Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education

Module for Introduction to Linguistics

A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES

(PEC111)
Module for BEED 1, BSE 1, BPED 1, and AB Psychology 1

Module Title:
Intelligence and Intelligence Theories

I. INTRODUCTION:
Good morning, student! I hope that you enjoyed reading our first three modules. Today,
we will explore the concept of intelligence.

Intelligence is one of the most talked-about subjects in psychology, but no standard

definition exists. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general
ability. Other theories of intelligence hold that intelligence encompasses a range of aptitudes,
skills, and talents.

In this module, we will explore various theories related to intelligence and the factors that
affect the cognitive development of children.

II. PRE-DISCUSSION ACTIVITY:

What words could you associate with the term, intelligence?

III. DISCUSSION:

A. What is Intelligence?
• Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an
important component of intelligence.
• Recognize problems: To put knowledge to use, people must be able to identify possible
problems in the environment that need to be addressed.
• Solve problems: People must then be able to take what they have learned to come up
with a useful solution to a problem they have noticed in the world around them
B. What is Individual Difference?
• Individual differences refer to the extent and type of distinctions among individuals on
some of the significant psychological traits, personal characteristics, cognitive and
emotional components.

• Dissimilarity is principle of nature. No two persons are alike. All the individuals differ
from each other in many aspects.
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

C. What are the factors that make us individually different?

1. Heredity: An individual’s height, size, shape and color of hair, shape of face, nose, hands
and legs so to say the entire structure of the body is determined by his heretical qualities.
Intellectual differences are also to a great extent influenced by hereditary factor.

2. Environment: It does not refer only physical surroundings but also it refers the different
types of people, society, their culture, customs, traditions, social heritage, ideas and
ideals.

3. Nationality: Asian parents tend to be more authoritative whereas Western parents tend to
be more permissive. As a result, Asians adults and Western adults become different in
terms of personality and behavior.

Japanese, Koreans, and Chinese:

What are their differences in terms of physical traits?

The face Japanese people tend to be wider, long and triangular, while Koreans have
square chins, more prominent jaws and higher cheekbones. The Chinese tend to have a
rounder face. Japanese eyes tend to be tilted upwards, unlike the Chinese who tend to be
tilted downwards. Koreans, on the other hand, have smaller eyes.

4. Gender: A 2013 study shows that about 18 percent of women share similar personalities
with men, and 18 percent of men share similar personalities with women. But the
majority of women have personality traits that are quite distinct from those of men, and
vice versa, the researchers say. Men tend to be more dominant (forceful and aggressive)
and emotionally stable, while women tend to be more sensitive, warm (attentive to
others) and apprehensive, the study found.

5. Age: Age is another factor which is responsible in bringing individual differences. When
one grows in age can acquire better control over our emotions and better social
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

responsibilities. When a child grows then this maturity and development goes side by
side.

6. Language: Through language we have built civilizations, developed science and

medicine, literature and philosophy. We do not have to learn everything from personal
experience, because through language we can learn from the experience of others.
Language makes us human, and it's encoded in our DNA.

D. What are the different theories related to intelligence?

1. Concept of Intelligence by Alfred Binet
• During the early 1900s, the French government asked Binet to help decide which
students were most likely to have difficulty in school. The government had passed
laws requiring that all French children attend school, so it was important to find a
way to identify children who would need specialized assistance.

• Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused
on areas not explicitly taught in schools, such as attention, memory, and problem-
solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the
best predictors of school success.

• He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced
questions that older children were generally able to answer, and vice versa. Based
on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age, or a measure of
intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.

2. Thurstone’s Primary Abilities

• Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887–1955) offered a differing theory of
intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's
theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities.
1. Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

2. Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems

3. Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects
4. Reasoning: The ability to find rules
5. Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships
6. Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words
7. Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly

3. Spearman’s G Factor Theory

• General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to the existence of a broad

mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures.

• According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on

mental ability tests.
1. Visual-spatial processing: Abilities such as putting together puzzles and
copying complex shapes
2. Quantitative reasoning: The capacity to solve problems that involve numbers.
3. Knowledge: A person's understanding of a wide range of topics
4. Working memory: This involves the use of short-term memory such as being
able to repeat a list of items.
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

E. What are the factors that affect our intelligence and cognitive development?
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

a. Sense organs are important because they receive stimuli from the environment. Their
proper development helps in receiving correct stimuli and the correct concepts are
formed. Defective sense organs collect defective stimuli and as a result wrong concepts
can be formed and the cognitive development will not be perfect.

b. As child grows, he gets various stimuli from environment through his senses and
perceives their meanings. These stimuli form concepts and symbols. Parents and other
people around the child could assist him get the right meanings of stimuli. The child gets
these stimuli from his toys and activities like identifying different color shapes, smell,
and sounds, etc.

c. Family and society are important from the point of view of providing the child
hereditary traits, which are the of development family also providing opportunities to
learn, good encourage atmosphere to the child if the family provides such atmosphere to
the child in which he maximum stimuli from the environment, would be encouraged to
learn and with his environment. The child learns observing and imitating others. He
learns language, habits, by observing family and people around them. If society provide
encouraging atmosphere, facilities gaining knowledge like good schools, librarian’s
healthy recreation facilities, health facilities etc. to the children, they will develop
possibility and good cognitive capacity.

d. Socioeconomic status of the family also helps in the development of cognition. Children
from better economic status get more opportunities and better training and it helps in
cognitive development.

e. As the child gets matured, he gets more interactive with his environment. For a good
cognitive development interaction with environment is very necessary which the child
does with the help of his mental and motor maturation. They help directly in the
development of cognition.

IV. ASSESSMENT:
a. Identify the term being referred to by each of the statements:
1. During the early 1900s, the French government asked him to help decide which
students were most likely to have difficulty in school.
2. This is the ability of a person to see differences and similarities among objects.
3. The ability of a person to memorize and recall.
4. The ability of a person to solve arithmetic problems.
5. He was a colleague of Binet who helped him develop questions that focused on
areas not explicitly taught in schools, such as attention, memory, and problem-
solving skills to identify children who are ready for schooling.
 Romeo Padilla School of Arts and Education
Module for Introduction to Linguistics
A.Y. 2022-2023 First Term, First Wave

b. Identify the factor (that make people individually different) that is being implied
by the statement below:
1. Men have certain characteristics that make them different from women.
2. Americans love to eat cereals and breads while Filipinos love to eat rice in their
daily meals.
3. In terms of technology use, millennials are technology oriented than those from
the older generation.
4. Children may copy good or bad behavior from the people around them, from the
TV programs they watch, or from the books they read.
5. Ilocano has a lot of dialects. Speakers may have variations in accents in different
places of Pangasinan.
6. Sam and Edna are different in terms of their body structure. Sam got hers from
her mother while Edna inherited hers from her father.