MISAMIS ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Sta. Cruz, Cogon, Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

Tel. No. 333-5054, Cell No. 09756412814 Email: rdengayramara.8888@gmail.com

COURSE CODE: MODULE NO: 1

EDUKASYONG PANTAHANAN AT
COURSE TITLE: DATE: Sep. 23, 2022
PANGKABUHAYAN
TIME: 9:00-12:00 NN ROOM: HM LAB.
INSTRUCTOR: RDEN G. GAYRAMARA

TOPIC:

I. AGRICULTURE

INTRODUCTION:

What is AGRICULTURE?
-The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in
varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products, cleared the land to use it for
agriculture.

Reasons why agriculture is said to be an ART

 Its an art because it entails activities such as:
a)Tilling of land
b)Construction of farm structures
c)Harvesting of crops
d)Measuring of distances
e) Handling and feeding of animals etc.
f) Weeding of crops to remove weed such as the above (sriga hermitheca)

Reasons why agriculture is also term as a science.

it involves the following branches of science;

 pathology- the study of pathogens,effects and their control measures.

 parasitology- the study of parasites,effects and their control measures.
 entomology- the study of insects,effects and their control measures.
 genetics- the study of genes,genetic variations,and heredity in living organism etc

 Branches of Agriculture

The agriculture can be categories into seven branches. These seven branches of agriculture are as follows:

1. Agronomy
2. Horticulture
3. Forestry
4. Animal husbandry
5. Fishery science
6. Agricultural Engineering and
7. Home science

1. Agronomy
Agronomy deals with the production of various crops which includes food crops, fodder crops, fibre crops,
sugar, oilseeds, etc. The aim is to improve the use of soil and increase the production of food and fiber crops.
 2. Horticulture
Horticulture mainly deals with the production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamental plants, spices,
condiments and beverages.

3. Forestry
Forestry deals with production of large scale cultivation of perennial trees for supplying wood, timber, rubber,
etc. it also provides raw materials for industries. It is the management of forested land, together with
associated waters and wasteland, primarily for harvesting timber

4. Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry deals with agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock in order to provide food for
humans and to provide power (draught) and manure for crops. It is the branch of agriculture concerned with
animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective
breeding and the raising of livestock.

5. Fishery
Fishery deals with practice of breeding and rearing fishes including marine and inland fishes, shrimps, prawns
etc. in order to provide food, feed and manure

6. Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Engineering deals with the design, construction and improvement of farming equipment and
machinery. It also involves farm machinery for filed preparation, inter-cultivation, harvesting and post harvest
processing including soil and water conservation engineering and bio-energy.

7. Home Science
Home Science deals with application and utilization of agricultural produces in a better manner in order to
provide nutritional security, including value addition and food preparation

 AGRICULTURE IN PHILIPPINE LAND

Agriculture plays a significant role in the Philippine economy. Involving about 40 percent of Filipino workers, it
contributes an average of 20 percent to the Gross Domestic Product. This output comes mainly from
agribusiness, w hich in turn accounts for about 70 percent of the total agricultural output (CIDA-LGSP, 2003).

The main agricultural enterprise is crop cultivation. Others are chicken broiler production, including operation of
chicken hatcheries (20.4 percent), agricultural services (19.8 percent), and hog farming (18.4 percent) (NSO,
2002).

The general trends in the last two decades present a dim picture of the agriculture sector. Significant decrease
in productivity, high production costs, and low government support to the sector, among other things, have led
to a crisis in Philippine agriculture (CIDA-LGSP, 2003).

1. Crop Production
Major agricultural systems include lowland irrigated farming, rainfed farming and upland farming. Irrigated farm
areas mainly grow rice and sugarcane whereas rainfed areas are planted with coconut, corn and cassava. The
Philippines' major agricultural products include rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, and
mangoes.

