CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH

Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel : 03-
32806200Faxs : 03- 03-32806400

| DCN 3113: HYDRAULICS|

LECTURER

EXPERIMENT NO.

EXPERIMENT NAME

DATE OF EXPERIMENT

DATE OF SUBMIT

NAME MATRIC NO

GROUP MEMBERS

MARKS

COMMENT
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel :
03-32806200 Faxs : 03- 03-32806400

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 1 - FLUID PROPERTIES
NAME

MATRIC NO.

A. OBJECTIVES

To determine fluid density

B. THEORY

Fluid is a substance of flowing. It has no definite shape of its own but can forms to the shape of
container. Fluid continues to deform when subjected to shear force. When fluid is at rest, no shearing
forces can act on it and thus all forces are normal to the planes on which they act.

A liquid is a fluid which varies slightly with temperature and pressure. Under ordinary conditions, liquids
are difficult to compress and therefore, they are being treated as mostly incompressible except in some
situations such as water hammer, etc. It forms a free surface if exposed to atmosphere.

One of fluid property is density. Density is the most important value in mechanical calculation in fluid
works. It is a measure of concentration of mass, i.e. mass per unit volume is called density.

Density;
ρ = mass of fluid
Volume of fluid

The density of liquid maybe considered constant as liquids are mostly incompressible while the density of
gases changes with pressure and temperature. In SI units, mass density is expressed in kg/m 3. For water,
ρ is 1000 kg/m3.

Specific Gravity;
s = Density of liquid
Density of water

Specific Weight;
 = Density x gravity
 C. APPARATUS

 Measuring cylinder
 Thermometer
 Weighing balance
 Water
 Oil

D. PROCEDURE
1. Weigh an empty measuring cylinder.
2. Fill in water into the measuring cylinder until desired volume. Record the volume.
3. Weigh the measuring cylinder with water.
4. Record the water temperature.
5. Repeat the procedure for different volume.
6. Replace water with oil and repeat step 1 to 5.
7. Replace water with other solution and repeat step 1 to 5.

E. DATA
Water Oil Solution
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass of empty measuring
cylinder, (kg)
Mass of measuring
cylinder containing
substance, (kg)
Mass of substance, (kg)
Volume of substance, (m3)
Temperature, °C

Density, (kg/ m3)

Average density
Specific Gravity
Specific Weight

E. DISCUSSION

1. Compare your answer with theoretical value. Discuss the factors that influenced the value.
2. Show the calculation.
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel :
03-32806200 Faxs : 03- 03-32806400

HYDRAULICS 2 LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 2 : HYDROSTATIC FORCES
NAME

MATRIC NO.

A. OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the concepts of hydrostatic forces acting on submerged bodies.

B. APPARATUS

Figure 1a : Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus

The Hydrostatic Pressure apparatus consists of a specially constructed quadrant mounted on a balance arm which
pinots on knife edges and it also correspond to the centre of arc of the quadrant. This means that only the hydrostatic
force acting on the rectangular end face will provide a moment about the knife edge. The balance arm also has an
adjustable counterbalance, and a balance pan for the weights supplied.

The quadrant assembly is mounted on top of a clear reservoir tank provided with levelling screws on its feet. A spirit
level attached to the base of the tank assures accuracy of the alignment. The tank is filled with water from the top and
can be drained through a valve at the side. A scale is provided on the side of the quadrant to indicate the water level in
the tank.
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|
The torque exerted by the hydraulic thrust is measured by direct weighing. Tests may be carried out over a range of
water level.

Specification
Quadrant Reservoir Tank Balance Arm Overall
Material: PVC Material : Distance between Dimension
Total Depth of Quadrant, H:175mm Clear Acrylic Suspended Mass and Length :
Height of Fulcrum above Quadrant: 100 mm Volume: 5.5 L Fulcrum, L: 340 mm
Height of End Surface, D: 75 mm 260 mm Width :
Width, B: 73 mm 130 mm
Set of Weights: 50g/each Height :
290 mm

