5/13/2020

FLUID MACHINERIES
PUMPS
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. ANGIELO U. COMIA
MSEUF – College of Engineering

PUMP
•Is a machine used to add energy to a liquid
in order to transfer the liquid from one point
to another of higher energy level.

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CLASSIFICATION OF
PUMPS

1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
•Is a machine which the pumping action is
accomplished by imparting kinetic energy to
the fluid by a high speed revolving impeller
with vanes and subsequently converting this
kinetic energy into pressure energy either by
passing through a volute casing or through
diffuser vanes.

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2. ROTARY PUMP
•Is a positive displacement pump consisting
of a fixed casing containing gears, cams,
screw, vane, plungers or similar elements
actuated by rotation of the drive shaft.

3. RECIPROCATING PUMP
•Is a positive displacement unit wherein the
pumping action is accomplished by the
forward and backward movement of a piston
or plunger inside a cylinder usually provided
with valves.

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4. DEEP WELL PUMP

•Is divided into plunger or reciprocating,
turbine, ejector-centrifugal types and air lifts.

TYPICAL
LAYOUT
OF
PUMPING
SYSTEM

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PERFORMANCE AND
DESIGN OF PUMP

1. VOLUME FLOW RATE OF LIQUID

HANDLED BY THE PUMP, Q
• Volume flow rate is the volume of the liquid that
passes through a given surface per unit time. It
is the product of the area and velocity of the
liquid.
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
Where:
Q = volume flow rate
V = velocity of flow (linear velocity)
A = area of flow (cross-sectional area)

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2. PRESSURE HEAD, 𝒉𝒑
• Pressure head is the height of the column of
water of liquid necessary to develop a specific
pressure.
𝑷
𝒉𝒑 =
𝜸
Where:
P = pressure
𝛾 = specific weight = 9.81 kN/𝑚3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑓𝑡 3

3. VELOCITY HEAD, ℎ𝑣
• Velocity head is the square of the speed of flow of a
liquid divided by twice the acceleration of gravity. It is
equal to the static pressure head corresponding a
pressure equal to the kinetic energy of the liquid per
unit volume.
𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒗 =
𝟐𝒈
Where:
V = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/𝑠 2 = 32.2 ft/𝑠 2

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4. FRICTION HEAD, 𝒉𝒇
• Friction head is the head lost by the flow in a stream or
conduit due to frictional disturbances set-up by the moving
liquid and its containing conduit and by intermolecular
friction.
a. Using Darcy’s Equation:
𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝟐𝒈𝑫
b. Using Morse Equation:
𝟐𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝒈𝑫

4. FRICTION HEAD, 𝒉𝒇
Where:

𝒉𝒇 = 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬

L = total length of the pipe/conduit
V = velocity
D = inside diameter of the conduit / pipe
g = 9.81 m/𝒔𝟐
f = coefficient of friction

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5. TOTAL HEAD or TOTAL

DYNAMIC HEAD, H
• Total dynamic head is the total energy developed by the pump
expressed in height of liquid. It is the algebraic SUM of static
head, pressure head, friction head and velocity head.
Total Head = Static head + Pressure head + Velocity head + Friction head

H = 𝑍𝑑 − 𝑍𝑠 + ℎ𝑝𝑑 − ℎ𝑝𝑠 + ℎ𝑣𝑑 − ℎ𝑣𝑠 + (ℎ𝑓𝑑 + ℎ𝑓𝑠 )

𝑷𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔 𝑽𝒅 𝟐 − 𝑽𝒔 𝟐
𝑯 = 𝒁𝒅 − 𝒁𝒔 + + + (𝒉𝒇𝒅 + 𝒉𝒇𝒔 )
𝜸 𝟐𝒈

5. TOTAL HEAD or TOTAL

DYNAMIC HEAD, H
Where:
subscript:
d = discharge
s = suction

Z is negative (-) if source is below pump centerline

Ps is negative (-) if it is VACUUM

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6. HYDRAULIC OR WATER POWER, Pw

•Hydraulic or Water Power is the theoretical
power necessary to raise a given volume of
liquid from a lower to a higher elevation.
𝑷𝒘 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯
Where:
𝑃𝑤 = hydraulic or water power
Q = volume flow rate
H = total dynamic head

7. PUMP EFFICIENCY, 𝒆𝒑
•Pump efficiency is the ratio of the hydraulic
power or water power to the brake power.

𝑷𝒘
𝒆𝒑 =
𝑷𝒃
Where:
𝑃𝑤 = hydraulic or water power
𝑃𝑏 = brake power

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8. MOTOR EFFICIENCY, 𝒆𝒎
•Motor efficiency is the ratio of brake power
to the input power.
𝑷𝒃
𝒆𝒎 =
𝑷𝒊
Where:
𝑃𝑏 = brake power
𝑃𝑖 = input power

9. OVERALL EFFICIENCY, e
•Overall Efficiency is the ratio of the hydraulic
or water power to the input power.

𝑷𝒘
𝒆=
𝑷𝒊
Where:
𝑃𝑤 = hydraulic or water power
𝑃𝑖 = input power

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RECIPROCATING PUMP
CHARACTERISTICS

1. PISTON DISPLACEMENT
• Piston Displacement is the volume which a piston in a cylinder
displaces in a single stroke, equal to the distance the piston
travels times the internal section of the cylinder.
a. Piston displacement if piston rod is neglected:
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳𝑵 𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳𝑵
𝑽𝑫 = 𝟐 or 𝑽𝑫 =
𝟒 𝟐
b. Piston displacement if piston rod is considered:
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝝅 𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑳𝑵 𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝑳𝑵
𝑽𝑫 = 𝐋𝐍 + 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 𝐋𝐍 or 𝑽𝑫 = −
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

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1. PISTON DISPLACEMENT
Where:

d = piston rod diameter

D = diameter of the piston
L = length of the stroke
N = angular speed (rpm)

2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE, Q

Q = AV

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3. SLIP, S
•Slip is the difference between the piston
displacement and the actual discharge.

