Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

LESSON – 2 PSYCHROMETRY

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Apply the different equipment use in HVAC system
2. Calculate air-conditioning load and ventilation requirement of a room and industrial spaces
3. Design HVAC system for buildings

OVERVIEW

LY
This lesson deals with the psychometric properties of moist air such as temperature, pressure, humidity ratio, relative

ON
humidity, specific volume, dew point temperature, enthalphy, and percent saturation. Equations and derivation of

ES
equations of each property are discussed and illustrated. Illustrative problems are presented after the discussion of each

OS
topic for applications.

RP
PU
Intended Learning Outcomes

M
OO
1. Define technical terms involving psychrometry;

SR
2. State the composition of humid air;

AS
3. Discuss the composition of atmosphere pressure;

CL
4. Define and differentiate the psychrometric properties of air;
R
5. Determine psychrometric properties by calculations using formulas such as the IHVE, Carrier, or ASHRAE;
FO

6. Define and use psychrometric chart;

.

7. Determine psychrometric properties of humid air using pschrometric chart;

PY

8. Solve problems in psychrometry provided at the end of the lesson.

CO
E

Lecture
TH
E

Definitions:
AR
SH

PSYCHROMETRY is the study of the properties of air and water vapor or moist air
D
AN

SATURATED AIR is an air condition that results in the condensation of water vapor into liquid when temperature is decrease. It
D
CE

is the condition of air which is saturated.

O DU

MOIST AIR is the mixture of dry air and water vapor.

PR
RE

DRY AIR is the non-condensable component of moist air.

TO

VAPOR is the condensable component of moist air; the water vapor or steam that may exist in a saturated state or
superheated state.
D
WE
LO

PSYCHROMETRICS literally means “pertaining to the measurement of cold” but in modern usage it refers to the state of the
AL

atmosphere with reference to moisture.

T
NO

PSYCHROMETRIC STANDARDS ADOPTED

E
AR

Density of Air 1.293 kg/cu.m at 101.325 kPaa and 0°C

U

Density of water 1000 kg/cu.m at 101.325 kPaa and 4°C

YO

998.23 kg/cu.m at 101.325 kPaa and 20°C

Barometric Pressure 101325 Paa
101.325 kPaa
Gas Constant, 𝑅 0.28708
.℃

Gas Constant of water vapor, 𝑅 0.4615

.℃

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 1 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

Air Composition

Air Components Proportions (% by Weight) 𝐤𝐠

Mol. Weight
𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥

Nitrogen 78.03 28.02

Oxygen 20.99 32.00
Carbon Dioxide 0.03 44.00
Hydrogen 0.01 2.02

LY
Argon 0.94 39.91

ON
𝐤𝐠
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AIR = 29.97
𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥

ES
OS
RP
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

PU
1. Temperature – refers to the temperature of moist air measured by the use of Psychrometer. Psychrometer is an

M
instrument consisting of two thermometers, one is used to measure the dry bulb temperature and the other is used

OO
measure the wet-bulb temperature of the air.

SR
AS
i. Dry – bulb Temperature (DB) – the actual temperature of air that is measured by an ordinary thermometer;

CL
or it is the temperature of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction
R
for radiation.
FO

ii. Wet-bulb Temperature (WB) – the temperature of air if it is saturated, which is measured by thermometer
.

whose bulb is wrapped with a wetted wick or cloth; or it is a temperature at which liquid or solid water, by
PY

evaporating into air, can bring the air saturation adiabatically at the same temperature
CO

2. Pressure - pertains to air ambient pressure; it is the barometric pressure or atmosphere pressure that is equal to 101.325
E
TH

kPaa at standard condition.

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE – states that in any mixture of miscible gases, the pressure exerted by
E
AR

gases on its contain is equal to the sum of its partial pressures of the gases.
SH
D
AN

Figure 3. A certain volume in space

D
CE
O DU
PR
RE
TO
D
WE
LO

Considering the Figure 3

AL
T

For total pressure, volume and temperature of moist air,

NO
E

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 ; 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 ; 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
AR
U

Where: 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
YO

𝑃 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

𝑃 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟, 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝑚
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝑚
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟, 𝑚
𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡, °𝐶

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 2 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

3. Specific Volume – the volume of a unit mass dry air
𝐕𝐚 𝐕𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝐓𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 𝐓𝐚
𝐯 𝐏𝐚 𝐕𝐚
𝐦 𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯
𝐑 𝐚 𝐓𝐚
Where: v = specific volume of dry air,
. .
m = mass of dry air, kg
P P P = partial pressure of dry air, kPaa
V = volume of dry air, m

