18MC404 – FLUID POWER

SYSTEM
Unit 1- Fluid Power Systems

Dr. Nagarajan P
nagarajanp@bitsathy.ac.in
 Fluid Power is Everywhere

Braking System in Vehicles Back Hoe loader

CAR JACK
Wooden Log Cutting Machine
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
 Students will understand the principle, advantages, disadvantages
and applications of different fluid power systems

Specific objectives
SO1-Students will be able to indicate the need and the components involved in a fluid
power system. (U/C), E

SO2-Students will be able to classify and compare the various power systems based on the
different energy medium. (U/C), T

SO3-Students will be able to illustrate the pascals law involved to transmit power in a
hydraulic system. (U/C), T
 Power Systems
 Power Systems – Generation , Distribution and transmission of power

 Mechanical -

 Electrical -

 Fluid Power

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 Fluid Power Systems
 Fluid Power – generation, control and Brake pedal
Master
transmission of forces and movement of cylinder

mechanical element or system, using

pressurized fluids in a confined system.
Brake
lines

Front
brake
calipers
 Ex: Hydraulic jack, Hydraulic brake, power Rear wheel
cylinder
steering, drive machine tools, robots, control pistons
Pads
Rotor
aeroplanes

Fig: Hydraulic Braking System

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 History of Fluid Power System

Water Wheels
(1750)
Wind mill
(1780)

Hydraulic Winches
Landing Gears (1930)
(1926)

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 Classifications of Fluid Power Systems
Fluid Power
Systems

Hydraulic Pneumatic
System System

• uses liquids as a medium for power
transfer
• Now, hydraulics, for example, is very
stiff because the fluid is stiff.
• Precise control is possible but toxic
• Uses air as a medium for power
transmission.
• pneumatics has very high power density
• Example – pneumatics is used in the roller
coaster or the thrill rides because of its fast
release rate

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Comparison of Hydraulic and Pneumatic System
Pneumatics
Hydraulics
• Springy air makes
 High pressure means high force.
control challenging
 Oil is stiff, can achieve precise
• No return line (exhaust to
control
atmosphere
 Oil is toxic and Leaks are messy
• Air is free

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 Classifications of Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic
Systems

Fluid Transport Fluid power

System Systems

• Delivery of a fluid from one • To perform work.

location to another to • Work is obtained by
accomplish some useful pressurized fluid acting
purpose. directly on a fluid cylinder or a
• Examples - pumping stations fluid motor.
for pumping water to homes, • A cylinder produces a force
cross-country gas lines, etc resulting in linear motion.

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 Fluid Power Systems

Lubrication system

Pneumatic Hand Drill

Identify the Fluid

power systems
Pressure washing system

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 Advantages of Fluid Power System
 Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate and can be
controlled accurately
 High Power density
 Multiplication and variation of forces
 Multifunction control
 Low-speed torque
 Constant force or torque

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 Why Fluid Power
High force
Force per weight much higher than electric motors
density
High power
Power can be released quickly
density
High bandwidth Fluid power systems can move at high speeds

Electric vs Hydraulic motor

Precise control Because oil is stiff, enables precision motion

Power can be Flexible hoses enables power to be snaked

piped around corners and across joints
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120000 kg

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 Classifications of Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic
Systems

Hydrostatic Hydrodynamic
System System

• uses fluid pressure to transmit power
(still Fluids)
• This system creates high pressure, and
through a transmission line and a
control element, this pressure drives an
actuator (linear or rotational).
• Examples – Transfer of force in
hydraulics.
• use fluid motion to transmit power .
• Power is transmitted by the kinetic energy
of the fluid. Hydrodynamics deals with the
mechanics of moving fluid and uses flow
theory.
• Example – Conversion of flow energy in
turbines
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 Comparison of Different Power Systems
Property Mechanical Electrical Pneumatic Hydraulic

Input energy I C engines I C engines I C engines I C engines

source Electric motor Water/gas turbines Pressure tank Electric motor
Air turbine
Energy transfer Levers, gears, Electrical cables Pipes and hoses Pipes and hoses
element shafts and magnetic field
Energy carrier Rigid and elastic Flow of Air Hydraulic
objects electrons liquids

Power-to-weight Poor Fair Best Best

ratio
Torque/inertia Poor Fair Good Best
Stiffness Good Poor Fair Best
Response speed Fair Best Fair Good
Control Fair Best Good Good

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 Components of Fluid Power System
Power Input Device –The pump
draws the oil from the reservoir and
pumps it into the supply line.

Control Devices – Valves control

direction, pressure, and flow rate of
pressurized oil in the hydraulic
system.
Components of a Hydraulic System

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 Components of Fluid Power System
Conductors –pipes, tubing, or hoses.
• Supply line: Provides flow to the
actuators.
• Return line: Allows oil leaving the
actuators to return to the reservoir.

Liquid – The power conducting medium.

Typically oil, but other liquids are used
Components of a Hydraulic System
sometimes.

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 Components of Fluid Power System
Power Output Device –the hydraulic
power is converted back to
mechanical power. (Actuators).
• Motors : Create rotary motion as
the oil flows through it.
• Cylinders: Create straight line
motion when oil flows into it.
Components of a Hydraulic System

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 PASCALS LAW
• Pressure exerted on a confined fluid is
transmitted undiminished in all directions
and acts with equal force on equal areas
and at right angles to the containing
surfaces.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChAp1_sgXms
 PASCALS LAW
Pascal’s Principle – The pressure in an enclosed fluid is constant
throughout the fluid. A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
at rest is transmitted without loss, to all points in the fluid
PASCALS LAW

• Pressure stays the same on both sides BUT

the forces get multiplied on the right because
the area is twice as great as the left.
PASCALS LAW

50 N
Applications of PASCALS LAW

 The underlying principle of the

hydraulic jack and hydraulic press.

 Force amplification in the braking Hydraulic Car Jack

system of most motor vehicles.

 Used in artesian wells, water towers,

and dams.

Hydraulic Press
Applications of PASCALS LAW

Earth Movers
Power Brake
In the next lecture

 Frictional Losses in Fluid power system.

 Principle and classification of pumps

 Working and classification cylinders and actuators.

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