8.lecture # 08, (TH)

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 1
ENGINEERING DRAWING & GRAPHICS

(ME-105)
Lecture Notes
By
Engr. Arshad Ali Azeemi
Lecturer Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: arshadaliuet@gmail.com

Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of
Cone: (Sector of circle)
triangles)
D
D
H= Height D = base diameter 
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
 = R 3600
L
H
S S H= Height S = Edge of
base Cube: Six Squares.
Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles
All sides
equal in length

FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
 = R 3600
L
R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.

INTRODUCTION
Imagine that a solid is enclosed in a wrapper of thin material, such as paper.
If this covering is opened out and laid on a flat plane, the flattened-out paper
is the development of the solid.
Thus, when surfaces of a solid are laid out on a plane the figure obtained is
called its development.
Fig. 15-1 shows a square prism covered with paper in process of being
opened out. Its development (fig. 15-2) consists of four equal rectangles for
the faces and two similar squares for its ends.
Each figure shows the true size and shape of the corresponding surface of
the prism. The development of a solid, thus represents the actual shape of all
its surfaces which, when bent or folded at the edges, would form the solid.
Hence, it is very important to note that every line on the development must
be the true length of the corresponding edge on the surface.

INTRODUCTION
“The development of surface of an object means the unrolling and
unfolding of all surfaces of the object on a plane.”
“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape thus
obtained is called the development of that solid.”
In other words, the development of a solid is the shape of a plain sheet

that by proper folding could be converted into the shape of the concerned
solid.
• A layout of the complete surface of an object is called a

development or pattern.
• The layout of only the sides without the top or bottom is called the
lateral surface.

INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of development of surfaces is essential in many
industries such as automobile, aircraft, ship building, packing and
sheet-metal work.
In construction of boilers, bins, process-vessels, hoppers, funnels,
chimneys etc., the plates are marked and cut according to the
developments which, when folded, form the desired objects.
The form of the sheet obtained by laying all the outer surfaces of the
solid with suitable allowances for the joints is known as pattern.
Only the surfaces of polyhydra (such as prisms and pyramids) and
single-curved surfaces (as of cones and cylinders) can be accurately
developed. Warped and double-curved surfaces are undeveloped. These
can however be approximately developed by them up into a number of
parts.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the following topics:
1. Methods of development
2. Development of lateral surfaces of right solids
3. Development of transition pieces
4. Spheres (approximate method)

METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
The following are the principal methods of development:
1. Parallel-line Development: It is employed in case of prisms and
cylinders in which stretch-out-line principle is used. Lines A-A and
A1-A1 in fig. 15-2 are called stretch-out lines.
2. Radial-line Development: It is used for pyramids and cones in
which the true length of the slant edge or the generator is used as
radius.
3. Triangulation Development: This is used to develop transition
pieces. This is simply a method of dividing a surface into a number
of triangles and transferring then into the development.
4. Approximate Method: It is used to develop objects of double
curved or warped surfaces as sphere, paraboloid, ellipsoid,
hyperboloid and helicoid.
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF RIGHT
SOLIDS
The methods of drawing developments of surfaces of various solids

are explained by means of the following typical problems.
Only the lateral surfaces of the solids (except the cube) have been
developed. The ends or bases have been omitted. They can be
easily incorporated if required.

CUBE
The development of the surface of a cube consists of six equal
squares, the length of the side of the squares being equal of the
edge of the cube.
Problem 15-1 AND Problem 15-2

Problem 15-1

Problem 15-2

PRISMS
Development of the lateral surface of a prism consists of the same

number of rectangles in contact as the number of the sides of the
base of the prism.
One side of the rectangle is equal to the length of the axis and the
other side equal to the length of the side of the base.
Problem 15-3 (Module 34)

Problem 15-3 (Module 34)

CYLINDERS
The development of the lateral surface of a cylinder is a rectangle

having one side equal to the circumference of its base-circle and
the other equal to its length.
Problem 15-8
Problem 15-9

Problem 15-8

Problem 15-9

PYRAMIDS
The development of the lateral surface of a pyramid consists of a
number of equal isosceles triangles in contact. The base and the
sides of each triangle are respectively equal to the edge of the base
and the slant edge of the pyramid.
Method of Drawing the Development of the Lateral Surface of a Pyramid:
1. With any point O as centre and radius equal to the true length of the
slant edge of the pyramid, draw an arc of the circle. With radius equal
to the true length of the side of the base, step-off (on this arc) the same
number of divisions as the number of sides of the base.
2. Draw lines joining the division-points with each other in correct
sequence and also with the centre for the arc. The figure thus found
(excluding the arc) is the development of the lateral surface of the
pyramid.
Problem 15-15
Problem 15-16
Problem 15-15

Problem 15-16

Quiz # 04 (Th)
15-01-2018
Monday

Assignment # 04
Q # 01: Explain in detail the isometric projections?
Q # 02: What is meant by development of surfaces?

Explain.
(Last Date for Submission 22-01-2018)

DEVELOPMENT
OF
SURFACES

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Wednesday, January 17, 2018 1

ENGINEERING DRAWING & GRAPHICS

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 2

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 10

R= Base circle radius of cone

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 11

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 12

In other words, the development of a solid is the shape of a plain sheet

• A layout of the complete surface of an object is called a

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 14

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 15

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 16

The methods of drawing developments of surfaces of various solids

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Wednesday, January 17, 2018 22

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 23

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 27

Development of the lateral surface of a prism consists of the same

Problem 15-3 (Module 34)

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 28

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 29

The development of the lateral surface of a cylinder is a rectangle

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 30

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 31

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 32

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 34

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 35

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 38

Q # 02: What is meant by development of surfaces?

(Last Date for Submission 22-01-2018)

Wednesday, January 17, 2018 39

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