LY
T = absolute temperature of dry air, °K

ON
R = gas constant of dry air, = 0.28708

ES
.° .°

OS
4. Humidity Ratio (moisture content, mixing ratio or specific humidity) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor and the mass of

RP
PU
dry air.
𝐏𝐯 𝐕𝐯

M
𝐤𝐉

OO
𝐦𝐯 𝐑 𝐯 𝐓𝐯 𝐑𝐚 𝐏𝐯 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟖
𝐤𝐠. °𝐊 𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐯

SR
𝐖 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝐦𝐚 𝐏𝐚 𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐯 𝐏𝐚 𝐤𝐉
𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯

AS
𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟓

CL
𝐑 𝐚 𝐓𝐚 𝐤𝐠. °𝐊
R
FO
Where: W = the humidity ratio,
m = mass of vapor, kg
.
PY

m = mass of dry - air, kg

CO

R gas constant of water vapor, = 0.4615

.°
E
TH

V =V
T =T
E
AR

R = gas constant of dry air, = 0.28708

SH

.° .°
D

5. Enthalpy of moist air is the sum of the enthalphy of dry air and the enthalpy of the water vapor.
AN

ASHRAE Formula
D
CE

𝐡 𝐜𝐩 𝐖𝐡𝐠 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐠

DU

Where: W = the humidity ratio,

O
PR

m = mass of vapor, kg
RE

m = mass of dry - air, kg

TO

R gas constant of water vapor, = 0.4615

.°
D
WE

V =V
LO

T =T
AL

R = gas constant of dry air, = 0.28708

.° .°
T
NO

IHVE ( INSTITUTE OF HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS) FORMULA

E
AR

𝒉 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝑾 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝒕 → 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 𝟎°𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝟔𝟎°𝑪

U
YO

𝒉 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒕 𝑾 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝒕 → 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 𝟏𝟎°𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝟎°𝑪

Where: h = enthalpy of the mixture or moist air,

t= dry-bulb temperature, °C
W = the humidity ratio,

2501 = average enthalpy of evaporation for water,

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 3 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

6. Relative Humidity is the ratio of partial pressure water vapor to that of the saturation pressure of water at a given dry-bulb
temperature.
𝐏𝐯
𝐑𝐇 ∅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐏𝐝

Where: RH = Ø = relative humidity

P = Partial pressure of water vapor at a given dry – bulb temperature, kPaa
P = Saturation pressure of water vapor at a given dry – bulb temperature, kPaa

LY
ON
IHVE ( INSTITUTE OF HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS) FORMULA

ES
OS
a.) For wet-bulb temperature, it is equal to or greater than zero (WB 0°C)

RP
𝟒
𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐖𝐁 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝐏𝐭 𝐃𝐁 𝐖𝐁

PU
b.) For wet – bulb temperature, it is less than zero (WB 0°C)

M
𝟒

OO
𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐖𝐁 𝟓. 𝟗𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝐏𝐭 𝐃𝐁 𝐖𝐁

SR
Where:

AS
P = Partial pressure of water vapor in the mixture of water vapor and dry air, kPaa

CL
P = Saturation pressure of water vapor at a temperature numerically equal to the wet-bulb temperature,
kPaa R
FO
P = Total pressure or the barometric pressure, kPaa
.

DB = Dry – bulb temperature, °C

PY

WB = Wet-bulb temperature, °C
CO

7. Dew - Point Temperature is the temperature at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begins. It is the
E

saturation temperature corresponding to the vapor partial pressure.

TH
E
AR

Figure 3. TS diagram (water

SH

vapor)
D
AN
D
CE
O DU
PR
RE
TO
D
WE
LO
AL
T
NO

8. Percent Saturation is the ratio of the air humidity ratio, W, to the humidity ratio, 𝑊 of saturated air at the same temperature
E
AR

and pressure.
𝐏𝐯
U

𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
YO

𝐖 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐝 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐝
𝐔 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝐑𝐇
𝐖𝐬 𝐏𝐝 𝐏𝐝 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯 𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐯
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝐏𝐭 𝐏𝐝
Where:
U = Percent Saturation %
W = the humidity ratio of saturated vapor at a given DB temperature
W = humidity ratio of moist air a given DB temperature

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 4 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Psychrometric Chart – is the graphical representation of the psychrometric properties wherein the humidity ratio is the
ordinate and the dry-bulb temperature is the abscissa.

Three psyschrometric charts are commonly used, namely the ASHRAE psychrometric chart, the IHVE psychrometric chart,
and the CARRIER psychrometric chart.

