Chapter 3:

Solid Geometry
3.1 Basic Concepts of Solid
3.2 Measurements of Solids
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 In this chapter …
● We extend what we know about two-dimensional figures to three

dimensional shapes.

● We will define the different types of 3D shapes and their parts.

● We will find the surface area and volume of prisms, cylinders,

pyramids, cones, and spheres.

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 Basic Concepts of Solid
A solid is a three-dimensional figure bounded by surfaces
or plane figures.

As a review…

Two-dimensional figures are plane figures, or “flat” figures. A plane figure is

a flat figure that does not have depth to it.

Here are some examples of plane figures.

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 Then, there are three-dimensional figures or solid figures. Solid
figures are not limited to one plane and have depth. There are
many different types of solid figures.
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 3.1.1 Polyhedron
A polyhedron is a three-dimensional figure that is formed by
polygons that enclose a region in space.

⮚ Each polygon in a polyhedron is a face.

⮚ The line segment where two faces intersect

is an edge.
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⮚ The point of intersection of two edges is a

vertex.

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 POLYHEDRONS NON-POLYHEDRONS
⮚ Cube ⮚ Cones

⮚ Prism ⮚ Spheres

⮚ Pyramid ⮚ Cylinders
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Note: All prisms and pyramids are They have sides that are not
named by their bases. polygons.

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 3.1.1a Prism
● A prism is a polyhedron with two parallel , congruent

bases. The other faces, also called lateral faces, are

rectangles.
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 3.1.1b Pyramid
● A pyramid is a polyhedron with one base and the lateral

sides (all are triangular sides) meet at a common vertex.

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 Example 1: Determine if the following solids are
polyhedrons. If the solid is a polyhedron, name it and
find the number of faces, vertices and edges each has.
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 Solution:

a) The base is a triangle and all the sides are triangles, so this is a
polyhedron.
It is called triangular pyramid. There are 4 faces, 4 vertices and 6
edges.
b) This solid is also a polyhedron because all faces are polygons. The
bases are both pentagons, so it is a pentagonal prism. There are 7 faces,
10 vertices, and 15 edges.
c) This is a cylinder and has bases that are circles. Circles are not
polygons, so it is not a polyhedron.
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 3.1.2 Euler’s Theorem

● Notice that faces + vertices is two more that the number of edges. This is called
Euler’s Theorem, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
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 3.1.2 Euler’s Theorem
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 3.1.2 Euler’s Theorem
● Euler’s Formula for Polyhedra: this can be used to find the number
of vertices (V), faces (F), or edges (E) on a polyhedron:

F+V=E+2

If a figure does not satisfy Euler’s formula, the figure is

not a polyhedron.
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 heptagonal

9 14
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 Example 3:
A three-dimensional figure has 10 vertices, 5 faces, and 12 edges. Is
it a polyhedron?
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 3.1.3 Regular Polyhedra
A regular polyhedron is a polyhedron where all the faces are congruent
regular polygons.
All regular polyhedron are convex.
A concave polyhedron “caves in.”

⮚ There are five regular polyhedra called the Platonic solids, after the
Greek philosopher Plato.
⮚ Therefore, the only combinations are:
● 3, 4 or 5 triangles at each vertex,
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● 3 squares at each vertex or

● 3 pentagons.

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 5 Regular Polyhedron (Platonic Solids)
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 3.1.4 Cross-Sections
One way to “view” a three-dimensional figure in a two-dimensional
plane is to use cross-sections.
A cross-section is the intersection of a plane with a solid.
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c
b
a
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 3.1.5 Nets
A net is an unfolded, flat representation of the sides of a
three-dimensional shape.
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 Example 4:
What kind of figure does this net create?

Solution:
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 Example 5:
Draw a net of the right triangular prism below.
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