• -- shock angle

• -- turning or “wedge angle”
 High Angle Objects

Sleek Bodies at supersonic Bluff Bodies at supersonic

Speeds Speeds
 Mach Number : A Parameter to Select Suitable Flying
Technology

Ma <0.2 : Incompressible Flow Systems

0.2 < Ma <0.9 : Compressible Subsonic Systems

0.9 < Ma <1.05 : Transonic Systems

1.05 < Ma < 2.0 : Supersonic Systems

Ma > 2.0 : Hypersonic Systems

Development of An Engineering Science called Gas Dynamics.

Normal Shock wave problem

• A jet of air at 275 K and 0.69 bar has an initial Mach number of 2.0. If it
passes through a normal shock wave determine
• Mach number
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Density
• Speed of the sound
• Jet velocity downstream of the shock wave

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Normal Shock wave problem

• Solution
• 0.577
• 3.105 bar
• 463.93 K
• 2.332 kg/
• 431.75 m/s
• 249.1 m/s

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Normal Shock wave problem

• The state of a gas upstream of a normal shock wave is given by the

following data
• =2.5,
• Calculate the
• Mach number
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Density
• Speed of the sound
• velocity of the gas downstream of the shock wave

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Normal Shock wave problem

• An aircraft engine employs a subsonic inlet diffuser of area ratio 4. Free

stream air at a total pressure and temperature of 1* 570 K approaches the
diffuser with Mach number 2.2. A shock wave stands just outside the diffuser
inlet. Determine the Mach number, pressure and temperature of the air at the
exit of the diffuser. Also find the loss in stagnation pressure of air.

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Normal Shock wave problem

• A gas at a Mach number of 1.8, P=80 kPa and T=373 K passes

through a normal shock. Determine its density after the shock.
Compare this value in a isentropic compression through the same
pressure ratio.

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Normal Shock wave problem

• The state of a gas upstream of a normal shock wave is given by the

following data
• =3.5,
• Calculate the
• Mach number
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Density
• Speed of the sound
• velocity of the gas downstream of the shock wave
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Normal Shock wave problem

• A convergent duct is operating under off design conditions as it

conducts air from a high pressure tank where normal shock wave is

present in the divergent duct. Find the exit pressure, loss in stagnation

pressure. If the following areas =13 c

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Normal Shock wave problem

• Air with Mach number 2.5 enters a convergent duct with an area
ratio . For this condition, find exit Mach number and pressure ratio
across the duct.

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