BUKIDNON HIGAONON TIGWAHANON MATIGSALUG Umayamnon TALAANDIG

Education Education Education EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION EDUCATION

◂ Back then, when the
Language Language Informal Education Traditionally, elders write Umayamon were still School for Living
● According - Binukid is a - In the old times, down their history and ignorant about education Tradition
to Maria co-official language their elders taught traditions in a logbook and the elders would teach •Established in 1996.
Rosario in Bukidnon them how to hunt, then let their young tribe their children about •Preserve the culture
Gamayot-S province (Probinsya fish, and do other members read it. farming and hunting. But and traditions of the
aldua from ta Bukidnon), where kind of livelihood. because of tribe
her blog. it is known as Furthermore, their • Datu Robert Siawan modernization, they for generations.
She stated Higaonon. Binukid own language is made a way to make its have recognized the •The elders are the
that the is spoken mainly by passed down from learning more appealing by importance and the teachers of the young.
binukid older adults, generations to using technology or a value of education and •Teaches traditional
language is however in the generations. certain app also called now they would want dance, crafts, history,
spoken by Province of MATIGSALUG APP to their children to attend story
indigenous Bukidnon a number capture today's school so that the other of the ancients, and
people of schools teach in generation's attention to people would not see agriculture.
Indigenous People
specifically Binukid and some learning. them as ignorant or •Learning system is
the include lessons in (IP) Education uneducated. embodied in various
Higaonon, Binukid arts and Today, they have forms of
Talaandig, culture as well. In adapted the oral tradition.
and 2005 there were education system of •Purpose is to promote
Pulangiyen about 122,000 the government. the children as the
● Around speakers of There are next
100,000 Binukid, which is generation.
approximately 10 IP
people still also known as
speak this Bukid, Higaunen, schools in San
language. binukid, Binukid Fernando, Bukidnon
● According Manobo or exclusive for IPs.
to SIL, Bukidnon.
Binukid - The Higaonon The goal of
language have their own achieving this
has the system of writing.
education is
following Their myths and
classificatio legends speak of a culturally responsive
n and great ancestor and sensitive. The
 writing named “Suwat” who lessons are carefully
system: kept a list of the and reliably being
  people who were researched and
Classification: - living and dead
interviewed from the
Austronesian, during the great
Malayo- flood that took IP elders.
Polynesian, place long ago.
Philippine.
- Language
Greater Central Education System Their alphabet has
Philippine, Panupaan ➢ It is only 18 letters:
Manobo, North a way of Higaunen ● 4 vowels (a, i,
Writing system: parents feeding o and u) and
Latin script their infant by ● 14
chewing the food consonants
Education System first before feeding (b, k, d, g ,h ,l,
● Several it to their infant. It is m ,n ,ng ,p, s,
non-govern a way of the t ,w ,and y
ment parents to transfer
organizatio their knowledge to
ns in their child.
Malaybalay Paniiban ➢ The
City child always stay by
established his/her parents
culture-bas side, go wherever
ed and observe what
education his/her parent
centers does. And then the
that include paniib ritual will
artistic and happen when the
cultural child is capable to
practices in do what he/she
their observes from
curriculum. her/his parents.
● These Gugud - It is
facilities where the elders
use binukid will tell their
as the children a story
 medium of related to their
instruction. living. Like how,
when or what
● Their method of farming
alphabet they should do to
has only 18 have a bountiful
letters; 4 harvest. The elders
vowels (a, usually gather their
e, i, and u) children after dinner
and 14 and early in the
consonants morning to tell then
( b, k, d, g, a
h, l, m, n, nanangen before
ng, p, s, t, going to their farm.
w, and y).
● The vowel The Higaunen
e is alphabet contains
pronounce 19 letters only of
d which 4 of them are
differently, the only vowels.
just like the Vowels A, E, I, U
letter u in Consonant B, K, D,
but and G, H, L, M, N, NG,
cup in the P, R, S, T
english
language. Some examples
with e Maseleg-
swift Masukilem-
dark Maleleng- to
mourn Some
examples with u
Maluya- weak
Idung- nose
Gulabung- hot
season

Religion Religion Religion RELIGIOUS SYSTEM Religion RELIGION

MONOTHEISTIC: Higaunon believes Ancient Times up Mamumulig- Goddess of > The tribe doesn't
- believe in in Magbabaya as until today the animals have religion because
one God the Supreme Being. • According to Opeña Moulin-olin- goddess of they believe in
“Magbabaya” (the We believe that Before they were (1982), Bukidnon is the water UNIVERSAL FAITH
ruler of all) Magbabaya and his introduced to traditional people is Talabugta- goddess of
● who has spirit servants must Christianity, they generally monotheistic. the land •Magbabaya- The
minor gods and be pleased all the believed in the In this present time, supreme
goddesses under time in order to existence of • They believe in one Umayamnon have beingMulin-ulin- Guide
his command ensure abundant Magbabaya, the God “Magbabaya” (the different Religions spirit.
○ Ibabasok – harvest, good highest and most ruler of all) who has minor Roman Catholic •Anilaw ha Sumagda-
who watches over health, and powerful deity of the gods and goddesses under Seventh Day Adventist A house spirit, the
growth of crops; protection from Bukidnon. He is the his command. Baptist Religion guard of the door.
○ Dagdingon enemies and creator who lives in •Dadagunan hu
– who watches natural catastrophe. a house made of • Ibabasok – who Suguy- A house spirit
over planting and Magbabaya is The coins, high in the watches over growth of who guard the lawn of
harvest season highest and most sky. crops the house
○ Bulalakaw powerful deity of •Diwata ha Manilib- A
– who is the god of the Bukidnon. He is Panubad is the • Dagingon – who house spirit who
the rivers and the creator who general term for a watches over planting and records the activity of
lakeS lives in a house ritual or prayer. harvest season the people inside the
○ Tumpas made of coins, high house.
Nanapiyaw or in the sky. The They have minor • Bulalakaw – who is •Diwata Pinatanlay-
Itumbangol – who house is gods, goddesses, the god of the rivers and Ahouse spirit who
watches over the windowless, as to and other creatures lakes guard the house ridge
base of the earth see him causes all under the command of the rooftop.
night and day) — men or objects of Magbabaya: • Tumpas Nanapiyaw or •Sinyuda Kahibunan-
accepted many — to dissolve into Itumbangol – who watches A house spirit, the hall
Religious group: water. ● Ibabasok – over the base of the earth keeper.
● More than goddess of night and day).
three fourth of The Magbabaya soil. •Panglang- Pregnancy
77.42 percent of provides meaning ● Alimogkat- a • Marriage is almost ritual.
the population were for everything, creature living always through parental •Talabugta- Ritual
Roman Catholics. including the in the river. arrangements. A kaula-an before cultivating the
● the meaning of ● Bulalakaw – (bride price) is to be paid land.
Seventh Day existence. “To be” is the goddess by the groom to the bride’s •Pamamuhandi-
Adventist, comprise defined by the of the sea and family. Thanks giving ritual.
4.02 percent of the Magbabaya. As for rivers.
population. the early humans, • The Kaliga-an rituals
● Association Natanyag and
of the Fundamental Natanghaga, they They also believed are divided into genre: the
Baptist Church in were offered the that; political and religious ones
the Philippines fruits of the Babaylan are the performed by the datus
comprise 3.47 Kalintubo, the Tree master of rituals. and those agricultural
percent of Life in the Baya. There is a process in rituals for the farmers.
● Iglesia Ni making a babaylan.
Cristo 1.59 percent Higaonon beliefs
● Aglipay and practices (Mga Panubaran is a
1.51 percent panuos daw mga structure made of
NOTE: hinang ku light materials that
Bukidnon Higaunon). The could be called the
accepted different Higaunons believed “church”.
religions since the in supernatural
community is beings that dwelt in In the Present
evolving and there mountains, forests, Presently, they have
are many trees, or simply freedom to choose
immigrants who existed in some their religion.
choose to live in portion of the In San Fernando,
the province of universe. They also the religions of some
Bukidnon. believed in the IPs are:
Roman existence of ● Roman
Catholicism is beneficent spirits Catholic
dominant not only like those of their ● MABCAM –
in Bukidnon but dead datus as well Manobo Bible
nationwide. It is as in malevolent Church
because of the ones, and in the Association of
Spanish colonies creator of all Mindanao
who influenced things—the God ● Assembly of
Roman Magbabaya. Rituals God
Catholicism. and ceremonies ● Seventh Day
Other religions have remained a Adventist
are influenced by part of the ● Other
different tourists Higaunon way of protestant
and travellers from life until the religions
different countries present. The tribal There are IPs
who have different community held a nowadays who
beliefs and faith. Kaamulan Festival became pastors of
any time during the the protestant
Religious Beliefs year either to give religion.
• continue to thanks for a good
believe in harvest, to
Magbabáya, "most celebrate a victory,
powerful of all." a wedding, a
• those in more baptism, or a family
distant villages reunion.
have accepted The symbols found
Christianity more in the white pig, the
selectively community’s
offering and a
Six categories of sacrifice for
spirits: continued
• Great spirits of beneficence in the
sky, earth, and the forthcoming
four cardinal points, planting seasons.
including The traditional
Magbabáya butchering of
• Guardian spirits of fattened pigs at the
certain activities foot of the stairs of
(farming) and the tribal chieftain’s
things (water, dwelling marked the
animals) formal opening of
• Localized nature the celebration. The
spirits white pig, the
• Gimokod, or bathing in the
multiple souls flowing blood
within one's body symbolizing
cleanliness from
Religious guilt, the cooing of
Practitioners the limokon
• Catholic priests (pigeon)
are the principal symbolizing
religious figures assurance of a
• Baylan plays an good
important role as harvest. The datus
the one who can gathered around
communicate with offering prayers to
spirits the good spirit of
• The process the harvest. They
involves learning also offered prayers
how to identify of thanks to the
which spirit is spirits of the
involved, and how departed datus.
to intone the exact
invocations called Vestiges of this still
for in ceremonies remain with the
older generation.
Even when already
Christianized, no
one is against the
recounting of
stories concerning
their traditional
religion. Marriages,
baptisms and other
sacraments are
done in churches
administered by the
Catholic priest or
Protestant minister,
respectively. When
baptized the
Higaonon keeps
two names – a
Christian and a
Higaunon name.

Culture Culture Culture CULTURAL SYSTEM Culture CULTURE

Higaunon
Cultural Practice means “people Cultural Practices • The life of an animistic RULES TO BE •Farming is the main
•Pangampo of the wilderness”. revolves around a spirit FOLLOWED WHEN livelihood.
- prayer to ● Duway world. They maintain that ANYTHING IS SOLD •Binukid- Language
Magbabay Derived from the A custom or tradition spirits live in water, land, OR GIVEN AWAY •Makatu- Human soul
a for the native word “gaun” of having more than trees, and rocks. Tragedies If the item is sold or •Magbabaya- Highest
preservatio -which means one wife at the same like illnesses, drought and given by the parent: God
 n, literally put away time. The husband death are caused by angry The children or relatives •Believes in spirits who
protection either from fire, needs to get the spirits. should respect the guard and protect the
and proper heat of the sun or permission of his first actions of the parents for nature.
use of the from the water. wife for him to be able • Events like planting selling or giving a thing: •Pamuhat- (Ritual)
7 most to marry another crops and revenge-taking If there is harassment or Religious ceremony
important They are woman. He can have (called “pangayaw”) are threats from the seller’s propitiating the spirits
things on somewhat nomadic, many wives as long preceded by rituals. Life is relatives to the one who through prayers and
earth, land that is, they travel as he can provide preoccupied with bought or was given the sacrifices.
water, tree, from one mountain their needs and the appeasing the spirits by •Marriage is the most
fire, air, village to another, children that they will offering sacrifices. item, the problem can be significant basis of
sound and looking for more have in the future. The addressed to the Datu: Talaandig kinship.
beliefs and fertile soil and Duway will follow what • Eggs, rice, corn, coins If the item sold by the •Have traditional
traditions better harvest. the first wife will bracelets, anklets and betel parent wants to be taken dances that reflects
command to her like nuts are placed on an altar, back by his son or their ways of living.
•Salangsang The tribe lives doing the household and the Datu, while calling brother or relative due to •Believes that they are
- A through what is in chores or even on the spirits, slits the a one with nature.
ceremony the sky. looking livelihood for throat of a chicken and serious reason, he must •Soil painting is a way
asking the whole family’s offers the blood. replace it with another of depicting the
permission Aldaw(sun)-that needs. item of similar value to Talaandig culture.
from gives light • It is very difficult to the first item sold:
Magbabay ● Buya convince people who been For example a horse has POLITICAL
a to plant Bulan(moon)-that To set or organize an practicing such things for been sold and wants to
crop's gives signs of a arrange marriage. The many generations that it is be taken back by the Batasan- set of
good planting tigwahanon tribe wrong. child of the seller, it can customary laws.
•Layaglayag season. arrange the marriage be •Tulugan- tribal
- A of their children even replaced with another community
ceremony Bituen(star)- that at the very young age animal according to what •Datu- father of the
asking gives a sign of when they see both parties agrees in community
Magbabay coming rain someone whom they front of the Datu: >chosen by the
a for the think is good for their The recovery of the item elder’s group
crop The four elements. sons or daughter. The sold can only be done according
protection parents will talk to the within one month after to his behavior.
Bugta(soil) parents of that boy or the sale. It is not Through his
•Lagong girl whom they liked refundable or recognized
- Thanksgivi Wahig(water) and that parent do not exchangeable after the courage,
ng for the disagree because if time allowed: accomplishment,
blessings Kalamag(wind) they will do that, they No one can take back or versatility,
from will be charge to sala. change the thing that and mastery of
 Magbabay Hapuy(fire) The child did not know has been given (not the oral history and
a that they have already sold) by the parents: customs of the
Pamulindaw been arrange to CIRCUMSTANCES tribe.
•Limbay -come it is the marriage until such WHICH MAY BE THE >roles are to
- Welcome sign that the rainy time that they are BASIS OF SALA maintain the batasan
statement season is near so ready. The girl is Light offenses and
or words of the higaunen tribe ready for marriage punishable with light social order in
praise will prepare for when she has her first punishment: the community and
honoring a farming. monthly period. The Does not inform the promote
guest, boy is ready for parents when courting relationships with other
visitors, -is when the marriage if his their daughter: tribal
friend and color of some part reproductive organ is Fraud, cheating: communities. Also, to
usually of the sky is getting already big. Accusation without arbitrate internal
done in red. sufficient facts: conflicts.
para-poetic ● Sala Lying: >will always
al/musical Salahugan is a customary way of Gossiping: be one until he dies.
version -At night when resolving conflicts and Belittles or looking down •Sabandal- protector of
the moon is not disagreements among on someone: the community. Known
•Samayaan visible in the sky it the Bukidnon. Where Serious offenses for their courage,
- A ritual of is not yet the time a person who is punishable by heavy expediency and
the whole for farming. charge to “sala” will punishment: obedience.
place for pay animals like Breach or •Pasagi- tribal council.
thanksgivin Full moon horses, pigs, non-compliance of the The lawmaking body.
g to the - it is the best carabaos or as what contract: - consist of 8
Almighty time for the their opponent ask There is no respect for members.
for a higaunen to plant and not just one but the honorable Datu and •Kagugpahat- (alliance
peaceful those fruits and many. If the person leader of the people: system). Intertribal
year. Also vegetables in the who committed sin Blasphemy of a sacred relation
request for shape of a circle. could not afford, the place or “tulêngdanon,” is maintained.
good Datu will be the one to or ancestral domain:
health New moon give or to look for that Defamation of a person, SETTLEMENT OF
- it is the time particular animals criticizing and mocking CONFLICTS
•Pangapar for them to plant being asked just to him: >Conflicts are settled
- A gathering corn and bananas. resolved the conflict to Datu or leader who by Batasan and is
and ritual maintain the peace abuses his rights or executed under 2
of all Ikatatulo ha dulem and order of the power: general laws:
medicine - the best time community. But during Serious crimes that will
men to for farming. the conference, they be punished according 1. Lagipit ha Batasan-
 drive away may ask the opponent to the Datu’s judgment: emphasizes the
causes of Pagpanigal I if they can decrease 1) Impregnating a payment of large
sickness -for their root the number of the woman and not marrying amount of goods
and crops. animals they ask as them: before resolution of
illnesses. payment. 2) Stealing conflicts are made.
- Usually Lagti 3) Adultery or rape: 2. Saungangen ha
held when - to give thanks The following events 6) Abuse or violation of batasan- law used to
there is an to God by offering or traits that could be the rights of others such settle conflicts but
epidemic the first fruit. charged to “sala”. as seizing the wife or demanding lower
1. The husband, killing, or penalties according to
•Pamuhat Logging timbers disagreement of entering the degree of batasan.
- An offering -like apitong, the marriage the area or house of the
of the lauan, yakal, being arranged native without the •Incest is a taboo
Deities kamagong and by the parents of request of the leader or •Tanyag ha Batasan-
upon narra. the one party householder: If the (elopement Law)
entering an who likes to leader or •Sayuda ha Batasan- (
unknown Hunting marry off their Datu commits this great law of information
place, - Banog, bats, son/daughter sin, the punishment will giving)
especially snakes, field rats, from the other be doubled:
forested monkeys and party. A person who commits a PEOPLE AUTHORIZE
areas. This different kinds of 2. To disagree serious crime that does TO RENDER
is done birds are prevalent. when one asked not seek justice or who JUSTICE
when your animal to repeatedly commits such •Balaghusay- datu’s
somebody Fishing be used as a crime will be (arbitrator)
asks for -is also one of payment to sentenced to death by •Darantulan- datu that
permission the major activities. “sala” the tribe. can be consulted
to enter a Occasionally, 3. In far-flung anytime.
forest or poisons are used in areas like in •Darangulan- datu who
cave to streams. Salumayag, if Panaguhabol (Weaving) settles conflicts
gather you stare or Pamahandi outside the community.
fruits, cut Spearguns laugh at them,it Panalabugtā
trees -are also can be taken as Pamalas (Bad luck)
known to employed a symbol of Panawe (Sinablêw)
be discrimination or Pangumpaya
inhabited Tampudas hu the person Singampo
by spirits Balagun involved looked Tagon-on
- an ancient down on them. Tampudâ
•Kandulian ritual which means 4. If a person says
 - An offering “treaty of the green bad words MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
of food by vine towards them. Panhimongêw/kagon
family to branch;”literally, 5. If a person (Pamalaye)
ascertain means cutting the committed Panakin (Pangagad)
the cause vine and adultery. Bata (Money or
of illness of symbolically, cutting 6. If a person something to be given
the family disputes between steals. as a bridge to the
member ethnic groups. 7. If a person killed fulfillment of the
another person. intention)
•Pamahandi 8. If the husband Lupoganen (Bugay)
- Yearly Bunkatol Ha harms his wife. Ulowan sa bugay (Large
worship of Bulawan Daw Nang amount)
every Ka Tasa Ha Lana Ta’tag (Small Amount)
family to - (“Treasured ● Magahat Binuhiay (Giving)
thank God unity of love and Seeking justice for the Dragged
(Magbabay peace”) is a code of conflict not being Panlagatem(panud-an)
a) for all conduct they resolved. The group of – their way to find food
the graces faithfully follow, a people who plans to Ways of How they find
and sacred bond that have “magahat” in a food:
blessings unites their particular place Pangaso o pangayam –
community. always announces the Before hunting wild
•Kaliga time that they will animals they do the
- Nine-day conduct it to the “pagpangapog” to the
worship to public. “mamumulig”
heal sick -If the dog is a fresh
person trainee graduate, the
● Panalawahig first caught animal will
•Panalawahig yearly ritual where the be called
- Worship rivers "Pulangui" and “Hugab”
practiced "Tigwa" meet and Pamalatik o panlais –
yearly at merge. To ask the umayamnon’s way of
the river Alimogkat not to harm getting a pig.
bank the people residing in Equipments used:
the place near the Sugkaran
•Litob rivers. It is also a Bolo
- The worship where they Uway
purpose of call Bulalakaw – the Kahoy
this ritual is goddess of the sea for
 to drive a whole year of good Bawog
away evil health, productive, Panlaog –
and bad livelihood and safety. mangangayam will go to
omen the forest if it’s raining to
● Sunggod Ta find “ dinugmunan” and
•Panlang Kamanga kill
- Prayer for (First day of January) the wild pig
a mother Done in preparation Panlit-ag o panluyloy –
who is for the harvest of the one way of catching the
about to year (Pananom sa wild pig where the
deliver a Panuig) or sowing of mangangayams are
baby.Praye the seeds. It is also a blocking other ways.
r for a symbol of the arising Pang-giman- a rat cage
healthy or formation of a new made with bamboo and
baby and moon. rattan
for the For some, farming Giman – a trap that can
mother not tools are dipped in catch pig, rat, chicken,
to animal’s blood, which deer and other animals
experience is usually the blood of that
severe pain a chicken. In this can be
during ritual, they call Seen in the wild.
delivery Ibabasok to protect Lulobeng – A hiding spot
them from getting of hunters while waiting
•Pang-ibabasok wounded or harmed to trap a chicken.
Worship during farming Apolo – a way of
done throughout the year. capturing a monkey in
before and the wild.
after ● Panlo-uy Woy Pugis – It is attached in
planting for Palinbabagtu the barrier of a plant to
the good (February) catch a chicken.
harvest The event of choosing Viand from Water
the right place to farm. Sasagep o pahubas – a
•Talabugta Done only by the portion of river will be
- Yearly owner of the farm. drained by blocking the
practice to water way so that
thank the Pangakat Woy fishes will be easily
goddess of Kakamot caught.
the land for (February) Panang-ew o pangiwag
 his The way of inviting – a cage made with
bountiful to pagpalampas. bamboo skin. It will be
abundance wrapped with rattan
bestowed ● Popolod leaves so the frog or fish
to the (February) will be easily spotted.
people The cutting of huge Palugmon – a trap called
trees. “bugyas” (umayamnon)
•Pamalas o buo (higaonon) that
- A practice ● Gogolo/ will be placed in
given to a Sisilab/ under the water to trap
newly wed Gagapo fishes.
couple or (March) Takepan – a trap placed
to a visitor The cutting of in the river where the
to welcome branches of tree and current is strong to catch
them burning them. eel.
Salanaw – a fishing
•Diyandi ● Pagpalangosa equipment made with
- a ritual To Pag Oorok rattan torn.
performed (March) Pamingwit – a DIY
for The piece of wood fishing rod made by
reconciliati used for planting is umayamnon peple.
on dipped with the Sweet potato and
purposes animal’s blood. A ritual squash are
especially was then held. It is used to be the bait.
between an conducted to make Panlinte o pamana – a
inter ethnic the plants bear DIY bow used to fishing.
tribes bountiful fruits. DATU
•Linanggasan- Pants
•Tigi ( Finding ● Onow to Orok/ •Kinulintangan – long
Justice ) Guad sleeve
1. Gabi (Late April) •Dinumpas- necklace
This root crop will A ritual done to made of pali-of (beads)
be submerged to a strengthen the stem of •Binuklad- beaded
boiling kettle the rice plant. bracelet for Datu
murmuring the •Pinamuntasan-
name of the ● Hilamun headpiece
suspected theft (June- August) • White- worn only by the
2. Badjang Weeding in the rice Datu’s who have done a
Sliced 7×7 to be field. lot of good things in their
eaten by the tribe
suspect. If the ● Sabit • Black- worn by the
suspect won’t feel (September) Datus who have done
itchy, he is not Thanksgiving done little in the tribe
guilty every harvest; they • Red- worn by a usual
3. Hot Iron will then invite people Datu
This very hot iron in the community as a •Sinulaman- an
will be held by the way of sharing embroided headpiece
suspect, if doesn’t blessings to others. It worn only by the highest
get burn, then he is is a ritual where Datu of the tribe
not guilty people are to taste the BAE
rice. •Ginuntingan – the
•Magahat or Umayamnon tribal dress
Mangayao ● Logtoy for women
- Person or (September-October •Dinaket- necklace
group of ) •Balaring- earrings
persons The actual harvest. •Sugkad- wore behind
seek the head
justice ● Babandoy •Sabong-sabong –
through (November) headband
killing The cleaning of the •Timusog- bronze
anyone place where the bracelet
(IP’s or not) harvest takes place.
who •Bulosog- bracelet made
entered in ● Pagsalo from kinhason (shells)
the area The exchange of rice worn only by the Bae
declared to balls between couple. with a lot of knowledge
be within This will be done after in
the the ceremony of their tribe
Magahat marriage wherein the They only wear their
area couple will make rice Bisti ( tribal costume) if
balls with their hands theree is a special
•Kanduli and then exchange by occasion like Pamuhat
- Has to be letting their partner eat WAYS TO PRESERVE
done the rice ball he or she THEIR FOOD
irregularly had made. •Inalisig- it is a method
depending of preserving the fish or
 on the ● Panuban any food from the water
emergency The prayer for the •Sinugnuhanit- a method
cases like soul. They would used for preserving food
life and recite it for the soul to found in the mountain
death. It die peacefully and to like pig, snake and etc.
has to be never come back to RITUALS
performed the Earth again. •Binuhiay ( Inuyaga)
for the •It is a ritual of both
procureme families to strengthen
nt of all ● Pamamahandi the relationship and
sorts of (Form of responsibility for a good
sickness thanksgiving) life
and being done after •Baliwasēn
diseases harvest which is done •A ritual that is done so
that by offering animal's that the child inside the
devastate blood for a newly mother's womb will
people’s bought property or for be healthy until it is
lives, any blessing they born.
animals have received. All the •Dang-ol ( Dapukan)
and plants prayers are officiated •It is the ritual of the tribe
especially and performed by the to assign the duty,
the locusts baylan. power, and responsibility
to a new suitable
•Seliley(Salelay) and reliable person
- Ritual Bangkakawan • The eligibility criteria to
executed in Festival – it is a become a Datu or Bae
the sacred festival held every are as follows
places like 18th of June in -He is a descendant of
tombs of celebration of Araw Datu
the valiant ng San Fernando. - Have knowledge about
and well San Fernando what Datu's do
respected celebrates its - Is respected in their
spiritual birthday in an tribe
leaders impressive -A lot of good has been
and tribal entertainment done to the tribe
leaders as fashion to the joy of •Haklaran
well the general public. • A ritual to protect the
Araw Ng San tribe from diseases and
•Sawit Fernando tagged as calamities
- the •Kaligaôn
thanksgivin BANGKAKAWAN • Good planting, bounty
g ritual for FESTIVAL come full harvest and good family
the good circle with a health
harvest jam-packed •Mamumulig
and seven-day schedule • Ritual performed to ask
continual of different cultural help and guidance from
protection presentations and the spirit they believe
for the new trade fairs. that owns the
products to animals before going out
come History of to hunt.
Bangkakawan •Panglimpas
•Sapa Festival: •Ritual to prevent
- word of Before a disasters from
mouth BANGKAKAWAN is happening like illness
released by held, a ritual is and disaster in the
an angry conducted called family. It can
man SUNGGOD TA also be done to those
through KAMANGA. The who are sick for them to
“cursing” tribal people have a heal
that cause very high respect on •Panalawahig
misfortunes things specifically on •It is a ritual to the spirit
to the the farm implements that lives in the water.
people like bolos, spears, This will be done only
involved as arrows and the like. once a year
death of They are going to •Pamala
the whole offer these •This is done to predict
tribe, or implements to their the future event.
family and MAGBABAYA so •Pamukêw (Pamangkas)
relatives that no harm will •Ritual to awaken the
befall on the people unfinished problems.
•Kaamulan Festival using those tools. •Pananghid
- Kaamulan” •This is done for those
is from the Early in people who came from
Binukid the morning of the other place to ask the
word following day, the indigenous people
“amul” people will go to the about their culture.
 which area called lati to •Panlisig
means “to clear the area or to •Ritual to ward off an evil
gather”. It prepare and cultivate spirit that has possessed
is a it for planting. a person
gathering Usually, the people •Panalsal
of are engaged in •This is a ritual
Bukidnon Slash-and-burn performed before
tribespeopl agriculture. It is also sharpening tools like
e for a called fire-fallow knives.
purpose. It cultivation – a •Pasikaran
can mean farming method that • A ritual before doing
a datuship involves the cutting anything
ritual, a and burning of plants •Pangaliga
wedding in a forest or
ceremony, woodland to create a •Ritual before planting
a field called a so that the harvest will
thanksgivin swidden. The be abundant and nothing
g festival method begins by bad will happen to
during cutting down the the planting.
harvest trees and woody
time, a plants in an area. PÉG ULI TÉ UMAGAD
peace pact, The downed O PAGKUHA SA KALAG
or all of vegetation, or Two days after the
these put “slash”, is then left to wedding, the husband
together dry, usually right will go back to his house
before the rainiest accompanied by his
Cultural part of the year. brother in
Background Then, the biomass is law.
burned, resulting in a BALIWASÉN ( ANG
- The nutrient-rich layer of RITWAL SA MABDOS)
Bukidnons ash which makes the Sick or not, the pregnant
are one of soil fertile, as well as must undergo
the temporarily 'pamuhat' or
traditionalis eliminating weed ritual. The ritual for
tic ethnic and pest species. pregnant women is
groups in After about three to called
the five years, the plot’s 'Baliwasén' in
southern productivity Umayamnon and
 Philippines. decreases due to 'Panlang' in
They depletion of nutrients Higaunon.
inhabit the along with weed and Panlang – a ritual for
northeaster pest invasion, pregnant women to
n part of causing the farmers swear the curse against
Mindanao, to abandon the field her.
the second and move over to a Baliwasén – a ritual for
largest new area. The time it pregnant women to pay
island of takes for a swidden for her sins against her
the to recover depends parents, in-laws, and
archipelago on the location and against God.
. can be as little as -a ritual to asks for a
five years to more healthy child bearing
TYPES OF than twenty years, and a safe birth.
BUKIDNON after which the plot PÉG ANAK
1. Those can be slashed and (PAGPANGANAK)
leading the burned again, At the birth of the child,
most repeating the cycle. sick or not, the
traditional “mananabang” should
lifestyle When the hold the child as their
and those coverage of the godchild. It is
whose cleared area is still called “karas” in order
parents are small and a kind of for the child to be
full-blooded bird called ritualized.
natives. “alimocon” will sound Limpas: ritual for the
They are off, then people have child who has just been
those who to stop working born.
lived because it is a bad
remote omen for them.
from any They believe that At the time of marriage,
access of they will not harvest there are events or
lowlander the fruit of their toil instances that can cause
influence, because they will die problems to the couple
deep in the if they will not stop some
forest and tilling the land. On are the following:
along the the other hand,
watershed when people have AGAWA (PAG-ILOG SA
areas and already cleaned a ASAWA)
 the main wide coverage of the PAGBULAG SA
rivers. area and no sound MAGTIAYON
2. Live near from the “alimocon” KABALBALOWAN
the fringes bird is heard, they (Pagkabalo sa babaye o
of the are going to continue lalaki)
forests and cultivating the land
directly for they believe that 2 Rules that may be
within the nothing will happen violated by a
bounds of to them and that, widow/widower
the harvest is sure happened to marry
lowlanders. because there was someone without the
3. Highly no warning given to consent of his/her
assimilated them. in-laws:
natives and -Kahinalinan té Mata (
are To this kausaban sa iyang
generally effect, another ritual panan-aw)
able to or pamalas will be -Panggubi té lungon (
send their done. A native Panlagéna o nakaminus)
children off chicken will be -NAGMINYO NGA
to school offered requesting MANAG PARYENTE
4. Fully the spirits that
assimilated nothing bad will BATASAN KUNG
the ways of befall on them as ADUNAY PATAY NGA
urban living they continue MAHITABO:
and hardly clearing the land.
acknowled During this time –PATAY NGA
ge the old many people are NAKASALA ANG
ways of invited to help clear BIKTIMA
their the land. -BITÉY TÉ
backgroun PANGANIBAN
d After the -BINAYLOWA
5. Largely clearing of the land,
recent sowing season The following are the
immigrants follows. Another things that the sinned
from other ritual will be laid person should give:
parts of the requesting the owner Bangon – compensation
Philippine of the land that for life in animals or
archipelago nothing bad will valuable things agreed
and have happen to them and upon.
made that their effort will Balhon – (bed sheet)
Bukidnon bear fruit. People depending on what is
as their will help one another being decided to be
permanent in planting. The wool.
home people work so hard
that their physical Bugwas: or to wash the
bodies are affected place where the killing
becoming thin and took place.
lanky. Pabausan: or to vent the
anger of the concerned
After the family.
planting season, the Pang-nguyab: or to drive
datu will decide that away lows, hatred, or
they will go hunting comfort in the breath of
with a fresh water the deceased.
eel or kasili which Tampuda: ritual to erase
they consider to be a and cut conflict and
special food for the hatred; a reconciliation,
people in order to restoration of Goodwill,
regain their strength. and elimination of
The people will find grudges.
a place where kasili Pahingan-an: it is
abounds. something or money that
Fortunately, will be given as a sign
Mabuhay, San that there is no more
Fernando, Bukidnon hatred
river is teeming with left in the victim’s family.
kasili so they will
gather in that place –PATAY TUNGOD SA
and catch that kind -PANGABUBHO
of fish as much as -DANGGAS (Naangol)
they could. -KALINANGKULAN
(pagtugaw sa
A certain kasub-anan)
kind of log will be
hallowed out by
digging the central
portion of it to be
placed with a kind of
poison from a plant
called “dulis”. The
pounded poison will
be set aside for
several days before
it will be filled into
the hole of the wood.
After filling the
poison into the piece
of wood, called
bangkakawan,
shaped like a giant
eel or kasili, the
people will begin to
dance pounding on
the piece of wood
around it. The
dancers produce the
musicality by means
of the rhythm of the
pounding of the
wood and dance
along with It
thanking the
MAGBABAYA
(Almighty God) for
the merriment.

On the
following day, the
elders are going to
open the poison to
be brought to the
river and spread it
there killing all fishes
in it. They are going
to collect and gather
all the kasili caught
and divide equally
among the people.
Merriment of the
people begins. This
is how the festival of
Bangkakawan
started.

Later
on, this practice of
poisoning the eels or
kasili was prohibited
because it is very
dangerous to our
environment.

As the
years pass by
different cultural
activities were
created to make the
celebration of the
said occasion more
fun and colorful.
Today Bangkakawan
is an exciting and
vibrant festival held
every 18th of June of
each year in
celebration of the
Araw Ng San
Fernando.

San Fernando
celebrates its
birthday in an
impressive
entertainment
fashion to the joy of
the general public.
Araw Ng San
Fernando tagged as
the
BANGKAKAWAN
FESTIVAL come full
circle with a
jam-packed
seven-day schedule
of different cultural
presentations and
trade fairs.

Highlights of the
Araw Ng San
Fernando includes
ball games, product
expo, interfaith night,
Night Café,
Motocross, Beauty
tilts, Youth
Extravaganza, Tribal
presentation and
many more!

Other beliefs:
The giving of equal
share to unborn child
reflects the esteem
and value that these
people gave to the
human person by
making the unborn
child have equal
rights with the adult
human being. This is
how much the
Tigwahanon values
the human life.

They have tree

houses called
batangan built
among the branches
of a growing tree
with the tree trunk as
its solitary post.
Their fishing
implements are bu-o
(bamboo fish traps)
in varied forms they
have learned to fish
using hook and line
called binawit.

The staples are rice

during harvest time,
occasional corn grits
are available and
most of the year
round they subsist
on camote (sweet
potatoes) and other
crops like cassava.

Livelihood

The Tigwahanon in
earlier years,
practiced a hunting
and gathering
lifestyle with swidden
agriculture, planting,
upland rice or homay
of different varieties.

Corn is also one of

the best economic
resources of the
Tigwahanon. The
Tigwahanon-
Manobo shifted to
sedentary land
cultivation with more
or less permanent
villagers with
semi-permanent
houses made of
wood. During corn
harvesting, labor is
given a share. In
morning, all reaped
corn is for the corn
owner and in
afternoon, the share
will be imparted. The
carabao plays a vital
role in Tigwahanon
as aide of farmers
especially in
cultivating their
lands. It is also used
for plowing,
harrowing and
loading farm
supplies. Besides
hunting, fishing,
trapping, shifting,
cultivation, or
 gathering of food
and forest products,
the Tigwahanon
women and youth
are traditionally well
trained in handicrafts
as weaving,
basketry, and
bead-making which
they trade in fairs to
support their
livelihood.

Entertainment Entertainment Entertainment ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT

◂ Bantula- a drum made
Oral Folk Oral Folk Cultural Dance The Dances of the from one bamboo COMMON DANCES
Literature: Literature: Matigsalug Tribe internode •Binanog - Typical
1 Olaging - 1. Inamong ◂ Tambol- another king dance of the
ethno-epic about 1. Dasang - A • Sinuda is one of the of drum Talaaandig tribe
the adventures of high form of - is an ethnic dance 35 barangays in Kitaotao, ◂ Kudlong- a two mimicking the
Agyu, the culture literary Bukidnon. Kitaotao, a stringed wooden guitar movement of bird up in
hero of Bukidnon speech, It perform during the played by men while the air
second-class municipality,
symbolizes harvest time by is found at the southern dancing called “Banog”
2 Idangdang - Higaonon Tigwahanon in part of the province of ◂ Saluray- a bamboo •Saut - Dance of male
songs that tell love and Bukidnon. Bukidnon in the island of guitar with four built in Talaandig tribe
stories appreciatio Mindanao. strings stripped from the presenting
n for verbal - shows a couple with bamboo itself their expertise in style
3 Bayok-bayok - arts and their bodies and arms • The Matigsalug tribe is ◂ Pulala – a bamboo and arts in fighting
verses their one of the sub-ethnic with a tongue-like slit at their
slightly bent forward
literature groups of the Manubu the middle part where opponents.
which is mimicking the motions the player blows •Talupak - A dance
4 Antoka - riddles tribe. They are called
5 Basahan - performed of a pair of flirting Matigsalug because they ◂ Agong – a brass or depicting the way and
proverbs only in among monkeys. live along the Salug River. copper made instrument style
6 Limbay - lyric gatherings used as gong during in planting and
poem with special - means “monkey-like” • Binanog - Flirtation gatherings to call the harvesting .
7 Sala - love song significance or simian antics. dance depicting the attention of the members •Dugsu - A ritual dance
8 Nanangon - folk . Poetic movement of the hawk or ◂ Apo Ingay, the performed by women
tales discourse. “banog.” youngest son of Apo during religious
8 Tutalanon - 2. Nanangen - - performed Bagod, was ordered by celebrations.
stories that tells Is bedtime accompanied by • Inagong - Social his father to make datu •Pinag-agawan – A
origin of things and storytelling. gongs and guimba dance performed during clothes. courtship dance
names of places 3. Limbay - festivals, weddings and ◂ The performed
(drums) or other
9 Dasang - debate Traditional other special occasions. umayamnon's by two women and a
in verses during the singing or a traditional clothes are sacred to the man, with one woman
settling of the bride lyric poem. instruments. • Oripon - Dance of a tribe. Only recognized winning the man’s
price 4. Antoka - Matigsalug woman “oripon” Datus and those who love.
10 Kaliga-on - Riddles or slave as she bids her have permission are
religious and 5. Sangen - fellow slaves farewell. allowed to wear the tribal COMMON MUSICAL
ceremonial songs Speech Instruments costume. INSTRUMENTS
that are sung form similar • Saut - Head-hunting ◂ Tribal costume color •Tambol- drum-like
during the Kaliga to the ● Kuglong- two dance of Matigsalug male meaning: instrument that's made
rituals balagtasan. headhunters. ◂ Red- means they are of
stringed lute
❖ two parts 6. Tutalanen - brave cow's skin and wood.
➔ The stories made of •Pulala- flute
• Uubol - Monkey dance
about the wood. One performed on special ◂ Dark Blue- means life •Kubing- bamboo jew's
origins of string for the occasions like festivals and has an ending harp
things and melody, one big gatherings like the ◂ White- means they are
names of for the drone. Kaamulan in Bukidnon. kind ▪︎SOIL PAINTING is an
places. ● Saluroy- a ◂ DATU art that has become a
• Talupak Manugas ◂ •Linanggasan- Pants way for some
bamboo ◂ •Kinulintangan – long Talaandigs to
(Palakpak) - Rice planting
Hinabol polychordal sleeve represent and share
dance depicting the
- A Binukid tube zither. movements of persons ◂ •Dinumpas- necklace their tribe's culture.
term for ● Kinaraan- a planting rice and usually made of pali-of (beads)
handwoven tribal costume performed during the ◂ •Binuklad- beaded
textile ● Duldog- a harvest season as an bracelet for Datu
means “to expression of thanksgiving. ◂ •Pinamuntasan-
spear that
weave” headpiece
refers to used by a ◂ • White- worn only by
• Tribe of Sinuda,
the woven warrior the Datu’s who have
Kitaotao, Bukidnon have
hemp made performing in fifteen dances. Of these done a lot of good things
by women. Kaamulan fifteen dances, seven in their
Festival depict animal movements, tribe
Kamuyut ● Bangkakaw- five of which, like the ◂ • Black- worn by the
- Woven by Datus who have done
➔ the best a long log Binanog, Bubudsil, little in the tribe
Hinabol beaten with Kakayamutan, Kalusisi and ◂ • Red- worn by a usual
fabrics. pestle-like Pig-agawan, deal with Datu
- A movements of birds and ◂ •Sinulaman- an
beaters
backpack two, like the Titinokak, embroided headpiece
or slingbag ● Tambulan- a Uubol deal with monkeys. worn only by the highest
used to drum Datu of the tribe
carry bolos commonly • Three deal with ◂ BAE
and used in human activity in the ◂ •Ginuntingan – the
practicized festival community like rice Umayamnon tribal dress
as offerings planting (Talupak for women
to their God Mamugas), homage to the ◂ •Dinaket- necklace
or as a forest (Bangkakawan) and ◂ •Balaring- earrings
peace head-hunting (Saut). ◂ •Sugkad- wore behind
offering Songs: the head
during • Five others deal with ◂ •Sabong-sabong –
conflicts ● Oranda- sang flirtation or interaction headband
with other by men during between the male and the ◂ •Timusog- bronze
local tribes. courtship. female members of the bracelet
● Kumapoy- tribe (Binanog, ◂ •Bulosog- bracelet
the response Pig-agawan, Saluray made from kinhason
Instrument of Kudtong, Sayaw Kubing, (shells) worn only by the
of the women.
Higaonon and Sayaw Kulintang). Bae with a lot of
● Olaging- folk knowledge in their tribe
1. Pulala - epic in verse • One dance, Inagong, They only wear their
bamboo about aside from the Uubol Bisti ( tribal costume) if
flute agriculture in earlier mentioned, is a theree is a special
2. Bantula Bukidnon dance for special occasion like Pamuhat
-Traditional ● Limbay – lyric occasions. ◂ HANDICRAFTS
bamboo ◂ Basket Weaving.
musical. poetry sung to ◂ Baskets are made of
3. Kudyapi -A express the rattan or “uway” and vine
lute with singer’s ferns “nito” which thrive
eight frets anguish and abundantly in
and two inner feelings. their environment.
strings, one ● Salaa- song ◂ Bag making.
used for ◂ Shoulder bags are
used to
making the made of abaca hemp
 melody and express with intricate bead works
one is for feeling of love and accentuated with
the drone. to the ◂ Horse hair. These
Visual Art bags are used as their
opposite sex.
1. Weaving accessories.
❖ Tinilogas ● Nangagaon –
Traditional Dance
(one over songs sung
of Higaonon
one) purely for
❖ Tigdaruwa Higaonon entertainment
(two over dance is a purposes
two) way to usually
❖ Tigtatulo entertain carrying moral
(two over the unseen
one) lessons and
and seen
2. Crafts sung at night,
visitors
❖ Mats during or while
❖ Hats ritual. shelling corn,
❖ Fishtraps 1. Anahaw - a weaving mats.
3. Earth ● Ulahing - A
solo dance.
Painting
The dancer high-pitched,
4. Beadwork
5. Patchwork holds one and plaintive
6. Embroidery anahaw. chanting
❖ Panulam - The leaves expressing
traditional create their most
embroidery sound in intimate joys,
process
rhythm with fears or hopes
❖ Pinamulaa
n - the foot. of the
embroidere 2. Banog - moment.
d cloth they imitate
the
Musical movement
Instruments Clothing:
of banog.
1. Bamboo
Flutes 3. Saut - Is a
2. Bamboo war dance
Jew’s Harp depicting
 3. One-string the
ed Violin movements Tribal attire for men
4. Boatshape of a Bagani (Pakabo)
d Guitar fighting the
tribe's Made through hand
Mat Edgings enemy
sewing.
❖ experiment using shield
al in ther and spear.
application 4. Dugsu - Symbolism:
of mat ceremonial
edgings. dance Black- the
➔ Sinapay or clothing was colored
5. Inamo - It is
Insapay black as its dominant
an imitative
➔ Binaling or color with the belief
dance
Igbaling
depicting that by wearing it,
the the evils will not be
movement able to recognize
Traditional
of a
Bukidnon them because of its
monkey.
Clothings dark color, thus, a
6. Binaylan - It
❖ decorated protection from all
is a ritual
with bad spirits.
dance that
geometric
is
shapes like
performed Red- brave
Binitu-on,
by the bagani or warrior.
binabango
baylan
n, and
usually
kinabuka Diamond
during
❖ widely shaped in the strip
kaamulan.
ornate with of color red-
7. Binakbak -
shapes and symbolizes that the
It is a
the strong
dance Tigwahanon will not
colors of
imitating back down from any
red, blue,
the corner/battle.
white and
movement
black
of a frog
❖ seen in the White-
making of
 the pureness and
traditional Their costume generosity of their
“panika” used only three hearts. It is their
(headdress colors:
culture to give
)
Red - means anything that they
bravery of their can give to others.
DATU tribal leaders to
protect the Yellow-
•Long Sleeve members of the signifies that the
- Worn with tribe. tribe is in control and
collar and White - means refrains from making
long pants. purity and sincerity
promises or
Dominant to their beliefs and
color red, traditions. swearing.
black or Black – means
blue. loyalty to their
Decorated customary laws.
with any of
the color Higaunon used
combinatio Agong and Tambol Sinolang-solang
n using for their
red, black, accompaniment in
- Head cover for
blue, all their dance
yellow, presentations. males, in the
green and form of a rooster
white. head signifying a
Designed datu. He is
through known for
Linabingan, solving conflicts
ginontingan
in a community
and
kinabuka. he leads and is
called a
•Linabian palahusay.
- Straight cut
design Tangkulo
clothe into
 pieces,
composing - Another style of
different head cover of a
kinds of datu. This is
colors,
made from
commonly
decorated beads and cloth.
at the front Wearing this
of the polo, symbolizes a
blouse, dignified datu
skirt and and cannot be
pants and word by any
at the
Tigwahanon.
sleeve
endings.
Head dresses
•Ginontingan
- Zigzag - worn by females
design during special
usually occasions and
decorated social
at the
gatherings.
edging.

•Kinabuka Baliog
- Cut into
small - Necklace for
square male. It is made
pieces of with beads in
clothe. Like different colors.
Linabian
and
ginontingan Dinakit
. It is also
sewed to - The necklace for
the attire female.
thru
patching,
 originally
hand Bangles
sewed.
- are also an
•Solang-Solang additional
- Designed
accessory. It is
like
ginontingan made with
(zigzag) different
crown of materials like
the beads, silver,
supreme gold and
datu or the
stainless metal.
high priest.
It is made
out of
special Agsam
cloth or
material - traditional
decorated bracelet made of
with beads “nito” (wide
(logbak), plant).
hair of a
wild animal
or of goats
or horses.

•Tangkulo
- Special Tikos
kind of
cloth cut or - made of ”uway
designed in and nito” is
triangular
placed near the
form,
decorated thigh part as
with beads, decorative and
hairs of part as
goats as
 edgings. It “prevention for
is used as varicose/ stress
a head on the thigh and
cove of the
leg”.
datu during
rituals or
settling of
disputes.

•Kalapi
- Small bag
made up of
rattan
(Balagon)
decorated
with beads,
buttons
(Tipay),
hair of wild
animals as
edging. It is
a regular
carrying
bag of a
datu where
kamama
(mama^),
panaru
(perfume)
etc. are
placed.

•Salibulan
- Small box
made out
of gold,
silver or
bronze.
 Kamama,
panaro are
placed
inside the
box and it
is placed
inside the
vest of the
datu.

•Sangi
- Sharp
curve
designed
knife with a
special
artistic
sakuban
(guma)
attached to
the vest of
the datu.

•Bari

•Bolo

•Kalasag

•Taming

•Bangkaw

•Kalawit

•Panutod

•Tatto
 - any design
using black
ink

•Baliug

•Kwentas
(necklace)
- made of
combinatio
n of red,
white,
black, blue,
yellow
beads

BAE

•Pakabo
- Women’s
blouse
floral or
plain will
do, with
linabian,
ginontingan
and
kinabuka
design, etc.

•Batadyong
- Women’s
skirt floral
or plain
with red,
blue or
white as
 the
dominant
color.
Designed
as balon
with
extended
measure at
the tip
portion of
the vest.

•Panika
- Headdress
to be worn
during
festivities
made of
native
material
and yarn
thread.
Common
materials
used are
bamboo
sticks, and
chicken
feather.

•Benoong
- A ribbon
designed
fine cloth.
Use as
head
ornament
of the Bae
 during
gatherings
and other
special
occasions.
This
symbolizes
respect for
the woman
chieftain.

•Balaring
- A necklace
made out
of thread
and beads
(logbak). It
is attached
to both
ears.

•Kapulan
- Small box
made of
gold, silver
or bronze
where
kamama
panaro(etc)
of the bae
are placed

•Lebod
- Small bag
made up of
rattan
(Balagon)
decorated
 with beads,
buttons
(Tipay),
hair of wild
animals as
edging. It is
a regular
carrying
bag of a
datu where
kamama
(mama^),
panaru
(perfume)
etc. are
placed.

•Songol
- Women’s
belt with
red color

•Tacus
- Women’s
anklet
made of
beads

•Senibod
- Women’s
anklet
made of
wood

•Single
- Galvanized
iron for IP
women’s
 legs

•Sonong

•Women’s bag

•Bukala

•Bangles