2. Forestry
The Philippines' total land area is 300 179 sq km, 49 percent of which is classified as forest (although only 21
percent is under forest cover) (EIU, 2001/2002). It directly supports approximately 30 percent of the population,
including indigenous peoples. Three percent of the total land area is still unclassified (DENR, 2004).

With a per capita forest cover of about 0.085 ha, the forest cover of the Philippines ranks as one of the 11
poorest among 89 countries in the tropics. It declined from 70 percent of the total land area in 1900 to about
18.3 percent in 1999, or just over 5 million ha of residual and old-growth forests (ESSC, 1999a as cited in FAO,
2001).
 3. Fisheries
Fisheries is an important sector in the Philippine economy. The fisheries industry accounted for 15 percent
($1.22B) and 18.6 percent ($618.2M) of the Gross Value Added (GVA) in the agriculture, fishery and forestry
sectors at current and constant prices, respectively, with the second largest share next only to agricultural
crops (BFAR, 2004). The sector provides substantial employment and income for some segments of the
population, contributes to export earnings, and supplies a major part of the dietary protein requirement of the
population as a whole (DA, 2004).

4. Livestock
Livestock production contributed 12.7 percent to total agricultural output. The most common livestock raised in
the Philippines include broiler chickens, carabao, cattle, ducks, goats, and swine.

The livestock subsector, which contributed 13.53 percent to total agricultural production, posted a negative
growth of 0.41 percent in 2004. This was largely attributed to the decline in hog and cattle production (DA,
2004).

II. AGRICULTURAL ARTS

I. Plant Production
A. Plant Parts and Their Functions – Structural Organization in Plant

The Root
 The main functions of the root system are absorption of water and minerals from the soil, providing a
proper anchorage to the plant parts, storing reserve food material and synthesis of plant growth
regulators.
 In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct
elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of
primary root which grows inside the soil. It bears
lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as
secondary, tertiary, etc. roots. The primary roots and
its branches constitute the tap root system, as
seen in the mustard plant.
 In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is
short lived and is replaced by a large number of
roots. These roots originate from the base of the
stem and constitute the fibrous root system, as
seen in the wheat plant.
 In some plants, like grass, Monstera and the banyan
tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than
the radicle and are called adventitious roots.
 The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like
structure called the root cap. It protects the tender
apex of the root as it makes its way through the soil.
 Tap roots of carrot, turnip and adventitious roots of
sweet potato, get swollen and store food.
  Hanging structures that support a banyan tree are called prop roots. Similarly, the stems
of maize and sugarcane have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes of the stem. These are
called stilt
roots.
 In some
plants such
as
Rhizophora
growing in
swampy
areas,
many roots
come out of
the ground
and grow
vertically
upwards.
Such roots,
called pneu
matophore
s, help to
get oxygen for respiration.

The Stem
 The region of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes while internodes are the portions
between two nodes.
 Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and of vegetative propagation.
 Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, colocasia are modified to store food in
them.
 Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to
climb such as in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines.
 Axillary buds of stems may also get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns. Thorns are found
in many plants such as Citrus, Bougainvillea. They protect plants from browsing animals.
 Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia)
structures. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
 Underground stems of some plants such as grass and strawberry, etc., spread to new niches and when
older parts die new plants are formed.

The Leaf
 Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems. Leaf develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil.
The axillary bud later develops into a branch.
 A typical leaf consists of three main parts: leaf base, petiole and lamina.
 The petiole help hold the blade to light. Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to flutter in wind,
thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to leaf surface.
 The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets. There is,
usually, a middle prominent vein, which is known as the midrib. Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade
and act as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials.
Leaf Venation
 The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as venation.
 When the veinlets form a network, the venation is termed as reticulate. When the veins run parallel to
each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as parallel.
 Leaves of dicotyledonous plants generally possess reticulate venation, while parallel venation is the
characteristic of most monocotyledons.

Modifications of Leaves
 Leaves are often modified to perform functions other than
photosynthesis. They are converted into tendrils for climbing as
in peas or into spines [thorns] for defense as in cacti. The fleshy
leaves of onion and garlic store food.
 Leaves of certain insectivorous plants such as pitcher
plant, venus-fly trap are also modified leaves.