𝑺 = 𝑽𝑫 − Q

4. PERCENT SLIP, %S
• Percent Slip is the ratio of the slip to the piston
displacement.

𝑺
%𝑺 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽𝑫
or
𝑽𝑫 − 𝑸
%𝑺 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽𝑫

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5. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, 𝒆𝒗
•Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual
discharge to the piston displacement.

𝑸
𝒆𝒗 =
𝑽𝑫

SPECIFIC SPEED

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SPECIFIC SPEED, 𝑵𝒔
•Specific speed is a number used to predict
the performance of centrifugal pumps. Is is
the speed at which a geometrically similar
impeller of a pump would run to discharge 1
gpm at 1ft head.
𝑵 𝑸
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟑
𝒉 𝟒

SPECIFIC SPEED, 𝑵𝒔
• Where:
𝑵𝒔 = specific speed, rpm
N = rotational speed, rpm
Q = discharge, gpm (galloon per minute)
H = head, ft.

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SIMILAR PUMPS

SIMILAR PUMPS
𝑁1 𝑄1 𝑁2 𝑄2
a. 3 = 3
𝐻1 4 𝐻2 4

𝑄1 𝑄2
b. =
𝑁1 𝐷1 3 𝑁2 𝐷2 3

Where:
D is the impeller diameter

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BASIC PUMP LAWS FOR

SAME PUMPS

PUMP BASIC LAWS

Pump basic laws are derived using the
principles of dynamic similarity and
dimensional analysis. These laws only hold
true at differing operating conditions as long
as the ump efficiency is constant.

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AFFINITY LAWS
•Affinity laws are used to predict the
performance of a pump when operating at a
speed other than that at which it is tested.

VARIATION IN IMPELLER SPEED

• If the impeller diameter is constant.
The capacity varies as the speed.
𝑸 𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑸 𝟐 𝑵𝟐
The total dynamic head varies as the square of the speed.
𝟐
𝑯𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑯𝟐 𝑵𝟐
The brake HP or brake power varies as the cube of the speed.
𝟑
𝑷𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑷𝟐 𝑵𝟐

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VARIATION IN IMPELLER DIAMETER

• If the impeller speed is constant.
The capacity of the pump varies with the impeller diameter.
𝑸 𝟏 𝑫𝟏
=
𝑸 𝟐 𝑫𝟐
The head varies as the square of the impeller diameter.
𝟐
𝑯𝟏 𝑫𝟏
=
𝑯𝟐 𝑫𝟐
The brake power varies as the cube of the impeller diameter.
𝟑
𝑷𝟏 𝑫𝟏
=
𝑷𝟐 𝑫𝟐

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per
minute of oil with a specific gravity of 0.83.
The total head is 9.14 m, find how much
energy does the pump consumes in kJ per
hour.

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SOLUTION:
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻
Where:
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆. 𝐺. = = 0.83
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑁 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆. 𝐺 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.83 9.81 3 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 𝟑
𝑚 𝒎
3
𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.785𝐿 1𝑚
𝑄 = 10 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝒎𝟑 /𝒉𝒓
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000𝐿
Then,
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻 = 8.14 3 2.271 9.14 m = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐡𝐫
𝑚 ℎ𝑟

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
2. A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction
pipe and a 350 mm diameter discharge pipe
is to deliver 20,000 Liters per minute of 15.6
C water. Calculate the pump head in meters if
suction gage is 7.5 cm below pump center
line and reads 127 mm Hg vacuum and
discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump
center line and reads 75 kPa.

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SOLUTIONS:
𝑯 = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝑷𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔 𝑽𝒅 𝟐 − 𝑽𝒔 𝟐
𝑯= + + 𝒁𝒅 − 𝒁𝒔
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 20,000 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.33 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
1000 𝐿 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
𝑄 3.43 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 0.33 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑽𝒔 = = 𝜋 2 = 𝜋 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑠 (.4𝑚)2
4 4

𝑄 3.43 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 0.33 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑽𝒅 = = 𝜋 2 = 𝜋 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝐴𝑑 𝑑𝑑 (.35𝑚)2
4 4

SOLUTIONS: (continued…)
Thus,
𝑷𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔 𝑽𝒅 𝟐 − 𝑽𝒔 𝟐
𝑯= + + 𝒁𝒅 − 𝒁𝒔
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Where:
𝑷𝒅 = 75 kPag
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑷𝒔 = 127 mmHgv 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
= -16.93 Kpa (vacuum)
𝑍𝑑 = 45 cm = 0.45 m
𝒁𝒔 = -7.5 cm (“below pump center line”) = - 0.075 m

𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 − (−𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂) (𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒔 ) −(𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝒔 )
𝐻= + 𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒎 − (−. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝒎)
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐
𝒔
H = 10.14 m

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ACTIVITY NO. 1:
• A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 liters per
second from a lake and force it into a tank 8 m
above the level of the water at a pressure of 137
kPa. What is the power required in HP?

NOTE: Deadline of submission: May 18, 2020, Monday

(write on any blank paper – neat. Scanned or captured
output are accepted)
Please upload on your class google drive. Thank you!

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