is the geometry of three-

dimensional space, the kind

of space we live in ...
 is called three-
dimensional, or 3D
because there are
three dimensions:
width, depth and
height.

Properties
• Volume
(think of how much water it could hold)

• Surface Area
(think of the area you would have to paint)

 Types of Solids
⦿ Polyhedra
Solid made of flat surfaces. Each surface is a
polygon.

⦿ Non-Polyhedra
Solids have curved surfaces, or a mix of
curved and flat surfaces.

Polyhedra
a) Platonic Solids

b) Prisms

c) Pyramids
Non-Polyhedra

a) Sphere

b) Cylinder

c) Torus

d) Cone
 Platonic Solids
• is a convex polyhedron all its faces are
congruent convex regular polygons,

• none of its faces intersect except at their

edges, and

• the same number of faces meet at each

of its vertices.

The 5 Platonic Solids

Tetrahedron
• 4 Faces
• 4 Vertices
• 6 Edges

Cube
• 6 Faces
• 8 Vertices
• 12 Edges

The 5 Platonic Solids

Octahedron
• 8 Faces
• 6 Vertices
• 12 Edges

Dodecahedron

• 12 Faces
• 20 Vertices
• 30 Edges

The 5 Platonic Solids

Icosahedron

• 20 Faces
• 12 Vertices
• 30 Edges

Euler’s Formula: V–E+F=2

Polyhedron Vertices Edges Faces

Tetrahedron 4 6 4
Cube 8 12 6
Octahedron 6 12 8

Dodecahedron 20 30 12

Icosahedron 12 30 20
 Prisms A prism is a polyhedron,
which means all sides
should be flat.

No curved sides.

The cross section will be

a polygon (a straight-
edged figure).



These are all Prisms:

Cross-Section

Square Prism

Cube

Triangular Prism

Pentagonal Prism
Regular Prisms
- the cross section is regular or it is a
shape with equal edge lengths.

Irregular Prisms
- the cross section is irregular.

Irregular Pentagonal Prism

Pyramids
A pyramid is made by connecting a base to an
apex.
Types of Pyramids
There are many types of Pyramids, and they are named
after the shape of their base.

Triangular Pyramid

Square Pyramid

Pentagonal Pyramid
Right vs Oblique Pyramid
This tells you where the top (apex) of the
pyramid is. If the apex is directly above the
center of the base, then it is a Right
Pyramid, otherwise it is an Oblique
Pyramid.

Right Pyramid Oblique Pyramid

Regular vs Irregular Pyramid
This tells us about the shape of the base. If
the base is a regular polygon, then it is a
Regular Pyramid, otherwise it is an
Irregular Pyramid.

Regular Pyramid Irregular Pyramid

Sphere
Sphere Facts:
➢ It is perfectly symmetrical.
➢ It has no edges or vertices.
➢ It is not a polyhedron.
➢ All points on the surface
are the same distance from
the center.

 The Earth

The Planet Earth is

nearly a sphere,
except that it is
squashed a little at
the poles

It is a spheroid, which means it just misses out on

being a sphere because it isn't perfect in one direction
(in the Earth's case: North-South)
Other Cool Spheres…
Cylinder
Cylinder Facts:
➢ It has a flat base and a flat top.
➢ The base is the same as the top,
and also in-between.
➢ It has one curved side.
➢ Because it has a curved surface
it is not a polyhedron.

 It Doesn't Have to Be Circular…

Usually when we say Cylinder we mean a Circular
Cylinder, but you can also have Elliptical Cylinders.

You can even have stranger cylinders: if the cross-

section is curved and is the same from one end to the
other, then it will still be a cylinder.




Torus
Torus Facts:
➢ It can be made by revolving a
small circle along a line made by
another circle.
➢ It has no edges or vertices.
➢ It is not a polyhedron.

And did you know that Torus was the

Latin word for a cushion?

Note: If you have more than one

torus they are called TORI.

More Torus Images…

Cone
Cone Facts:
➢ It has a flat base.
➢ It has one curved side.
➢ Because it has a curved surface
it is not a polyhedron.
➢ A cone is made by rotating a
triangle.

•The pointy end of a

cone is called the
vertex or apex.

•The flat part is the

base.

•An object shaped like

a cone is said to be
conical.

Different Shaped Cones

 Cuboids, Rectangular Prisms
and Cubes

Surface Area:
AS = 2wd + 2dh + 2hw
Volume :
V = width × depth × height

 Example:
Find the volume and surface area of this cuboid.

V = 4×5×10
= 200 cu. units

AS = 2×4×5 + 2×5×10 + 2×10×4

= 40+100+80
= 220 sq. units





 Prisms

Lateral Area:
AL = Perimeter x length
Surface Area:
AS = AL + 2 x cross-sectional area
Volume :
V = Cross-sectional Area × Length

 Example:

What is the volume of a prism whose ends are 25 in2 and

which is 12 in long?

Volume = 25 in2 × 12 in
= 300 in3



 Pyramids

Surface Area:
AS = 1/2 × Perimeter × [Side Length] +
Base Area
Volume :
V = 1/3 × [Base Area] × Height

 Sphere

Surface Area:
AS = 4 × π × r2

Volume :
V = (4/3) × π × r3

 Torus

Surface Area:
AS = 4 × π2 × R × r

Volume :
V = 2 × π2 × R × r2

 Cone

Surface Area:
AS = π × r2 + π × r × s

Volume :
V = π × r2 × (h/3)