 KK

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ‬

ً
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬،‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺑﻴﺔ‬
 
‫ ﺫﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﳛﻴﻰ ﻻﻝ‬.‫ ﺩ‬.‫ﺃ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬

٩٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬

ً
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﺫﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﳛﻴﻰ ﻻﻝ‬.‫ ﺩ‬.‫ﺃ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ،‫א‬CD–ROM،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E ٢٥F‫א‬،E ٢٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
  KK

 
Effectiveness of a Program in the Multimedia Technology on
Achieving and Developing the Skills of Producing Phonetically
Synchronized Slides for Students of the Faculty of Education Umm
Al-Qura University

Professor. Zakariya Y. Lal

Abstract:
The study targets probing the effectiveness of multimedia in school
achievement and developing the skills of producing phonetically
synchronized slides for students of the Faculty of Education Um Al-Qura
University in Saudi Arabia . Further, it aims at determining the
effectiveness of technological multimedia program for developing the
skills of designing and producing phonetically synchronized sides where
achievement test of academic substance ,and preparing a monitor card for
evaluating the students performance in the skills of designing and
producing slides alongside a program on a CD FOR EVALUTING
CONTENT. actually, the study sample has been specified as two groups,
normative (up to 25 student) and experimental (up to 25 students).
The researcher has applied the study to the sample. The study results
show that there is no potential difference statistically indicative among
the average grades of the two groups before initiating the application of
the programs. This in fact, assures homogeneity and equivalence in
academic substance between the two groups. Additionally, the study has
revealed a potential difference statistically indicative among the average
grades of the two groups in favor of the experimental group which has
been taught by means of the technological program. Finally, the study
was concluded by pointing out the most important recommendations and
proposals whereby hoped -for benefit may be gained.

١١٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK‫א‬
،F،٪٨٦‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 Navigation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Computer Data Base
، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Links‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Hofutetter, 1995,P–3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nodes
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢،٢٠٠٠،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Active Learning ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬meaningful
،‫א‬،،‫א‬،
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
  KK

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?? 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Verbal Encoding ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Visual Encoding
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣،٢٠٠١،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Mayer , 2001,P.5) ، Delivery media ‫א‬ ‫א‬ –١
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Lewis, 1993, p.340)
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬KKK‫א‬
‫א‬W( Presentation Models)‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 KE Tessmer, 1998, P.80)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Sensory Mediation ‫א‬ ‫א‬ –٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ( Galbreath , 1992,p.15)
 Multi senses ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١٣٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KE١٧٥،١٩٩٨،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،  ،  F        ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬KK،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 WSound MediumW‫א‬‫א‬–١
    E١٨١ ،١٩٨٤ ،F   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E ‫א‬F   ،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ??‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤
  KK

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٢٩،٢٠٠١،F
 WText Medium‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( Vaughan, 1994, p.23)
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( Tway, 1995, P.35F  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 WStill images & Graphic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬(Brevetion,2001,p.131)

١٥٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 WAnimation‫א‬‫א‬–٤
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
zoom ( in – out)‫א‬‫א‬Fade (in– out)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dissolve‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 KE٢٥،١٩٩٨،‫א‬F
،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٥،١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אמ‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(Streibel , 1998, p.297)‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦١،١٩٩٨،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 constructivism‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Hannum, 2001, p.25F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦
  KK

‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Kahn & Friedman,1998, p.163)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( Aggrawal, 1997, P.356F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬individualization‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٢١،١٩٩٩،‫א‬F
 ،E٣٦،١٩٩٥،‫א‬FW‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Milheim,1995,p.7F،(Nelson,1998, p.250)(Shellnit & et.al,1999,p.186)
‫א‬،EMcconnell,2000.p.2)،E٢٦٦،١٩٩٨،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٤٠–٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٥٩،١٩٩٨،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١٧٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨
  KK

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٠{٠١F
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ –١
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ –٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ –١
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    –٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  –٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 K
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠
  KK

‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ –٤

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٢
 KE١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CD.ROM  –٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ٢٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤٢٢–١٤٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 –‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W ‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
W‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،VGA
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 K٢٠٠١––
، ، W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣٥positive
، ،٥C٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢
  KK

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬–٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٨

٢٣٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫–א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬EWatkin, 1996F
CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E ٥٩F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( McDonald, 1997)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
  KK

ZFLinconNebraska‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ٢٩٨
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( Fabry, 1998)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Allen,1998)‫א‬
،E٧٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Texas)،F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( Korfiatis , et .al 1999)   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬(Alonki)‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Buckly, 2000)   ‫א‬‫א‬
Stanford??‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٢
‫א‬‫א‬??E  ٢٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،E F‫א‬٨٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬٤٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٤٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٧،F‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٦
  KK

‫א‬( Lavoie , Good , 1988)‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬٤٦F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?(Fraynierz & Lockwood,1992)? ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ٥٨F‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Mayor, Taylor,1995)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

٢٧٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EWatkins,1996)‫א‬،( Buckly, 2000)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EAllen,1998)
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EMcDonald,1996F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ E١٩٩٧،F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٩٣،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠٠١،F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨
  KK

‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬ F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٩٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

––E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬F
E٢٠٠١
‫א‬E٧–٥F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،،  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
،E‫א‬١٥F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬١٢F‫א‬،‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠
  KK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،E٠{٨٩١F‫א‬،E٦٤٠،١٩٩٨
E٠{٩٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–٥
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،   ‫א‬E١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬E٨٥F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٠{٧٩F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦
،E ٢٥FW،  ‫א‬
 KE٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬،E ٣F
 K‫א‬

٣١٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–٨
،١٩٧٨،‫א‬F??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦٧
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٤،٢٠٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ :
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬
 ٠{٩٨ ١{٨٧ ٤{٣ ٢٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ١{٥١  ٤{٠٦  ٢٥  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢
  KK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬
 ٠{٨٨ ١{٨١ ٣{٣ ٢٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ١{٧٦  ٣{٠٨  ٢٥  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ :
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬

٣٣٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬
 ٠,٠٥‫א‬٦{٣ ٣{٤١ ٤٢{١١ ٢٥ ‫א‬
 ٤{٦١  ٣٨{٩١  ٢٥  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬E٦{٣F‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٠{٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  –٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤
  KK

 E٤F
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬
 ٢١{٤٣ ٥{٤١ ٦١{١٧ ٢٥ ‫א‬
E٠{٠١F‫א‬  ١٤{٣٢  ٤٢{٩١  ٢٥  ‫א‬

E٠{٠١F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٥٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E١٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬–٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KBlakes Modified Gain Ratio?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬KE١٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 KE٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦
  KK

 E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١{٩١ ١{٨٧  ٤{٣  ٤{٢ ٢٥  
٣{٤١ ٤٢{١١  ٢٥ 
 ١{٢٢ ١{٨١  ٣{٣١  ٨٥ ٢٥  
٥{٤١ ٦١{١٧ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬E٢–١F
‫א‬‫א‬E٥F  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٢{١١،٤{٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٩١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١{٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

٣٧٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EF 
،
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٨
  KK

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٦٥W٢٠٠٠،‫א‬F
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
KKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

٣٩٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٨F، ‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،
 K‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠٠١F‫א‬‫א‬،–
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٧F،‫א‬‫א‬،–
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬WE٢٠٠٠F،‫א‬–
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWE٢٠٠٠F،،  ‫א‬،–
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٨F،‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٨F  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٨F،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٩F‫א‬،‫א‬–
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٨٤FK،–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٨F‫א‬،–
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٧٨F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬WE١٩٩٣F،–
‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠
  KK

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠٠١F،–
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٧٩–١٤٧،٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٨F،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠١F،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٥F‫א‬،‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?WE٢٠٠١F،–
‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٩–١٥،٧٢،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠٠٠F،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٢F،‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٩٩F،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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٤٣٢٠٠٦–١٤٢٦‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٤