Homework 2

a) An automated system is a combination of both software and hardware which is

designed and programmed to work automatically without the need of any human
operator to provide inputs and instructions for each operation.
b)
Open Loop Control System Closed-Loop Control System

In this system, the controlled action is
free from the output
This control system is also called a Non
feedback control system.
The components of this system include a
controlled process and controller.
The construction of this system is
simple.
The consistency is non-reliable.
The accuracy of this system mainly
depends on the calibration.
The stability of these systems are stable
The optimization in this system is not
possible
The response is fast
The calibration of this system is difficult
The disturbance of this system will be
affected
These systems are non-linear
The best examples of this control system
are automatic washing machine, traffic
light, TV remote, immersion rod, etc.
In this system, the output mainly
depends on the controlled act of the
system.
This type of control system is also called
a feedback control system.
The components of this kind of system
include an amplifier, controlled process,
controller and feedback.
The construction of this system is
complex
The consistency is reliable
These are accurate due to feedback
The stability of these systems are less
stable
The optimization in this system
is possible
The response is slow
The calibration of this system is easy
The disturbance of this system will not
be affected
These systems are linear
Examples of this kind of control system
are AC, control systems for temperature,
pressure and speed, toaster, and
refrigerator.

c)
Advantages:
- More Consistent Production
- Increased Repeatability
- Precision and Accuracy
- Increased Product Quality
- Better Working Conditions
- Lower Operating Costs
Disadvantages:
- High Investment Cost
- Additional Maintenance Required
- Less Versatility
d)
Basis of difference Pneumatic actuator
A pneumatic actuator uses compressed
gases to convert energy into motion.
Purpose These confined pressurized systems
inside a 3 PC ball valve use moving air
and other gases for smooth operation.
Since gases are compressible, there is a
Compressibility delay in force and movement in a
pneumatic actuator.
Pneumatic actuators need a
Requirements
compressor.
These devices are used in precision
drills, moving and controlling
Applications
machinery, air brakes, tampers, nail
gun, and dentist chairs.
It is ideal for applications requiring
Suitability less power and more consistency,
reliability, and linear motion.
Pneumatic actuators are preferred for
Repeated operations
repeated operations.
These devices can perform effectively
Performance even in extremely high or low
temperatures.
Horsepower-to- This ratio is lower for pneumatic
weight ratio motors.
A pneumatic actuated ball valve can
Operating speed &
function at lower pressures and speeds
pressure
than hydraulic cylinders.
They are ideal for environments where
Working environment hygiene and green practices are
paramount.
Hydraulic actuator
A hydraulic actuator uses
incompressible hydraulic fluid to
convert hydraulic into mechanical
energy. These confined pressurized
systems use moving liquids for
smooth operation.
Since liquids are not compressible,
there is no delay in force and
movement in a hydraulic actuator.
Hydraulic actuators need hydraulic
fluid, cylinder, piston, pump, and
valves.
These devices are used in dump
truck lifts, body blood, cars, and
jaws for lifting cars.
It is ideal for applications requiring
ball valve floating type at higher
force and less precision or
consistency.
Hydraulic actuators are not
preferred for applications
demanding repeated work.
These devices cannot perform under
extraordinarily high or low
temperatures.
This ratio is higher for hydraulic
motors.
Hydraulic actuators are suitable for
applications requiring a higher force
and operating speed.
They are ideal for environments
requiring extensive or heavy-scale
lifting work, such as mining and
construction.
e)

e.1) The main topics of the video are :

– Explaining the purpose of an actuator
– Discussing the 2 different types of actuators
– Looking at the 3 typical sources of energy required for an actuator to move something.
– Observing the operation of an actuator used in a very common industrial control application

e.2) An actuator is a device that makes something move or operate. It receives a source of
energy and uses it to move something. Scroll down to learn more about what actuators are and
various types of actuators.

e.3) Two examples given on actuators :

1. Grocery Store Door :
When we go to the grocery store, the door opens automatically for us. An actuator makes
the door open.
2. Car Seat :
We can move the car seat forward or backward before we drive away in our car. An
actuator makes the seat move.

e.4)

- Actuators receive a source of energy and use it to move something. To put it another way,
the actuator converts a source of energy into a physical-mechanical motion.

- A butterfly valve is operated by turning the Handwheel connected to the rotary actuator. In
industrial applications, the Handwheel could be replaced by one of three typical sources of
energy, which can operate the rotary actuator:

– Electric actuators use some form of electric energy to operate.

– Hydraulic actuators use a variety of liquids as a source of energy.

– Pneumatic actuators are operated by compressed air.

e.5)

- The PLC analog output card produces a 4-20 mA current to move the valve from fully open
to fully closed.
The 4-20 mA current will be converted to pneumatic pressure which becomes the source of
energy to operate the actuator.

5.6)

Typical actuator types in the industry include:

– Electric Motors

– Hydraulic motors

– Pneumatic Control Valves