4.lecture # 04, (Th+Lab)

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 1
ENGINEERING DRAWING & GRAPHICS

(ME-105)
Lecture Notes
By
Engr. Arshad Ali Azeemi
Lecturer Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: arshadaliuet@gmail.com

SOLIDS
A solid has three dimension; length, width, and thickness. To represent a solid on a
plat surface having only length and width, at least two orthographic view are
necessary. Sometimes, additional views projected on auxiliary planes become
necessary to make the description of a solid completely.
This chapter deals with:
1. Types of Solids
2. Projections of Solids in Simple Positions
a. Axis Perpendicular to H.P
b. Axis Perpendicular to V.P
c. Axis Parallel to both H.P and V.P
3. Projections of Solids with axes inclined to one reference planes and
parallel to the other
a. Axis inclined to the V.P and parallel to H.P
b. Axis inclined to the H.P and parallel to V.P
4. Projections of solids with axes inclined to both H.P and V.P
5. Projections of Spheres
TYPES OF
TYPES OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
Broadly there are two types of solids
I. POLYHEDRA
A solid that is bounded by planes (faces) as flat surfaces and are polygons.
A. Regular Polyhedron
When all the faces are equal and regular, the polyhedron is called regular.
All faces shall be regular polygons of the same size and shape, and the solid
itself shall be symmetrical all around.
• Tetrahedron has 4 equilateral triangles of the same size
• Cube or Hexahedron has 6 equal squares
• Octahedron has 8 equilateral triangles of the same size
• Dodecahedron has 12 regular pentagons of the same size
• Icosahedron has 20 equilateral triangles of the same size

TYPES OF
TYPES OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
B. Irregular Polyhedron
At least one face is either an irregular polygon or a different shaped polygon
than the other faces.
a) Prisms
This is a polyhedron having two similar polygons (faces) of the same size and
parallel to one another called its ends or bases, the corresponding sides of
which are connected/joined by other faces which are parallelograms.
A regular prism is the one that has regular polygons as bases. All its faces are
equal rectangles. (Triangular, Square, Pentagon, Hexagon)
An irregular prism is the one that has irregular polygons as bases.
A right prism is the one that has the axis perpendicular to the bases. All its faces
are equal rectangles.
An oblique prism is the one that has the axis inclined to the bases.

TYPES OF
TYPES OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
b) Pyramids
Has on polygon as a base, the sides of which are connected to triangles that are
also joined together side by side and have one common apex.
OR
This is a polyhedron having a plane figure as a base and a number of triangular
faces meeting at a point called the vertex or apex. The imaginary line
joining the apex with the centre of the base is its axis.
A regular pyramid is the one that has a regular polygon as base.
An irregular pyramid is the one that has an irregular polygon as base.
A right pyramid is the one that has the axis perpendicular to the base. Its faces
are all equal isosceles triangles.
An oblique pyramid is the one that has the axis inclined to the base.
Prisms and pyramids are named according to the shape of their bases, as
triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal etc.
TYPES OF
TYPES OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
II. SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
Solid that are generated by rotating a plane about a line for one revolution.
A. Cylinder
A right circular cylinder is generated by revolution/rotating a rectangle about
one of its side which remain fixed for one complete revolution. It has two
equal circular bases. The line joining the centres of the bases is called axis.
It is perpendicular to the bases. And one single curved surface.
B. Cone
A right circular cone is a solid generated by revolution/rotating a right angled
triangle about one of its perpendicular arms/side which is fixed for one
complete revolution. It has one circular base. Its axis joins the apex with
the centre of the base to which it is perpendicular. Straight lines drawn
from the apex to the circumference of the base-circle are all equal and
called generators of the cone. The length of the generator is the slant height
of the cone.
TYPES OF
TYPES OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
C. Sphere
A sphere is a solid generated by revolution/rotating a semi-circle about its
diameter as the axis for one complete revolution. The mid-point of the
diameter is the centre of the sphere. All points on the surface of the sphere
are equidistant from its centre.
D. Frustum
When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, thus
removing the top portion, the remaining portion is called its frustum.
E. Truncated
When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to the base it is said to be truncated.