Root Modification Stem Modification Leaf Modification

Carrot and Sweet Potato, Ginger, Turmeric,
Onion and Garlic.
Potato. Zaminkand and Colocasia.
Transpiration
 Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil. Not all the water absorbed is utilised by the
plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of
transpiration.
 The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull (the same that you produce when you
suck water through a straw) which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees. Transpiration
also cools the plant.

Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the plants

a. in the shade C. under the fan
b. in dim light d. covered with a polythene bag.

 When we place a plant under the fan the speed of air flow is very high. Transpiration will take place in

presence of high air flow through the stomata. Rate of transpiration increases during windy
condition.Increase in the rate of transpiration increases the water absorption also because when
transpiration occurs, it will create a transpiration pull and more water absorption will take place.

Do Plants Also Respire?

 In plants each part can independently take in oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide. Even
roots can respire. Can you guess what would happen if a potted plant is overwatered?
 Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration both during the day time as
well as night.
 Did you know? For us oxygen is essential, but for those organisms which do not use it, oxygen is toxic.
In fact, our white blood cells use oxygen to kill invading bacteria. Even for humans, it may be
dangerous to breathe pure oxygen for long.
The Flower
 The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction. Androecium
and gynoecium are reproductive organs.
 When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, it is bisexual. A flower having either
only stamens or only carpels is unisexual.
 Aestivation: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other
members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.
Androecium
 Androecium is composed of stamens. Each stamen which represents the male reproductive organ
consists of a stalk or a filament and an anther. Each anther is usually bilobed and each lobe has two
chambers, the pollen-sacs. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs. A sterile stamen is
called staminode.
Gynoecium
 Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels. A
carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary.
 After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary matures into a fruit.
 Placentation: The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.

The Fruit
 The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants.
 It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilisation.
 If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit.
 The Seed: The ovules after fertilisation, develop into seeds.

Transport Of Water And Minerals In Plants

 Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair. The root hair increase the
surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients dissolved in water. The root
hair is in contact with the water present between the soil particles.
 Can you guess how water moves from the root to the leaves? What kind of transport system is present
in plants?
 Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil. The vessels are made of
special cells, forming the vascular tissue.
 The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem. The xylem
forms a continuous network of channels that connects roots to the leaves through the stem and
branches and thus transports water to the entire plant leaves synthesise food.
 The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by the vascular tissue called
the phloem. Thus, xylem and phloem transport substances in plants.

A. Seed Germination

What is Seed Germination?

Seed germination may be defined as the fundamental process by which different plant species grow from a
single seed into a plant. This process influences both crop yield and quality.
A common example of seed germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or
gymnosperm.

The Process of Seed Germination

The complete process of seed germination is carried out in the following steps:

 During the
beginning
stage of
germination,
the seeds take
up water
rapidly and this
results in
swelling and
softening of the
seed coat at an
optimum
temperature.
This stage is referred to as Imbibition. It starts the growth process by activation of enzymes. The seed
 activates its internal physiology and starts to respire and produce proteins and metabolizes the stored
food. This is a lag phase of seed germination.

 By rupturing of the seed coat, radicle emerges to form a primary root. The seed starts absorbing
underground water. After the emerging of the radicle and the plumule, shoot starts growing upwards.

 In the final stage of seed germination, the cell of the seeds become metabolically active, elongates and
divides to give rise to the seedling.

B. Fertilizer
Fertilizer, natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that improve growth and
productiveness of plants. Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace chemical elements taken
from the soil by previous crops.

Determining nutrient needs

Determination of a crop’s nutrient needs is an essential aspect of fertilizer technology. The appearance of a

growing crop may indicate a need for fertilizer, though in some plants the need for more or different nutrients
may not be easily observable. If such a problem exists, its nature must be diagnosed, the degree of deficiency
must be determined, and the amount and kind of fertilizer needed for a given yield must be found. There is no
substitute for detailed examination of plants and soil conditions in the field, followed by simple fertilizer tests,
quick tests of plant tissues, and analysis of soils and plants.