Hydrostatic Pressure on a Vertical Plane Surface

W C
P D

Figure 3: Hydrostatic Pressure Demonstration

Referring to Figure 2,

L = Distance between Suspended Mass and Fulcrum

D = Height of End Surface
B = Width of End Surface
H = Total Depth of Quadrant
C = Centroid of End Surface
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

C. THEORY

Partial Immerged Vertical Plane Surface

Fulcrum

H
Quadrant

h’ h”
h
d C D
P
F

B
Figure 4: Partial Immersed Vertical Plane Surface

d = Depth of Immersion in Water

F = Hydrostatic Force exerted on Quadrant
h = Depth of Centroid from the Water Surface
h’ = Depth of Center of Pressure from the Water Surface
h” = Distance between Fulcrum and the Center of Pressure
For a partially immersed plane surface as shown in Figure 3,

A  Bd
d (10)
h
2
(11)

Therefore, the hydrostatic force, F (Equation 2) is simplified as:

Bd 2
Fg 2 (12)
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

Fully Immerged Vertical Plane Surface

Fulcrum

Quadrant
H

h
d D/2 h”
h
’
C D

F P

Figure 5: Fully Immersed Vertical Plane Surface

Referring to Figure 4,

D = Depth of Immersion in Water

F = Hydrostatic Force exerted on Quadrant
h = Depth of Centroid from the Water Surface
h’ = Depth of Center of Pressure from the Water Surface
h” = Distance between Fulcrum and the Center of
Pressure

The hydrostatic force of a fully immersed vertical plane surface, F is determined as:

F   g Ah   gBDd  D 
 
 2
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

D. PROCEDURE

No. Procedure
1. Place the Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus on top of a Table.

2. Make sure that the apparatus is installed properly as in Figure 5.

3. Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet facilitate by the spirit level attached.

4. Adjust the counter-weight to level the balance arm to horizontal position.

5. Make sure that the drain valve is closed and slowly add water into the tank until the
water surface just touches the quadrant base, thus establishing a datum level
corresponding to zero at the level scale.

6. Place a 50 g weight on the balance pan and slowly add water into the tank until the
balance arm is again horizontal.

7. Record the mass of weight, m and depth of immersion, d in Table 1.

8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 with increasing number of weights until the tank is full of water.

9. Drain off the water after the experiment is completed.

10. End of experiment.

F. DISCUSSION / EVALUATION & QUESTION

1. Briefly summarize the key results of each experiment
2. Explain the significance of your findings
3. Explain any unusual difficulties or problems which may have led to poor results
4. Offer suggestions for how the experimental procedure or design could be improved.
5. Compare your experimental values with theoretical values given
6. What will happen if Quadrant weight is increased?

G. CONCLUSION :
(Based on data and discussion, make your overall conclusion by referring to experiment objective.)

The conclusion for this lab is…

 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

EXPERIMENT 2

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Name : Date :
Matrix No:

DATA & RESULTS

Observation Table:

Height of Quadrant, D = m

Water Density = kg/m3

Width of Quadrant, B = m

Gravity = m/s2

Length of Balance, L = m

Quadrant to pivot, H = m

Table 1

Depth of Immersion Sketch

Mass,
Immersion , (Show water level Immersion Thrust, F
m
d and all Type (N)
kg
(m) dimensions)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel :
03-32806200 Faxs : 03- 03-32806400

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 3 - REYNOLD TEST
NAME

MATRIC NO.

A. OBJECTIVES

 To observe the laminar, transitional, turbulent flow and velocity profile

 To determine the exact Re number for each flows.

B. THEORY

There are in general three types of flow in pipes, Laminar, turbulent and transition flow. The type of
flow is determined from the Reynold Number by Professor Osborne Reynold (1883). Reynold number
formula is generally defined as :

𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑 or 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝑑
µ 𝑣

Where, Re = Reynold Number

ρ = Density (kg/m3)
V = Velocity based on the actual cross section area of the duct or pipe (m/s)
µ = Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)- 0.8 × 10−3𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
d = Hydraulic diameter (m) – 10mm

In Reynold experiment, the water from the tank was allowed to flow through the glass tube. The
velocity of flow was varied by the regulating valve. A liquid dye having same specific weight as water
was introduced into the glass tube as Figure 1.

