Kolej

Pengajian Kejuruteraan

BENDING OF STRAIGHT BEAMS

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (MEC411)

School of Mechanical Engineering

Outline

Bending stress

Shear stresses due to Bending

Deflection of the beam

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are

equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.

Bending stress 3/40

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• These requirements may be applied to

the sums of the components and
moments of the statically indeterminate
elementary internal forces.

Z
Fx = σx dA = 0
Z
My = zσx dA = 0
Z
Mz = −y σx dA = M

Bending stress 4/40

Bending Deformation

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending

• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and
remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above
the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it

Bending stress 5/40

Strain Due to Bending

C • Consider a beam segment of length L.

θ • After deformation, the length of the neutral
ρ ρ-y surface remains L. At other sections,
y
0

A B
L = (ρ − y )θ
K y
J 0
D E δ = L − L = (ρ − y )θ − ρθ = −y θ
A' x
B' δ −y θ y
εx = = =− varies linearly
y
L ρθ ρ
c c
εmax = or ρ =
Neutral ρ εmax
axis (NA)
c y
z εx = − εmax
O c
y

Bending stress 6/40

Strain Due to Bending
• For a linearly elastic material,
y
σx = E εx = − E max
c
y
= − σmax
c
• For static equilibrium,
Z • For static equilibrium,
Fx = 0 = σx dA Z Z  y 
M= (−y σx dA) = −y − σmax dA
Z
y c
= − σmax dA σmax
Z
σmax I
c M= 2
y dA =
Z
σmax
Z c c
= − ydA Mc M
c σmax = =
I S
• First moment with respect to neutral
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral sur- y My
• substitute σx = − σmax → σx = −
face must pass through the section cen- c I
troid
Bending stress 7/40
Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
σmax = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S= = section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section modulus will have a lower

maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,

I
1
bh3 1 1
S= = 12 = bh2 = Ah
c h/2 6 6

Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the
beam with the greater depth will be more effective in resisting
bending
Bending stress 8/40
Example 4.1

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and
neglecting the effects of fillets, determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.

90 mm

20 mm
M = 3 kNm

40 mm

30 mm

Bending stress 9/40

Example 4.1 (Solution)

90 mm • The section centroid and moment of inertia

1 20 mm Part Area (mm2 ) ȳ (mm) ȳ A(mm3 )
xʹ
40 mm
C 1 20 × 90 = 1800 50 90 × 103
2 40 × 30 = 1200 20 24 × 103
2
x Σ 3000 114 × 103

30 mm Σȳ A 114 × 103

Ȳ = = = 38 mm
ΣA 3000
1
Ix 0 = Σ(I¯ + Ad 2 ) = Σ( bh3 + Ad 2 )
1 22 mm 12
12 mm
xʹ 1
18 mm C = ( (90)(203 ) + 1800(122 ))
12
1
+ ( (30)(403 ) + 1200(182 ))
2 12
= 868 × 103 mm4 = 868 × 10−9 m4

Bending stress 10/40

Example 4.1 (Solution)

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.

McA 3 × 103 (0.022)

σA,max = = = 76 MPa
I 868 × 10−9

McB 3 × 103 (0.038)

σB,max = =− = −131.3 MPa
I 868 × 10−9

Bending stress 11/40

Example 4.2

The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area as shown. Determine the ab-
solute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution over the
cross section at this location.

20 mm
5 kN/m B
150 mm
N.A 20 mm
a C 150 mm
20 mm
3m 250 mm D
6m

Bending stress 12/40

Example 4.2 (Solution)

• The maximum internal moment in the beam is M = 22.5 kN.m:

M (kN.m)

22.5

x(m)
3 6
• By symmetry, the centroid C and thus the neutral axis pass through the mid-height of the beam,
and the moment of inertia is
   
1 1
I = Σ(I¯ + Ad 2 ) = 2 (0.25)(0.023 ) + 0.25(0.002)(0.16)2 + (0.02)(0.33 )
12 12
= 301.3 × 10−6 m4

Bending stress 13/40

Example 4.2 (Solution)

• Applying the flexure formula where c = 170 mm;

Mc 22.5(0.17)
σmax = = = 12.7 MPa
I 301.3 × 10−6

Bending stress 14/40

Example 4.2 (Shear force and bending moment diagram)

• No. of segment : 1 • Equation of equilibrium for 2nd part:

• Solve reactions at supports:
(0 ≤ x ≤ 6m)
5(6)=30 kN
ΣFy = 0; V = 15 − 5x
5
ΣMcp = 0; M = 15x − x 2
2
R1 6m R2
V (kN)

ΣM1 = 0; R1 = R2 = 15 kN 15
SFD

x(m)
3 6
• Apply method of section for segment chosen
-15
and generate equation of equilibrium.
5x cp M (kN.m)

BMD
22.5
M
x V x(m)
3 6
15 kN
Bending stress 15/40
Outline

Bending stress

Shear stresses due to Bending

Deflection of the beam

Transverse Shear

• Beams generally support both shear and moment

loading. Shear, v is the result of a transverse
shear-stress distribution that acts over the beam’s
cross section.
• Associated longitudinal shear stresses also act along
longitudinal planes of beam.
• If a typical element removed from the interior point on
the cross section it will be subjected to both
transverse and longitudinal shear stress.
• Shear-strain distribution throughout the depth of a
beam cannot be easily expressed mathematically.
Thus, we need to develop the formula for shear stress
indirectly using the flexure formula and relationship
dM
between moment and shear ; V =
dx
Shear stresses due to Bending 17/40
The shear formula

• The final result is therefore;

VQ
τ=
It
Definition
τ shear stress in member at the point located a distance y’ from the neutral axis (N.A)
V internal resultant shear force, determined from method of sections and equations of
equilibrium
I moment of inertia of entire cross sectional area computed about the neutral axis
t width of the member’s cross sectional area, measured at the point where τ is to be
determined
Q A0 ydA0 = y 0 A0 , where A’ is the top (or bottom) portion of member’s cross sectional
R

area, defined from section where t is measured, and y’ is distance of centroid of A’,
measured from neutral axis.

Shear stresses due to Bending 18/40

Example 4.3

The beam shown in the following figure is made from two boards. Determine the
maximum shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards together along the seams
where they are joined. Supports at B and C exert only vertical reactions on the beam.

150 mm
30 mm
6.5 kN/m

B D
C N.A
150 mm
Y

4m 4m
30 mm

Shear stresses due to Bending 19/40

Example 4.3 (Solution)

• Internal shear: Support reactions • The centroid and therefore the neutral axis will be
and shear diagram for beam are determined from the reference axis placed at bottom
shown below. Maximum shear in of the cross sectional area.
the beam is 19.5 kN. Σȳ A
26 kN
ȳ =
ΣA
(0.075(0.15)(0.03)) + (0.165(0.03)(0.15))
=
0.15(0.03) + 0.03(0.15)
6m 2m
6.5 kN 19.5 kN = 0.12 m
V (kN)
 
1
SFD I = (0.03)(0.15)3 + 0.15(0.03)(0.12 − 0.075)2
6.5 12
 
1
5 8 x (m) + (0.15)(0.03)3 + 0.03(0.15)(0.165 − 0.12)2
4 12
= 27 × 10−6 m4

-19.5

Shear stresses due to Bending 20/40

Example 4.3 (Solution)

• The top board (flange) is being held onto
the bottom board (web) by the glue, which
is applied over the thickness t = 0.03m.
Consequently A’ is defined as the area of
the top board, we have;
Q = y 0 A0
= (0.18 − 0.015 − 0.12)(0.03)(0.15)
= 0.2025 × 10−3 m3
• Shear stress acting at top of bottom board
is shown in the next figure. It is the glue’s
resistance to this lateral or horizontal shear
stress that is necessary to hold the boards
from slipping at support C.

• Applying shear formula yields,

VQ
τmax =
It
19.5 × 103 (0.2025 × 10−3 )
=
27 × 10−6 (0.03)
= 4.88 MPa
Shear stresses due to Bending 21/40
Example 4.3 (SFD and BMD)

• Solve reactions at supports: • For 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 m

cp

6.5(4)=26 kN M
x V
RA

4m
RA RB ΣMcp = 0, M = 6.5x
8m
ΣFy = 0, V = 6.5
ΣMB = 0, RC (8) − 26(6) = 0
• For 4 ≤ x ≤ 8 m
RC = 19.5 kN 6.5(x-4)
cp
RB = 6.5 kN
M
4m
• Apply method of section for segment chosen RA
x
V

and generate equation of equilibrium for 2

parts. ΣMcp = 0, M = 6.5x
ΣFy = 0, V = 6.5

Shear stresses due to Bending 22/40

Example 4.3 (SFD and BMD)

• Draw/sketch shear and moment diagram based on x = 1,2,..,8 only

SFD
V (kN)
6.5
8 x(m)
4

M (kN.m) 29.2
BMD

x(m)
4 8

Shear stresses due to Bending 23/40

Example 4.4

The beam is made of wood and is subjected to a resultant 50 mm

internal vertical shear force of V = 3 kN. (a) Determine
125 mm
the shear stress in the beam at point P, and (b) compute
P
the maximum shear stress in the beam.
V = 3 kN

37.5 mm
100 mm
Solution
• The moment of inertia:
Aʹ
1 3 1
I = bh = (100)(125)3 = 16.28 × 106 mm4
12 12 50 mm
12.5 mm
Q = y 0 A0 = (62.5 − 50/2)(50)(100) = 18.75 × 104 mm3 P
N.A

• Applying the shear formula, we have V = 3 kN

VQ 3(18.75 × 104 ) 100 mm

τp
τ = = = 0.346 MPa
It 16.28 × 106 (100)

Shear stresses due to Bending 24/40

Example 4.4 (Solution)

Aʹ
• Maximum shear stress occurs at the neutral axis, since
t is constant throughout the cross section,
62.5 mm

Q = y 0 A0 = (62.5/2)(62.5)(100) = 19.53 × 104 mm3

N.A

• Applying the shear formula, we have

100 mm

VQ 3(19.53 × 104 )
τmax = = = 0.36 MPa
It 16.28 × 106 (100)

Shear stresses due to Bending 25/40

Outline

Bending stress

Shear stresses due to Bending

Deflection of the beam

Deflection of the beam

• When a beam with a straight longitudinal axis is loaded by lateral forces, the axis is
deformed into a curve, called the deflection curve of the beam. Deflection is the
displacement in the y-direction of any point on the axis of the beam.
• The calculation of deflections is an important part of structural analysis and design.

Deflection of the beam 27/40

Deflection of the beam
• Deflections are essential for example in the analysis of statically indeterminate structures and
in dynamic analysis, as when investigating the vibration of aircraft or response of buildings to
earthquakes.
• Deflections are sometimes calculated in order to verify that they are within tolerable limits.
• Use various methods to determine the deflection and slope at specific points on beams and
shafts:
• Integration method (Macaulay’s approach)
• Method of superposition
• Moment-area method

Deflection of the beam 28/40

Basic Differential Equation for Deflection
• For small curvatures: y di

ds = dx = Rdi B'
R i
di 1 dy
= but i = ds
dx R dx D
C
d 2y 1
• Therefore = ....(1) i
dx 2 R
A'
• simple bending theory:
A B
M 1 1 M
= → =
I R R EI x

• Therefore substitute into (1) : dx

 2 
d y
M = EI ....(2)
dx 2
Deflection of the beam 29/40
Macaulay’s Method

• The Macaulay’s method involves the general method of obtaining slopes and
deflections.
Characteristics
a) Term, W (x–a) is integrated with respect to (x–a) and not x
b) Mathematical operations:
(
n 0, for x < a
hx − ai = n
;n ≥ 0
(x − a) , otherwise

c) Special bracket used to represent the operation used Macaulay’s concept : i.e. hx − 2i

Deflection of the beam 30/40

Example 4.5

Consider a simple beam problem as shown and develop the expression for maximum
deflection.
w

L/2

Solution: Free-body diagram and solve for reaction:

w
cp
M

w/2 L/2 x-L/2

x

Deflection of the beam 31/40

Example 4.5 (solution)

• Bending Moment equations • General equation becomes:

w L w 3 w L wL2
∴M= x − w (x − )
2 2 EIy = x − hx − i3 − x
12 6 2 16
d 2y w L
EI 2 = x − w hx − i
dx 2 2 • x= L
2 when maximum deflection occurs:
dy w 2 w L
EI = x − hx − i2 + A
dx 4 2 2 w L 3 w L L
w 3 w L EIy = ( ) − hx − − i3
EIy = x − hx − i3 + Ax + B 12 2 6 2 2
12 6 2
wL2 L
− ( )
16 2
• Boundary conditions: wL3
y =− Ans.
x = 0, y = 0 ∴ B = 0 48EI
wL2
x = L, y = 0 ∴ A = −
16

Deflection of the beam 32/40

Example 4.6

Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of beam) if E = 210 kN/mm2 . The
cross-section is given below.

15 kN

5 kN/m 10 mm
40 mm
N.A 10 mm
B 40 mm
A
10 mm
1m 5m
50 mm

Deflection of the beam 33/40

Example 4.6 (solution)

• Bending Moment equations • Equation for deflection becomes:

5 2 15 3 36
∴ M = −15x + 36(x − 1) − x EIy = − x + hx − 1i3
2 6 6
d 2y 5 5 4
EI = −15x + 36hx − 1i − x 2 − x + 11.45x − 8.75
dx 2 2 24
dy 15 2 36 5
EI =− x + hx − 1i − x 3 + A
2
• Deflection occurs at x = 3:
dx 2 2 6
15 3 36 5 4 (I = 2.46 × 10−6 m4 )
3
EIy =− x + hx − 1i − x + Ax + B
6 6 24 15 3 36
EIy = − (3) + h3 − 1i3
• Boundary conditions: 6 6
5
− (3)4 + 11.45(3) − 8.75
x = 1, y = 0 ∴ A + B = 2.71 − − − (1) 24
y = 0.02079 m = 20.79 mm Ans.
x = 6, y = 0 ∴ 6A + B = 60 − − − (2)
→ Solve : A = 11.45; B = −8.75

Deflection of the beam 34/40

Example 4.7

Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of beam) if E = 210 kN/mm2 . The
cross-section is given below.

15 kN 5 kN/m 10 mm
40 mm
N.A 10 mm
B 40 mm
A
10 mm
1m 5m
50 mm

Deflection of the beam 35/40

Example 4.7 (solution)

• Bending Moment equations • Equation for deflection becomes:

5 15 3 30.5
∴ M = −15x + 30.5(x − 1) − (x − 1)2 EIy = − x + hx − 1i3
2 6 6
d 2y 5 5 4
EI = −15x + 30.5hx − 1i − hx − 1i2 − x + 6.46x − 3.96
dx 2 2 24
dy 15 2 30.5 5
EI =− x + hx − 1i − hx − 1i3 + A
2
• Deflection occurs at x = 3:
dx 2 2 6
15 3 30.5 5 4 (I = 2.46 × 10−6 m4 )
3
EIy =− x + hx − 1i − x + Ax + B
6 6 24 15 3 30.5
EIy = − (3) + h3 − 1i3
• Boundary conditions: 6 6
5
− (3)4 + 6.46(3) − 3.96
x = 1, y = 0 ∴ A + B = 2.5 − − − (1) 24
y = 28.55 mm Ans.
x = 6, y = 0 ∴ 6A + B = 34.79 − − − (2)
Solve : A = 6.46; B = −3.96

Deflection of the beam 36/40

Example 4.8

Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of beam) if E = 210 kN/mm2 .

The cross-section is given below.

15 kN 5 kN/m 10 mm
40 mm
N.A 10 mm
B 40 mm
A
10 mm
1m 4m 1m
50 mm

Deflection of the beam 37/40

Example 4.8 (solution)

• Since the 5 kN/m load did not reach the end, (x-1) does not represent the actual loading.
The equivalent loading is:
Equivalent
loading cp
15 kN 5 kN/m

RA x-5
x-1
x

• Equation for deflection becomes:

(x − 1) (x − 5)
∴ M = −15x + 30(x − 1) − 5(x − 1) + 5(x − 5)
2 2
Deflection of the beam 38/40
Example 4.8 (solution)

• Differential equations:

d 2y 5 5
EI = −15x + 30hx − 1i − hx − 1i2 + hx − 5i2
dx 2 2 2
dy 15 2 30 5 5
EI =− x + hx − 1i − hx − 1i + hx − 5i3 + A
2 3
dx 2 2 6 6
15 3 30 3 5 4 5
EIy = − x + hx − 1i − hx − 1i + hx − 5i4 + Ax + B
6 6 24 24
• Boundary conditions:
15
x = 1, y = 0 ∴ A + B = ..(1)
6
x = 6, y = 0 ∴ 6A + B = −409.99..(2)

Solve : A = −82.5; B = 84.99

15 3 30 5 5
• General equation: EIy = − x + hx − 1i3 − hx − 1i4 + hx − 5i4 − 82.5x + 84.99
6 6 24 24

Deflection of the beam 39/40

The End