1. The economics of fertilizers

2. Synthetic fertilizers
3. Organic fertilizers and practices
4. Farm manure
5. Green manuring
6. Compost
7. Liming

C. Common Plant Diseases

1. Black Spot 
Black spot is one of the most common diseases found on roses, but it can also occur on other ornamental and
garden plants.  This fungal disease causes black, round spots that form on the upper sides of leaves. Lower
leaves are usually infected first.  Severe infestations cause infected leaves to turn yellow and fall off the plant.
Black spot is a problem during extended periods of wet weather or when leaves are wet for 6 hours or more.
Black spot spores overwinter in the fallen leaves. 

2. Other Leaf Spots

Fungal leaf spot disease can be found both indoors on houseplants, and outdoors in the landscape. This
occurs during warm, wet conditions. As the disease progresses, the fungal spots grow large enough to touch
each other.  At this point the leaf surface appears more like blotches than spots.  Leaf spot may result in
defoliation of a plant.  Follow the same tips as the ones to control black spot.

3. Powdery Mildew  
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects many of our landscape plants, flowers, vegetables and fruits.
Powdery mildew is an easy one to identify. Infected plants will display a white powdery substance that is most
visible on upper leaf surfaces, but it can appear anywhere on the plant including stems, flower buds, and even
the fruit of the plant.  This fungus thrives during low soil moisture conditions combined with high humidity levels
on the upper parts of the plant surface.  It tends to affect plants kept in shady areas more than those in direct
sun.

4. Downy Mildew
Because downy mildews differ from powdery mildews, it is important to understand the differences between
the two.  Powdery mildews are true fungal pathogens that display a white powdery substance on the upper
leaves.  Downy mildews, on the other hand, are more related to algae and produce grayish fuzzy looking
spores on the lower surfaces of leaves.  To identify downy mildew, look for pale green or yellow spots on the
upper surfaces of older leaves.  On the lower surfaces, the fungus will display a white to grayish, cotton-like
downy substance. Downy mildew occurs during cool, moist weather such as in early spring or late fall.  Spore
production is favored by temperatures below 65°F and with a high relative humidity. 

5. Blight
Plant blight is a common disease. Remember the potato famine in the 1840’s?  As a result of the blight, one
million people died.  But other than potatoes, blight also affects other plants, particularly tomatoes. Blight is a
fungal disease that spreads through spores that are windborne.  For this reason, spores can cover large areas
and rapidly spread the infection.  Blight can only spread under warm humid conditions, especially with two
consecutive days of temps above 50°F, and humidity above 90% for eleven hours or more. No cure exists. 
Prevention is the only option.

6. Canker
Canker is often identified by an open wound that has been infected by fungal or bacterial pathogens.  Some
cankers are not serious while others can be lethal.  Canker occurs primarily on woody landscape plants.
Symptoms may include sunken, swollen, cracked or dead areas found on stems, limbs or trunk.  Cankers can
girdle branches, and kill foliage. Cankers are most common on stressed plants that have been weakened by
cold, insects, drought conditions, nutritional imbalances or root rot.  Rodents can also spread the pathogens.

Tips to Control Plant Fungus and Diseases

First and foremost, build a well-drained soil with plenty of organic matter prior to planting. Raise the beds if
necessary and fill the beds with a commercial potting mix that drains well. Soils that hold too much water can
cause rotting. Avoid getting water on leaves. Hand water at the root zone or use a soaker hose. Fertilize as
necessary to keep plants in peak condition. 

 Choose resistant varieties whenever possible.