Having three observations were made by experiment, Firstly when the velocity of flow was low, the
dye filament in the glass tube was in the form of straight line. This straight line of dye filament was
parallel to the glass tube, which was the case of laminar flow as shown in Figure 2 (a). Secondly, with
the increase of velocity of flow the dye-filament was no longer a straight-line but it become a wavy
one as show in Figure 2(b) This shows that flow is no longer laminar, which was the case of Transition
flow. Finally with further increase of velocity of flow, the wavy dye-filament broke-up and diffused
in water as shown
Figure 2 (b). This means that the fluid particles of the dye at this higher velocity are moving in random
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

fashion, which shows the case of turbulent flow. This in case of turbulent flow the maxing of dye-
filament and water is intense and flow is irregular, random and disorderly.

𝜌𝑉𝑑
The quantity , is dimensionless quantity, In case of circular pipe if 𝑅e <2000 the flow is laminar. 𝑅e
µ
between 2000 and 4000, the transition legion or state exists. If 𝑅e is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent.

C. APPARATUS
 Reynolds Machine
 Inlet pipe
 Bench feed
 Inlet Valve
 Flow control
 Syrup liquid
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

D. PROCEDURE
1. Fill the reservoir with dye, position the apparatus on the bench and connect the inlet pipe to
bench feed. Lower the dye injection until it is just above the bell mouth inlet. Close the flow
control valve. Open the bench inlet valve and slowly fill Head tank to the overflow level, then
close the inlet valve. Open and close flow control valve to admit water to the flow visualization
pipe. Allow the apparatus to stand at least ten minutes before proceedings
2. Open in inlet valve slightly until water trickles from the outlet pipe. Fractionally open the control
valve and adjust dye control valve until slow flow with dye indication is achieved. Measured and
note the flow rate
3. Repeat for increasing flow rates by progressively opening the flow control valve. Take a specific
measurement of flow rate at the critical condition.
4. Repeat the procedure for decreasing flow rates, taking a specific measurement af flow rate at the
critical condition.
E. DATA
a. Laminar Flow

Flow rate, Velocity in pipe, Reynolds Visual Dye Condition

Volume of
Time, T Q v Number (Sketch)
Water, V
(s) (m3/s) (m/s) Re = vd
(m3)
Q=V/t 

Average Re
b. Turbulent Flow

Flow rate, Velocity in pipe, Reynolds Visual Dye Condition

Volume of
Time, T Q v Number (Sketch)
Water, V
(s) (m3/s) (m/s) Re = vd
(m3)
Q=V/t 

Average Re
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar, Selangor Darul
Ehsan
Tel : 03-32806200 Faxs : 03- 03-32806400
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 4: UNIFORM FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNEL
NAME

MATRIC NO.

A. OBJECTIVES

Determine the Manning roughness coefficient for the wall surface and open channel.

B. THEORY

Uniform flow in the canal is the channel width and depth of water at the base is the same base on which
the section along the canal. In this case the velocity, n can be determined using the Manning formula, :

2 1
𝐴𝑚3 𝑖2
𝑄= 𝑛
Where : m = Hydraulic mean depth = A/P
A = Cross section area
P = Wetted perimeter = b + 2d
b = Width of the channel
d = depth of the channel
i = Bed of slope
n = Manning roughness coefficient

Manning roughness coefficient, n indicates the degree of roughness of a surface of the canal. Although
these values changes according to water depth, it is not obvious and can be regarded as equal.

C. APPARATUS
Open channel apparatus
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|

D. PROCEDURE

5. Start pump and open the valve slowly.

6. Get to the depth of water at any part along the channel is uniform. Use the gauge to make sure this
point.
7. Get the high of the water by using a point gauge and manometer reading, x for the each flow
determined.
8. Record the reading in the table provided
9. Get six (6) with increasing flow rate reading.