LY
Available psychrometric charts are used to determine the properties of moist air at standard atmospheric pressure at

ON
101.325 kPa.

ES
OS
RP
PU
Figure 4. Psychrometric Chart
(Carrier Format)

M
OO
SR
AS
CL
R
FO
.
PY
CO
E
TH
E
AR
SH
D
AN
D
CE
O DU

The following symbols are used for the properties of moist air.
PR

h = enthalpy, kJ/kg
RE

W = humidity ratio, kg/kg d.a.

TO

RH = relative humidity, %
DB = dry-bulb temperature, °C
D
WE

WB = wet – bulb temperature, °C

LO

v = Specific volume
AL

.
DP = dew – point temperature, °C
T
NO

SHR = sensible heat ratio

E
AR

Wet- bulb Depression is the difference between the readings of the dry and wet bulb temperatures
U
YO

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 5 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

ADIABATIC SATURATION AND THERMODYNAMIC WET-BULB TEMPERATURE

Adiabatic Saturator is a device in which air flows through a spray of water.

Figure 5. Illustrates an adiabatic

saturator

LY
ON
ES
OS
RP
PU
M
OO
SR
AS
CL
R
FO
.
PY
CO
E
TH
E
AR
SH

The water circulates continuously, and the spray provides so much surface area that the air leaves the spray chamber in
equilibrium with the water, with respect to both temperature and vapor pressure.
D
AN

The device is adiabatic in that the walls of the saturator are insulated, and no heat is added to or extracted from it, and water line
D
CE

that circulates the water from the pump back to the sprays.
O DU

The temperature of the make-up water is controlled so that it is the same as that in the pump.
PR
RE

After the adiabatic saturator has achieved a steady state condition, the temperature indicated by an accurate thermometer
TO

immersed in the pump is the thermodynamic wet – bulb temperature.

D
WE

Figure 6. Psychometric Diagram of

LO

Adiabatic Saturator
AL
T
NO
E
AR
U
YO

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 6 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

STRAIGHT – LINE LAW

The Straight – Line Law states that when air is transferring heat and mass (water) to or from a wetted surface, the condition of the
air shown on a psychrometric chart drives toward the saturation line at the temperature of the wetted surface (Stoeker, 1982)

Figure 7. Psychometric
Diagram for straight – line law

LY
ON
ES
OS
RP
PU
M
OO
SR
AS
CL
R
FO
.
PY
CO
E
TH
E
AR
SH
D
AN
D
CE

Sample Problem.
O DU

1. Calculate the moisture content of moist air at 20°C DB, 15°C WB, and 95 kPaa barometric pressure.
PR

2. Calculate the humidity ratio of a moist air at 65% RH and 34°C DB when the barometric pressure is 101.3 kPaa. Determine
RE

the enthalpy
TO

3. What is the specific volume of an air – vapor mixture at 30°C and a relative humidity of 40% at 101.3 kPa barometric
pressure.
D
WE
LO

4. A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at a temperature of 21°C under a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPaa. The dew –
AL

point temperature is 15°C

Find :
T
NO

a.) The partial pressure of water vapor;

E

b.) The relative humidity;

AR

c.) The humidity ratio;

U

d.) The enthalpy

YO

e.) The specific volume; and

f.) The degree of saturation.

5. An air – vapor mixture has a DB temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio of 0.015 kg/kg d.a. Calculate for two different
barometric pressures 85 kPaa and 101 kPaa, a) the enthalpy; and b) the dew point temperature.

6. A certain air in space has a DB temperature of 34°C and a WB temperature of 25 °C. Using the psychrometric chart,
determine the
a.) Relative humidity
b.) Dew point temperature
c.) Humidity ratio
d.) Specific volume
e.) enthalpy

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 7 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

HEATING VENTILATING AIR-CONDITIONING MEE-3

7. A sample air has a dry – bulb temperature of 30°C and wet bulb temperature of 25°C. The barometric pressure is 101
kPa. Calculate the
a.) Humidity ratio if this air is adiabatically saturated
b.) Enthalpy of the air if it is adiabatically saturated
c.) Humidity ratio
d.) Partial pressure of water in the sample
e.) Relative humidity

LY
ON
ES
OS
RP
PU
M
OO
SR
AS
CL
R
FO
.
PY
CO
E
TH
E
AR
SH
D
AN
D
CE
O DU
PR
RE
TO
D
WE
LO
AL
T
NO
E
AR
U
YO

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 8 of 8 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer