REVIEWER FOR MC ELT 114 ➢ tragedy and comedy

Fiction
Literature:
➢ Story did no really happen
➢ Imaginative ➢ Fantasy, f olklore, historical,
➢ expresses thoughts and f eelings mystery, realistic f iction,
➢ deals with lif e experiences romance, science f iction,
➢ uses words in a powerf ul, ef f ective, thrill.
and yet captivating manner Nonf iction
➢ promotes recreation and revelation ➢ Real and f actual
of hidden f acts. ➢ Biography, autobiography,
Role of Literature: narrative, periodicals,
ref erence.
➢ Literature teaches you about Poetry
yourself . ➢ Used language and sounds
➢ Literature teaches about the past.
in special ways to express
➢ Literature cultivates wisdom and a
ideas.
worldview.
➢ Lyric, narrative, dramatic.
➢ Literature entertains.
➢ Based of interplay of words
Functions/Roles of Literature in the and rhythm.
Society ➢ Words are strung together.
Prose Drama
➢ To educate people. ➢ Entirely dialogues in prose
➢ To express people’s culture. ➢ Act on stage
➢ To entertain people. Short Story
➢ To influence people in the society. ➢ Fictitious narrative
➢ To develop language. ➢ One unit of time, place and
➢ To liberate people. action
➢ To criticize the society. Essay
Literary Genres ➢ Short literary composition
➢ Expository in nature
Two Division of Literature
An Introduction: Literary Genres
PROSE
Literary Genres
➢ Paragraph f orm
➢ Language expressed ordinarily ➢ Categories used to group dif f erent
types of literary work.
➢ Appeal to intellect
➢ To convince, inf orm Our Genre List
POETRY ➢ Does not include all types of genres
f ound in literary works.
➢ In stanza or verse
➢ Figurative language Two Main Classifications of Genres
➢ Appeal to emotion
➢ To stir imagination Fiction
➢ Author may make up the
Literary Genres and Subgenres entire story
Drama ➢ Subjects are limitless
❖ Historical Fiction
➢ Play f or theater
➢ w/ character and dialogue ➢ The story takes the reader back
to the particular time period.
 ➢ Main character Is not based on
a real person.
❖ Realistic Fiction
➢ Story usually presents a problem
f rom anybody’s lif e.
➢ topics are f amily situations, peer
relationships, and cultural
dif f erences.
❖ Science Fiction
➢ explores scientif ic f act
➢ author f ocuses on the adventure of
exploring
❖ Mystery
➢ usually, a crime has been
committed and the reader wants to
try to f igure out “whodunit”.
➢ a great deal of suspense and
intrigue.
❖ Fantasy
➢ author has created a magical world
➢ f rom f ables to f airy tales
➢ magical beings, talking animals, or
gods and goddesses.
❖ Fairy Tales
➢ a f ight between good and evil
➢ a triumphant hero or heroine.
❖ Fables
➢ usually have a moral
➢ uses animals that speak and act
like humans.
❖ Myths
➢ part of the traditional knowledge of
a society
➢ explain how the world began
Definition of Literature Dr. Sadek R.
Mohamed
➢ “literature” is very dif f icult to
def ine.
➢ Etymologically the word literature
is derived f rom the Latin word
littera which means the written
word.
➢ one def inition of literature is
everything in print.
➢ THIS DEFINITION CAN NOT BE
ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT EXCLUDES
ORAL LITERATURE.
Definition of Literature
➢ Literature is essentially language
➢
Scientif ic language
◼ Factual
◼ Objective
◼ Denotative
◼ Words not important, their
meanings
Literary language
◼ Fictional
◼ Subjective
◼ Connotative
◼ All techniques developed to draw