SOLIDS
To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,
those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called apex.
Cylinder Cone
Prisms Pyramids
Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal
Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge
Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.
Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
NOTE
Here mostly right and regular solids are
dealt with. Hence, when a solid is
named without any qualifications, it
should be understood as being right and
regular

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
POSSIBLE POSITIONS:
A. Position of Axis w.r.t. H.P.

• Parallel to the H.P.
• Perpendicular to the H.P.
• Inclined to the H.P.
B. Position of Axis w.r.t. V.P.

• Parallel to the V.P.
• Perpendicular to the V.P.
• Inclined to the V.P.

POSITIONS OF A SOLID WITH RESPECT TO THE TWO PLANES:
1. Axis parallel to both planes
2. Axis perpendicular to one plane (must be parallel to the other plane)

i. Axis perpendicular to the H.P. (must be parallel to the V.P.)
ii. Axis perpendicular to the V.P. (must be parallel to the H.P.)
3. Axis Inclined to one plane and parallel to the other plane

i. Axis inclined to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P.
ii. Axis inclined to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P.
4. Axis inclined to both planes

We Will discuss only the projections of solids in

simple position:
1. Axis perpendicular to the H.P
2. Axis perpendicular to the V.P
3. Axis Parallel to both the H.P and V.P
AND
4. Projections of Solids with Axis Inclined to one of
the Reference Planes and Parallel to other

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS IN SIMPLE POSITION
A solid in simple position may have its axis perpendicular to one reference
plane or parallel to both. When the axis is perpendicular to one reference
plane, it is parallel to the other. Also, when the axes of a solid is
perpendicular to a plane, its base will be parallel to that plane. We have
already seen that when a plane is parallel to a reference plane, its
projection on that plane shows its true shape and size.
Therefore, the projection of a solid on the plane to which its axis is
perpendicular, will show the true shape and size of its base.
Hence, when the axis is perpendicular to the ground, i.e. to the H.P., the T.V
should be drawn first and F.V projected from it.
When the axis is perpendicular to the V.P., the F.V should be drawn first. The
T.V should then be projected from it.
When the axis is parallel to both the H.P and V.P., neither the T.V nor the F.V
will show the actual shape of the base. In this case, the projection of solid
on auxiliary plane (side view) must be drawn first. The F.V and the T.V are
then projected from the side view. The projection in such cases may be
drawn in two stages.
Problem
13-1
13-2
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8
Tuesday, January 02, 2018
13-9 18
ALWAYS DRAW THE VIEW IN
WHICH THE TRUE SIZE AND
SHAPE OF THE BASE IS SEEN

Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 50 mm long, has its axis
parallel to both the planes. One rectangular face of the prism makes an angle of
30o with the V.P. Draw its projections.
x y

Example 1:
x1
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
30°
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
30°
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e"
d"
30°
a"
c"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e"
j"
d"
30° i"
f"
a"
h"
c"
g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e"
j"
d"
30° i"
f"
a"
h"
c"
g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e"
j"
d"
30° i"
f"
a"
h"
c"
g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' e"
j"
d' d"
30° i"
a'
f"
a"
c' h"
c"
b' g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
a f
b g
e j
c h
d i
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
a f
b g
e j
c h
d i
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
a f
b g
e j
c h
d i
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
a f
b g
e j
c h
d i
y1

Example 1:
x1
e' j' e"

j"
d' i' d"
30° i"
a' f'
f"
a"
c' h' h"

c"
b' g' g"
b"
x y
a f
b g
e j
c h
d i
y1

Example 2:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 50 mm long, has its base in
the H.P. One rectangular face of the prism is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its
projections.
x y