E. DATA

i. Slope =
Flow Depth of Area Cross Wet Hydraulic Manning Chezy’s
Rate, Q Water, H section, A Parameter gradient , roughness roughness
(m3/s) (m) (m2) (P) R (m) value, n value, C

Average roughness value

ii. Slope =
Flow Depth of Area Cross Wet Hydraulic Manning Chezy’s
Rate, Q Water, H section, A Parameter gradient , roughness roughness
(m3/s) (m) (m2) (P) R (m) value, n value, C

Average roughness value

F. DISCUSSION

1. Calculate the Manning roughness value

2. Compare and discus the value of nExperimental and n Theorycal =

NAME :
MATRIC NO. :
EXPERIMENT :
Marking: The marking of experiment is based on the ability conduct and to report technical information in a clear and concise manner. The percent of
marking of base of list below: (CLO3) (5%)
Criteria Excellent (4)
Introduction complete and
well-written; provides all
Introduction
necessary background
principles for the experiment
Well-written in paragraph
Procedure format, all experimental
details are covered
Data table and/or graph
Raw Data missing information and are
inaccurate.
Data presented clearly
Data along with excellent
analysis narrative. Accurate
explanation in calculation
All important trends and data
comparisons have been
Question
interpreted correctly and
and
discussed, good
Discussions
understanding of results is
conveyed
Conclusions missing or
missing the important points
Conclusions
All sources identified and
referenced
appropriately. Evidence of
References
careful and thorough research
for outside information.
Typed; clean; neatly bound in
Format a report cover; illustrations
provided
Hydraulics Laboratory 2|
LABORATORY MARKING SYSTEM
*********************************
Good(3) Fair (2) Poor (1-0) Mark
Report
Some introductory
Introduction is nearly Very little background
information, but still
complete, missing information provided or
missing some major
some minor points information is incorrect
points
Written in paragraph
Written in paragraph
format, important Missing several important
format, still missing some
experimental details experimental details or not
important experimental
are covered, some written in paragraph format
minor details missing details
Both complete, minor Data table and graph neatly
Both accurate, some ill-
inaccuracies and/or completed and totally
formed characters.
illegible characters. accurate.
Data presented clearly
following each All data present, but not in Missing or incomplete list,
procedure. sequence. Must search for not defined from user
Explanation in items. Error explanation in perspective or not verifiable.
calculation complete calculation Many error
and correct
Almost all of the
Some of the results have Very incomplete or
results have been
been correctly interpreted incorrect interpretation of
correctly interpreted
and discussed; partial but trends and comparison of
and discussed, only
incomplete understanding of data indicating a lack of
minor improvements
results is still evident understanding of results
are needed
Conclusions regarding All important conclusions All important conclusions
major points are drawn, have been drawn, could be have been clearly made,
but many are misstated, better stated student shows good
indicating a lack of understanding
understanding
All sources
identified. Only readily-
All sources identified
available works included. Sources not identified, not
and referenced
Some weaknesses in sufficiently thorough, not
appropriately. Include s
referencing, such as referenced properly, or not
mostly readily available
missing publisher used.
works.
information.
Legible writing, well-
Legible writing, some ill-
formed characters;
formed letters, print too Illegible writing; loose
clean and neatly
small or too large; papers pages
bound in a report
cover stapled together
Sum /32
Total Marks For Report /5
 Hydraulics Laboratory 2|
Marking: The marking of experiment is based on the ability conduct. The percent of marking of base of list below: (CLO3, PLO5,
P3, LD2) (10%)

Laboratory
Some part of the
experimental procedures
Group
Develops and followed, but occasional
Leadership Experimental Does not follow
implements logical oversight leads to loss of
(Experiment procedures often experimental
experimental experimental efficiency
Activity followed procedure
procedures and/or loss
Coordination) of data

Instrumentation
Some parts of and process
Is tentative in
Group Is able to operate instrumentation and equipment does not
operation of
Leadership instrumentation and process equipment are operate, does so
instruments and
(Tool Operation) process equipment not operative, requires incorrectly or
process equipment.
supervision requires frequent
supervision
High level of
Group
cooperation All members of Some members of Members work in
Teamwork
between all group cooperate group cooperate isolation
Cooperation) members of group
Group All members Responsibility for
Responsibility for Responsibility for
Teamwork shares group decisions is not
task is shared by group decisions is
(Decision responsibility for always shared by group
group shirked (to avoid)
Responsibility) group decision
Sum /16
Total Marks For Laboratory /10

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