attention to words
Literature: Some definitions
• Organizing words to give pleasure.
[Encyclopedia Britannica]
• Literature is f undamentally an
expression of lif e through the
medium of language. [William H.
Hudson]
• Literature is the exploitation of
words. [Anthony Burgess]
• Literature is a deviation f rom
normal speech. [Formalist School]
• Literature is a criticism of lif e.
[Mathew Arnold]
• Literature is organized violence
committed on language. [Roman
Jackobson]
• Literature is what the reader and
writer agree to consider as
literature. [Reader-Response
Theory]
Functions of literature
➢ The two basic f unctions of
literature are to TEACH & DELIGHT.
➢ Or the 4r’s: Recreation,
Recognition, Revelation,
Redemption
4Rs of Literature Recreation
➢ Recreation–Literature is a
means of reassembling reality.
➢ Recognition–Literature helps us
recognize the people and their
contributions.
➢ Redemption–Literature is a
means of modif ication of
behavior.
➢ Revelation–Literature is a
means of recording history.
Oral Lore from Pre-Colonial Times
➢ 1564
Beginning of the Christian era
➢ Gold
➢ Textiles
➢ Iron
➢ Glass
Hispanization of the Philippines
➢ JOHN L. PHELAN
➢ WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT
◼ As literary woks created in the
setting of society where the
resources f or economic
subsistence—land, water and
f orest—were communally
owned, the oral literature of the
pre-colonial Filipinos bore the
marks of the community.
◼ At this phase of literary
development, any member of
the community was a potential
poet, singer, or story-teller as
long as he knew the language
and had been attentive to the
conventions of the f orms.
Conventions of the various oral
literary forms
• Formulaic repetitions
• Stereotyping of characters
• Regular rhythmic
• Musical devices
Ownership of literary composition
 Not emphasized in the process of
oral transmission
 Conceivable
 Communal authorship
Native syllabary
 3 vowel (a, e-i, u-o) and 14
consonants (b, d,g, h, k, l, m, n,
ng, p, s, t, w, and y)
 No way of indicating the
consonantal ending words
Disuse of Syllabary
• Inf ormation about pre-colonial
culture was LOST.
• Fewer Filipinos kept the record of
their oral lore
• Fewer and f ewer can decipher
• Destroyed by the missionaries
2 ways by which the uniqueness of
indigenous culture survived the
colonization
1. By resistance to colonial rule
 Maranaws, Maguindanaws
and the Taosug of
Mindanao, Igorots, If ugaos,
Bontocs and Kalingas of the
Mountain Province
2. By virtue of isolation f rom centers
of colonial power
  Tagbanwas, Tagabilis,
Mangyans, Bagobos,
Manuvus, Bilaan, Bukidnons
and Isnegs
Riddles and Proverbs
• simplest f orms of oral literature
• Started early in the 17th century
Ambahan
➢ is the traditional poetry of the
Hanunuo Mangyans of Oriental
Mindoro.
➢ The syllabic script and the
ambahan poetry have
complemented each other,
contributing to their continued
existence today.
➢ It is usually written on bamboo in
the Surat Mangyan, a centuries-old
pre-Spanish script.
Tanaga
Folk Epics
➢ E. Arsenio Manuel
o he surveyed “ethnoepics”
(f olk epics)
o 1962: he was able to
describe a total of 19 epics
f ound in the Philippines:
o 13: PAGAN
Filipinos
o 2: CHRISTIAN
Filipinos
o 4: MUSLIM
Filipinos
Common f eatures of f olk epics:
(accd. to Manuel)
 Narratives of sustained length
 Based on oral tradition
 Revolving around supernatural
events or heroic deeds

➢ a type of Filipino poem, consisting  In the f orm of verse (chanted or

of f our lines with seven syllables sung)
each with the same rhyme at the
 With a certain seriousness of
end of each line.
purpose
Prose narratives in Prehistoric
Lam-ang
Philippines
 1889: f irst recorded
➢ Myths
➢ Hero tales  Christian Ilokos
➢ Fables
➢ Legends Tuwaang

Drama  1956: discovered

◼ Philippine theater  Pagan epic among Manuvus of

➢ Mimetic dances imitating Central Mindanao
natural cycles and activities
 “The Maiden of the Buhong Sky”
o Ch’along
 “Tuwaang Attends a Wedding”
➢ is part of a wedding rite, (1957)
involving the
Hinilawod
propiatiation of evil
spirits who might bring  Recorded only recently
harm upon the couple.
 Pagan epic: Sulod of Panay
  Longest epic so f ar recorded in the
Philippines
 Noted f or it’s richly inventive
narration and magnif ence of it’s
f antasy.
 Composed of 2 parts:
Bantugan
 Maranaw epic
 Central character (the prince) is
the most popular hero of the
Muslim epic song
 A prince who excels not only as a
valiant warrior but also a f abulous
lover
 More than 15 songs are said to
detail his exploits
Literature
➢ Comes f rom the word “litera” which
means letter.
➢ Any printed matters written within
a book, a magazine or pamphlet.
➢ As a f aithf ul reproduction of man
manif old expression.
➢ Deals with ideas, thought and
emotions of man, literature can be
said to be the story of man.
Why we need to study Philippine
Literature?
✓ Appreciate
✓ Understand
✓ Realized
✓ Truly love and take pride in our
own culture
Literature vs History
LITERATURE – maybe f ragment of the
imagination or events devoid of truth that
has been written down.
HISTORY – is made up of events that
really happen.
Literary Composition that Inf luence the
World
1. The BIBLE or The SACRED
WRITINGS
➢ this has became the basis of
Christianity originating f rom
Palestine and Greece.
2. KORAN
➢ the Muslim Bible. Originates f rom
Arabia.
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
➢ These have been source of myths
and legends of Greece.
➢ They were written by Homer
4. The Mahab-harata
➢ the longest epic in the world.
➢ Contains the history and
religion in India
5. Canterburry Tales
➢ It depics the religion and
customs of the English in the
early days.
➢ originated f rom England.
➢ written by Chaucer
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
➢ written by Harriet Beecher
Stowe of U.S.
➢ this depicted the sad f ate of
slaves; this became the
basis of democracy later on
7. The Devine Comedy
➢ by Dante of England
➢ shows the religion and
customs of early Italians.
8. El Cid Compeador
➢ shows the cultural
characteristics of the
Spaniards and their national
history
9. The Song of Roland
➢ includes Doce Pares and
Roncesvalles of France.
➢ about the golden age of
Christianity in France
10. The Book of the Dead
 ➢ includes the cult or Osiris
and the mythology and
theology of Egypt.
11. The Book of the Days
➢ written by conf ucious of
China.
➢ became the basis of the
Christian Religion
12. One thousand and One Night or
the Arabian Night
➢ f rom Arab and Persia (Iran).
➢ shows the ways of
Government of industries
and the society of the Arab
and Persian.
General Types of Literature
PROSE
➢ Novel - a long narrative
divided into chapters.
➢ Short Story-a narrative
involving one or more
characters, one plot and
one single impression.
➢ Plays - presented on a
stage.
➢ Legends - f ictitious
narratives usually about
origins.
➢ Fables - f ictitious and they
deal with animals
➢ Anecdotes - product of
imagination
➢ Essay - the viewpoint or
opinion of the writer
➢ Biography - deals with the
lif e of a person
➢ News - report of everyday
events
➢ Oration - f ormal treatment
of a subject and is intended
to be spoken
POETRY
NARRATIVE
o Epic, Metrical Tale, Ballads
LYRIC
o Folk Song, Sonnets, Elegy,
Ode, Psalm, Awit (song),
Corridos (Kuridos)
DRAMATIC
o Comedy, Melodrama,
Tragedy, Farce, Social
Poems
Pre-Spanish Literature
 Legends
 Folk Tales-stories about lif e,
adventure, love, horror and humor
where one can derive lessons
about lif e.
 Riddles (Bugtong or Palaisipan)-
made up one or more measured
lines with rhyme and may consist
of f our to twelve syllables.
 Chants (Bulong)- Used in witchcraft
or enchantment
 Proverbs and Sayings- Of ten used
in teasing or to comment on a
person’s actuations
PRE-HISPANIC PERIOD
➢ folk stories, old plays and short
stories.
➢ first alphabet used by our ancestor
was similar to that of the Malayo-
Polynesian alphabet.
Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by:
1. Legends
2. Folk tales
3. EPIC
4. FOLK SONGS
5. EPIGRAMS, RIDDLES, CHANTS, MAXIMS,
PROVERBS OR SAYINGS
 A. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have
been customarily used and served
as laws or rules on good behavior
by our ancestors.
B. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan.
These are made up of one or more
measured lines with rhyme and
may consist of four to 12 syllables.
C. Chant (Bulong). Used in witch craft
or enchantment.
D. Maxims. Some are rhyming
couplets with verses 5,6 or 8
syllables, each line having the same
number of syllables.
E. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in
teasing or to comment on a
person’s actuations.
F. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden
meanings)
HISPANIC PERIOD
➢ Spaniards came in 1521.
➢ 1565 brought Spanish culture and
language
GOALS OF SPANIARDS
➢ 3 G's, the gold, glory and god.
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
➢ The first Filipino alphabet called
ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.
➢ The teaching of the Christian Doctrine
became the basis of religious practices.
➢ Spanish language which became the
literary language during this time lent
many of its words to our language.
➢ Ancient literature was collected and
translated to Tagalog and other dialects
➢ Many grammar books were printed in
Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and
Visayan.
➢ Our periodicals during these times
gained a religious tone.
➢ Religious themes dominated the
literature of the time
➢ European legends and traditions
brought here became assimilated in our
songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
THE FIRST BOOKS
 DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN
DOCTRINE)- This was the first book printed
in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography.
 NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO-
biographies of saints, novenas, and
questions and answers on religion.
 LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POSTRIMERIAS DEL
HOMBRE- First written book in typography
 BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT- Biblical Story
printed in the Philippines, First Tagalog
novel printed in the Philippines.
 THE PASSION
 URBANA AT FELISA Modesto de Castro-
Father of Classical Prose in Tagalog
Influenced greatly the behavior of the
people in the society
 ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA (PSALAMS
FOR MARY) Collection of songs praising the
Virgin Mary
 Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and
Rules of the Tagalog Language) Translated
to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610 &
Written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose
 Compendio de la Lengua Tagala
(Understanding the Tagalog Language)
Written by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in
1703
 Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog
vocabulary) first Tagalog dictionary written
by Fr. Pedro de San Bueneventura in 1613.
 Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga ➢ Filipino poet in the Spanish and Ilocano
(Pampanga vocabulary) the first book languages.
written in Pampango written by Fr. Diego in ➢ "mother of Philippine women's
1732 literature"
➢ lyrical poetry in Spanish
0 Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan
➢ 22 preserved poems
Vocabulary) Best Visayan language book
➢ International Encyclopedia of Women’s
Written by Mataeo Sanchez in 1711
Works) in 1889.
 Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the ➢ first Filipina to receive this international
Ilocano Language) First Ilocano grammar recognition,
book by Francisco Lopez FOLK SONGS
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
 Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the
Bicol Language) First book in the Bicol Literature Under U.S. Colonialism
Language by Fr. Marcos Libson in 1754 Two significant developments in education
PROMINENT PEOPLE DURING THE HISPANIC and culture
PERIOD ➢ Education for all
FranciscoBaltazar (born Francisco ➢ English as medium of instruction
Balagtas y de la Cruz; April 2, 1788 – Philippine literature in English
February 20, 1862)
➢ Francisco Balagtas ➢ American models of writing especially
➢ greatest Filipino literary laureates during its period of apprenticeship.
➢ Florante at Laura ➢ Verses in poem
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso ➢ The poem was anthologized in the first
Realonda collection of poetry in English, Filipino
➢ (June 19,1861 – December 30, 1896) Poetry, edited by Rodolfo Dato (1909 –
➢ José Rizal 1924).
➢ nationalist and polymath
Common Themes Under This Period
➢ ophthalmologist by profession
➢ Love
NOVELS AND ESSAYS OF JOSE RIZAL
➢ injustice
➢ Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 ➢ Nationalism
➢ El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891) ➢ Human attraction
Andrés Bonifacio (November 30, 1863 – ➢ Barrio life
May 10, 1897) ➢ Traditions
➢ Filipino revolutionary leader and the ➢ Social Realism
president of the Tagalog Republic ➢ Sufferings
➢ "The Father of the Philippine Revolution
Notable Authors and Their Works
➢ Katipunan or KKK
Leona Florentino (born Leona Josefa Cecilio Apostol > POEM
Florentina,19 April 1849 - 4 October ➢ Al Heroe Nacional or To the National
1884) Hero
➢ Al Yankee or To the Yankee
 Aurelio Tolentino > PLAY
➢ Kahapon, ngayon at Bukas
Mena Pecson Crisologo > PLAY
➢ Neneng o Pinagpalang Kapangyarihan
ng Pag-ibig
Deogracias A. Rosario > SHORT
STORY
➢ Greta Garbo
Manuel E. Arguilla > SHORT
STORY
➢ A Son is Born
Faustino Aguilar > Novel
➢ Kay Pait Ng Pamumuhay (from
Pinaghaluan)

Carlos Bulosan
➢ Two faces Of America (from America is
in the Heart)