 Prune or stake plants, do not crowd them, and remove tall weeds to improve air circulation.
 Plants in containers can be placed away from areas that do not receive air circulation.
 Remove any infected debris to keep the disease from spreading. Remove and place in the trash (not in
the compost bin) severely infected plants.
 Water during early morning hours so the plants can dry out and avoid getting water on the leaves. 
Water later in the day if downy mildew is present as it favors morning moisture. Either way, avoid
getting water on the leaves.  A soaker hose will keep water at the root zone and help keep the spores
from spreading.
 Inspect all plants before purchasing from your local greenhouse for disease symptoms and pests.
 Disinfect pruners after cutting diseased plant parts. 
 Purchase a hand lens. A 10x hand lens is a great way to detect fungus and insect problems.  Besides
that, a hand lens allows you to see thing in nature difficult to see with the naked eye.

II. Fruit Tree Production

A. Plant Propagation
Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants. There are two types of propagation: sexual
and asexual. Sexual reproduction is the union of the pollen and egg, drawing from the genes of two
parents to create a new, third individual. Sexual propagation involves the floral parts of a plant. Asexual
propagation involves taking a part of one parent plant and causing it to regenerate itself into a new plant.
The resulting new plant is genetically identical its parent. Asexual propagation involves the vegetative parts
of a plant: stems, roots, or leaves.

B. Pest and diseases of fruit trees

What are the Best Fruit Trees to Grow in the Philippines?

#1. Orange Tree
Popular Varieties: Valencia, Mandarin, Clementine

Loves Heat:
 Out of all the fruit trees on this list, oranges will thrive the most with heat. This is because they naturally
have been grown in warmer weather climates. And best of all is that you need to water or care for them
very little to have success.
Perfect for Pots:
 Orange Trees can grow in the ground and in pots in the Philippines. If you want a fruit tree that can
easily be moved from indoors to outdoors, kept indoors all year, or even just as an ornamental tree then
look no further.
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#2. Lime Tree
Popular Varieties: Persian, Kaffir, Hirt

Loves Heat:
 Like other citrus trees on this list, Lime Trees love heat and thrive the warmer it gets. This is because
they naturally have been grown in warmer weather climates. And best of all is that you need to water or
care for them very little to have success.
Great for Pots:
 Lime Trees can grow successfully in pots and in the ground. If you want to provide less maintenance
and care for your lime tree then growing it in a pot will allow you to do that!

#3. Pear Tree

Popular Varieties: Barlett, Kieffer, Anjou, Bosc

Cold Hardy:
 Pear Trees is a hardy fruit when it comes to cooler weather in the Philippines . Pears are a perfect
compliment to other fruit trees on this list, blooming earlier and bearing fruit earlier in the summer.
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Heat-Resistant:
 Pear Trees is not only a great tree that is cold-hardy but also does amazing in droughts, high heat, and
humidity. This makes it perfect to plant anywhere in your yard, regardless of the amount of sunlight it
receives.
Perfect in Pots:
 If there is any fruit that can be grown in gardening pots in the Philippines, it’s Pear Trees. This is one of
the most adaptive fruits, making it perfect for beginner gardeners in the Philippines .

#4. Peach Tree
Popular Varieties: Redhaven, Reliance, White, Sunhaven
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Thrives in the heat:

 The hotter, the better. Unlike apple, cherry, pear, and plum trees that tolerate heat, peach trees will
actually do better the hotter it gets. That means the hot and humid summers are perfect for peach trees
bearing more fruit.
Great for Vertical Gardening:
 Most fruit trees grow high and wide, but very few just grow high. Peach trees are the only type of fruit
tree that has varieties that can grow 10 to 15 feet high and only 2 to 3 feet wide.
Quick Growing:
 Out of all the fruit trees on this list, the Peach Tree is the quickest growing fruit tree. Not only this, but
most Peach Trees will actually bear fruit within 1 to 2 years after planting.
#5. Fig
Popular Varieties: Chicago, Turkey, Brown
Pest-Resistant:
 The fig tree is the only fruit tree on this list that is truly pest-resistant. Deers hate fig-trees, rabbits can’t
reach the fruit, and squirrels and chipmunks find easier food elsewhere.
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Perfect for Indoors & Outdoors:

 No other fruit on this list can be grown indoors and outdoors. Fig Trees can thrive outside, but most
gardeners will grow them in a pot where they leave them outside during the summer months and bring
them inside after the first frost of the year.
Easy to Grow:
 Once you plant your fig tree there is nothing else you need to do. You don’t have to worry about insects
or disease, only need to water it once a week, and you even don’t have to worry about pruning it for figs
to grow.
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#6. Cherry

Popular Varieties: Bing, Van, Montmorency

Thrives in the heat & cold:
 Cherries are another hardy fruit. Some varieties can be grown in cold weather and some can be grown
in warmer weather.
Lots & Lots of Harvest:
 Cherries produce the largest harvest out of all the fruit trees on this list. While cherry trees don’t grow
as tall as other trees they can sometimes yield up to 50 pounds of fruit in a season.
Amazing Cross-Pollinator:
 If you want a fruit tree that acts as a cross-pollinator then look no further than the cherry tree. It does
great with crabapples and apple trees to name a few.

#7. Nectarine Tree

Popular Varieties: Sungo, Fantasia, Redgold

Loves heat:
 Like its cousin the peach tree, Nectarines love the heat. They grow bigger and produce more and
tastier nectarines the hotter it is.
Perfect for Vertical Gardening:
 Just like peaches Nectarine trees don’t grow wide. This makes it perfect for urban gardeners or anyone
who has little space for fruit trees.
Quick Growing:
 Like the peach tree, Nectarines grow incredibly fast. Even within the first year or two, nectarines will
grow on planting and potted trees.

#8. Apricot Tree

Popular Varieties: Royal, Tropic Gold, Blenheim

Thrives in Droughts:
 Apricot trees are another great type of fruit tree that will thrive in the Philippines’s humidity and heat.
And for those summers that get little to no rain apricots trees will continue to grow and bear lots of
apricots.
Great for Small Yards:
 Apricot trees don’t get very large. Outside of Fig Trees, they are the next smallest tree on this list. This
makes them perfect for small yards and space, surburban fruit orchards, and urban gardens.

#9. Mulberry Tree

Popular Varieties: Black, White, Red

Thrives in Almost Any Condition:
 While you may not be very familar with the Mulberry Tree, it is an excellent choice to grow in almost
any condition. You can plant it with other trees, by itself in a field, among weeds, or even in a garden
and it will quickly grow and bear fruit.

Small Yards:
 The mulberry tree is so versatile because of its size that you can plant it anywhere. Whether it’s in a
small space next to your house, in the corner or your garden, or even in a gardening container, the
mulberry tree is perfect for all fruit tree growers.

#10. Lemon Tree

Popular Varieties: Meyer, Lisbon, Ponderosa

Loves Heat:
 Out of all the fruit trees on this list, lemons will thrive the most with heat. This is because they naturally
have been grown in warmer weather climates. And best of all is that you need to water or care for them
very little to have success.

Perfect for Pots:

 Lemon Trees can only grow in pots in the Philippines. If you want a fruit tree that can easily be moved
from indoors to outdoors, kept indoors all year, or even just as an ornamental tree then look no further.

III. Animal Production

What is Animal Husbandry?

Animal husbandry refers to livestock raising and selective breeding. It is the management and care of animals
in which the genetic qualities and behavior of animals are further developed for profit. A large number of
farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood.
Animals provide us with a variety of food products which have high nutritional values. Therefore, they require a
lot of care and attention.
Animals are bred commercially in order to meet the high demand for food. Dairy products from animals like
cows, buffaloes, goats, are rich sources of protein. These animals are called milch animals as they provide us
with milk.
Another set of animals that provide nutrient-rich food are hen, ducks, goose, etc. They provide us with eggs,
which again are rich sources of protein.
Animals like chicken, duck, ox, goat, pigs, etc. are bred for meat. Other than these domestic animals we have
other sources of nutrients as well, they are marine animals. The seafood we eat has very high nutrient values.
They are sources of a variety of nutrients like fat, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
The care, breeding, management, etc of animals are particularly monitored under the department of animal
husbandry. Animal husbandry is a large scale business. The animals are bred, cared, reared and sheltered in
a farm or region, which are specially built for them. Animal husbandry involves poultry, milk-farms, apiculture
(bee agriculture), aquaculture, etc.
Types of Animal Husbandry
There are four major types of animal husbandry practised in the world today:

 Dairy Farming

Dairy farming is the agricultural technique concerned with the long term production of milk, which is then
processed to obtain dairy products such as curd, cheese, yoghurt, butter, cream, etc. It involves the
management of dairy animals such as cows, buffaloes, sheep, goat, etc.
The animals are taken care of against diseases and are inspected regularly by veterinary doctors. A healthy
animal is physically, mentally and socially sound.
These animals are milked by hand or by machines. The milk is preserved and converted into dairy products
industrially, which are then used for commercial purposes.

 Poultry Farming

Poultry farming is concerned with raising and breeding of birds for commercial purposes. Birds like ducks,
chickens, geese, pigeons, turkeys, etc. are domesticated for eggs and meat.
It is very important to take care of the animals and maintain them in a disease-free environment to obtain
healthy food from them. The eggs and meat are a rich source of protein.
Sanitation and hygienic conditions need to be maintained. The faeces of birds are used as manure to improve
soil fertility. Poultry farming provides employment to a large number of people and helps in improving the
economy of the farmers.

 Fish Farming

Fish farming is the process of raising fish in closed tanks or ponds for commercial purposes. There is an
increasing demand for fish and fish protein. Fish species such as salmon, catfish, cod, and tilapia are raised in
fish farms.
Fish farming or pisciculture is of two types:

 Extensive aquaculture, based on the local photosynthetic production

 Intensive aquaculture, based on the external food supply given to fishes.

 Bee Farming

Bee farming or apiculture is the practice of maintaining bee colonies by humans in man-made hives. Honey
bees are reared on a large scale. The bees are domesticated for honey, wax, and to pollinate flowers. They
are also used by other beekeepers for the same purposes. The place where bees are kept is known as an
apiary or a bee yard.

Role of Animal Husbandry in Human Welfare

Animal husbandry is beneficial to human beings in the following ways:
1. Dairy Products
2. Meat
3. Land Management
4. Fibre
5. Manure
6. Labour
What is poultry farming?
raising of birds domestically or commercially, primarily for meat and eggs but also for
feathers. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are of primary importance, while guinea
fowl and squabs (young pigeons) are chiefly of local interest. This article treats the principles and
 practices of poultry farming. For a discussion of the food value and processing
of poultry products, see egg and poultry processing.

Feeding
Commercial poultry feeding is a highly perfected science that ensures a maximum intake of energy for
growth and fat production. High-quality and well-balanced protein sources produce a maximum amount of
muscle, organ, skin, and feather growth.

Types of poultry

Chickens
Mass production of chicken meat and eggs began in the early 20th century, but by the middle of that
century meat production had outstripped egg production as a specialized industry. The market for
chicken meat has grown dramatically since then, with worldwide exports reaching nearly 12.5 million
metric tons (about 13.8 million tons) by the early 21st century.

1. Rhode Island Red rooster

2. Turkey
3. Ducks and geese
4. Pekin duck
5. Goose raising
6. guinea fowl
7. Pigeons

Swine Farming

Swine farming, also known as hog farming or pig farming, consists of raising and breeding domestic pigs
mostly for food (pork products, bacon) and also for their skin.

While pigs are still on the farm:

Pig, hog or swine – refers to the species as a whole
Shoat or piglet – refers to any immature pig
Sucker – a pig between birth and weaning
Boar/hog – male pig of breeding age
Barrow – a male pig that’s been castrated before puberty
Stag – a male pig that’s been castrated later in life
Gilt – young, female pig not mated or farrowed
Sow – a breeding female

After pigs have been sent for processing:

Dressed weight – carcass weight after being partially butchered
Suckling pig – a piglet processed for its meat
Feeder pig – a weaned gilt or barrow between 6 and 8 weeks old to be sold for finishing
Porker – market pig having a dressed weight of approximately 119 lbs
Baconer – market pig having a dressed weight of approximately 180 lbs
Finisher – a pig weighing about 150 lbs

Types of Swine Farms

There are five common types of swine farms, each with their own unique characteristics and specialties.

1. Farrow-to-Finish – These farms manage the pig for the duration of its growth and development. The
farm raises the pig from breeding to finishing and to market with a weight of around 285 lbs.
2. Farrow-to-Nursery – These farms specialize in breeding sows and raising feeder pigs weighing about
50 lbs. The pigs are then sold to farms where they specialise in feeding pigs until they reach an
acceptable market weight.
 3. Farrow-to-Wean – These operations oversee the breeding of herds and raise pigs until they are
weaned between 10 and 15 lbs. When the pigs reach the goal weight, they are sold to wean-to-finish
farms.
4. Wean-to-Finish – These farms buy weaned pigs from farrow-to-wean farms and care and raise them
until they are at an acceptable market weight.
5. Finishing – Finishing farms purchase feeder pigs that weigh between 40 and 50 pounds from farrow-
to-nursery farms. The farms continue to raise the pigs until they reach market weight.

Types of Swine breed

1. Large White
Large white breeds are entirely white with medium, erect ears. These sows are excellent milkers, wean large
litters, have superior mothering ability, and farrow. They adapt well to confinement but not to rugged
conditions.
2. Landrace
This breed is white, short-legged, and has medium to large drooping ears. Sows have excellent mothering
ability and litter size. They are heavy milkers thus they produce pigs with superior growth rate and feed
utilization efficiency. When crossed with other breeds, they produce pigs of highly acceptable carcass quality.
However, they can't adapt to rugged conditions because of their weak feet and legs. Such defects should be
corrected by proper selection and breeding.
3. Duroc
The Duroc color is of varying shades of red. The sows are prolific and are good mothers. They produce pigs
that are superior in growth rate and in feed conversion, and their performance under rugged conditions is
better than any of the white breeds.
4. Hampshire
They are black with a white belt around the shoulder; short-legged; lack body thickness. The sows are noted
for weaning a high percentage of the pigs farrowed and are adaptable to very rugged conditions. The growth
rate, however, has generally been average or below.
5. Berkshire
These are black with four white feet. Some have white in the face and tail. Ears are erect and inclined forward
as the animal grows older. This breed is meaty and adaptable to rugged conditions. The length, depth and
balance of their body are good but they lack good growth and are not efficient in converting feed to gain
weight. The sows are not as prolific as the other breeds.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY # TITLE DISCRIPTION

Students will create infographics about
how to care the endemic plants in the
Philippine’s Endemic Flora Philippines. Browsing the internet is
highly encouraged to know more about
#1 endemic plants in the Philippines.
Students will make awareness thru
infographics or other related
DEADLINE: TBA
applications. Content must be relevant
and creative. Rubrics are given.
Students will create infographics for the
Poultry & Swine Awareness awareness on how to properly care the
poultry and swine industry in the
#2 country (Philippines). Content must be
relevant and creative on the value of
DEADLINE: TBA treatment of diseases until the proper
consumption. Rubrics are given.

REFERENCES:
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-agriculture-its-importance-muhammad-ismail
 https://www.fao.org/3/ae946e/ae946e03.htm#:~:text=Crop%20Production&text=Irrigated%20farm
%20areas%20mainly%20grow,bananas%2C%20pineapples%2C%20and%20mangoes.
 https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/agriculture/form-one/ita/definition2\
 https://www.papertyari.com/general-awareness/agriculture/branches-of-agriculture/