Example 2:
projections.
x y

Example 2:
projections.
x y
c
h b
g
d i
f
j a
e

Example 2:
projections.
d' e' a'

c' b'
h' g'
x y
i' j' f'
c
h b
g
d i
f
j a
e

Projections of Solids with Axes Inclined to One of the Reference Planes and
Parallel to the Other
When a solid has its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, its
projections are drawn in two stages;
1. In the initial stage, the solid is assumed to be in simple position, i.e., its
axis perpendicular to one of the planes.
2. Having drawn the projections of the solid in its simple position, the final
projections may be obtained by one of the following methods;
i. Alteration of Position
ii. Alteration of Reference Line or Auxiliary plane.
Problem: 13-10, 13-11, 13-12, 13-12

Problem 13-10: Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25mm side
and axis 50mm long, resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P., with the
axis inclined at 45 to V.P.
Problem 13-11: draw the projections of a cylinder 75mm diameter and 100mm
long, lying on the ground with its axis inclined at 30 to the V.P. and parallel to
the ground.
Problem 13-12: A hexagonal pyramid, base 25mm side and axis 50mm long,
has an edge of its base on the ground. Its axis is inclined at 30 to the ground and
parallel to the V.P. Draw its projections.
Problem 13-13: Draw the projections of a cone, base 75mm diameter and axis
100mm long, lying on the H.P. on one of its generators with the axis parallel to
the V.P.

Example 3:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 50 mm long, has a side of
base in the H.P. The axis of the prism is inclined at 45o to the H.P. and parallel to
the V.P. Draw its projections.
x y

Example 3:
x y
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 3:
d' e' a'

c' o' b'
h' p' g'

x y
i' j' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 3:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i p o
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 4:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 50 mm
long, has a side of base in the H.P. and inclined at 60o to the
V.P. The axis of the prism is inclined at 45o to the H.P. Draw
its projections.

Example 4:
base in the H.P. and inclined at 60o to the V.P. The axis of the prism is inclined at
45o to the H.P. Draw its projections.
x y

Example 4:
x y
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 4:
d' e' a'

c' o' b'
h' p' g'

x y
i' j' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c
h b
g
o
d i
p
f
j a
e

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i p o
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
60
°
c h c
h b g b
g
o i d
d i p o
p
f
j a f a
e j e

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
e'
d' e' a' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a'
b'
i'
h'
j'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
d'
e'
e' a' e' c'
d' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a' b'
b'
a'
i' i'
h'
j' j'
h'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f' f' g'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
d'
e'
e' a' e' c'
d' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a' b'
b'
a'
i' i'
h'
j' j'
h'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f' f' g'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
d'
e'
e' a' e' c'
d' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a' b'
b'
a'
i' i'
h'
j' j'
h'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f' f' g'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
d'
e'
e' a' e' c'
d' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a' b'
b'
a'
i' i'
h'
j' j'
h'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f' f' g'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Example 4:
d'
d'
e'
e' a' e' c'
d' c'
c' o' b'
o'
a' b'
b'
a'
i' i'
h'
j' j'
h'
p'
45°
h' p' g' g'
x y
i' j' f' f' f' g'
60
°
h
c h c
h b g b i
g g
c
o i d
d i p o d
p
b
f
j f
j a f a
e j e
e a

Assignment # 03
Exercise 13(a): Problem # 3, 4, 5, 6,

Page # 279

Quiz # 03 (Th)
01-01-2018
Monday

Tuesday, January 02, 2018
PROJECTIONS
OF
SOLIDS

4.lecture # 04, (Th+Lab)

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Tuesday, January 02, 2018 1

ENGINEERING DRAWING & GRAPHICS

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 2

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 5

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 6

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 10

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 13

A. Position of Axis w.r.t. H.P.

B. Position of Axis w.r.t. V.P.

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 14

2. Axis perpendicular to one plane (must be parallel to the other plane)

3. Axis Inclined to one plane and parallel to the other plane

4. Axis inclined to both planes

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 15

We Will discuss only the projections of solids in

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e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 29

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 30

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 31

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 32

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 33

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 34

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 35

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 36

e' j' e"

c' h' h"

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 37

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 38

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 39

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 40

d' e' a'

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 41

Problem: 13-10, 13-11, 13-12, 13-12

Tuesday, January 02, 2018 42