Democracy gets its power from the will of the people.

In a direct democracy all citizens take part in voting on government policies.

In a representative democracy citizens choose people to act on their behalf.

America's government is federal. Which means that the power is split up.

In a unitary system all governmental power is held by a central government.

Local offices must follow all decisions made by the central government.

In an autocratic government 1 person holds all the power and makes all the decisions on how
the country is run.
Dictatorship and monarchy are 2 different types of autocratic government.

An oligarchy is a type of government where a few elite hold the power.

A theocracy is a religious government. They claim to lead by religious authority.

Autocracy : Dictatorship, one person holds the power, Monarchy.

Oligarchy : A few people have power, Theocracy, Communism.

The General Assembly

● Consisted of all Athenian citizens
● Led by generals who were the only elected officials
● Voted directly on laws and important decisions
The Council of 500
● Consisted of 500 randomly selected Athenian citizens
● Prepared laws for the assembly to vote on
● Helped to run the city-state when the assembly could not meet

Rome became a republic in the sixth-century BCE

The ladder of Roman Power

1. Consuls
2. Senators
3. Magistrates
4. Military officers

Judeo-Christain principles are the religious beliefs and values held in common by Judaism and
Christanity
● Liberty
● Equality
● Individual worth and responsibility

The ten commandments are a list of rules for living and worship.
 ● Many believe these are basic principles that should help govern human behavior
● The first five commandments discuss the relationship of people and god.
● The second five discuss relationships among people

Magna Carta = 1215

● Created clearer powers for the government.
● Was a set of demands presented to the English ruler King John in 1215
● Placed limits on the government
● Established Rights for Citizens
● Led to the establishment of a new branch of government
● Stated that the king must obey the rule of law
● Set forth the principle of due process
English bill of rights
● Limited government and created personal rights
● Was created in 1689
● Limited power of the monarchy
● Established rights for citizens
● The king must follow the laws
● Members of parliament have the right to free speech
● Members or parliament have the final work on taxes, the military and suspending laws
● Right to a trial by jury
● Right to bear arms
● Protection from cruel and unusual punishment
Commentaries on the laws:

The Glorious Revolution:

● Ended the idea of the “Dive right of kings”
● Parliament offered leadership to a new king and queen.
● Parliament gained more power and influence.
●
King John:
● was tyrannical and abusive.
● While France was in war the country men came together and created magna carta.
Which King John was forced to sign.
● It placed limits on the government, Established rights for citizens, Led to the
establishment of a new branch of government.
● The magna carta placed clear limits on the right of the king.
● Stated that the king must obey the rule of law
● Set forth principals on due process

Magna Carta:
After Magna Carta, England established a representative government.
Creation of parliament. Beginning of an official legislative branch, Establishment of debate.
Magna Carta was reinforced in 1628 by the petition of right.

The king cannot raise taxes without the permission of parliament.

The glorious revolution was a peaceful transfer of power from the royal family to parliament.
The American bill of rights is pulled heavily from the English bill of rights.

William Blackstone:
● Served as a judge and legal scholar, Wrote several works that clarified and summarized
english law, studied common law.
● Common law is law determined through precedent.
● Law is developed through rulings by judges.
● Past rulings help to determine rulings in future cases.

Renaissance- Scientific Revolution- Enlightenment

Niccolò Machiavelli: 1469-1527
● Was a leader thinker in modern political science and ethics.
● Was an Italian philosopher, Historian and diplomat.
● Developed his political ideas in the prince in 1513
● Examined human nature outside of religious study

Government during the Enlightenment:

● Argued against rule “diving right” help by mand kings and queens
● Believed secular ideas, rather than religious ideas should drive government
● Authority: Where does a government get its authority
● Rights: What kinds of natural rights do humans have?
● Responsibility: How are citizens and government responsible to each other?

Thomas Hobbes:
● Was an english philosopher and writer
● Wrote The leviathan about the purpose of government
● Believed people are naturally selfish and violent
● Argued that life without the government is nasty brutish and short
● Hobbes argued that citizens form social contracts with their government.
● People form governments to ensure their interests.
● Citizens agree to give up some liberty in exchange for cooperation.
● Believes that humans participate in a social contract to limit opportunities to harm one
another.

Thomas Hobbes and the social contract

● In Leviathan, Hobbes proposed an idea called the social contract.
● A social contract is an agreement between people and the government
● Hobbes thought the government should have authoritarian, or absolute power.
John Locke:
● Was an english philosopher and writer who studied politics and government.
● Wrote Second Treatise of Government in 1690
● Believed humans were naturally reasonable
● Continued to develop the idea of a social contract between citizens and government.
● Argued that all humans are born with natural rights Life liberty and property
● Described a concept of natural rights and the social contract theory

Locke’s ideas about Human Rights

● Locke believed that the government is a contract.
● The purpose of the government is to protect people’s rights.
● If the government fails to protect those rights, the people have a right to overthrow their
leaders

The social contract in the US

● The preamble of the constitution explains the social contract
● The power of the government comes from the people
● The good of the country should come before individual interests
● Respecting laws secures liberty

Locke and Representative Government

● Locke also believed in representative democracy
● Representatives should come from the landowning classes
● Representatives should make laws to protect people's rights
● Laws should apply to all people equally
● The power of the government should be limited

Baron De Montesquieu:
● Was a french philosopher and social commentator
● Was famous for his writings on government and society
● Wrote The spirit of the laws in 1758
● He argued for Separation of powers and checks and balances.

The spirit of the laws

● Separation of powers : Separating the executive, judicial and legislative powers of
government
● Checks and balances : Creating a system in which each branch of government has
some power over the other

The Enlightenments limits on equality

● Some groups were excluded from the enlightenment idea of equality for all : Women,
Non-Westerners, Enslaved Persons
Mary Wollstonecraft:
● Was an English writer during the enlightenment
● Wrote A vindication of the rights of women
● Advocated for women's educational and social equality
● Inspired women's rights movements in Europe and the united states

Moving toward independence

● 1760 - Conflicts caused by new taxes and laws
● 1770 - Boston Massacre
● 1773 - Boston tea Party
● 1774 - Creation of the First continental congress

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

● Common Sense questioned the British government's authority to control the colonies
● The pamphlet argues for:
● Colonial independence from Great Britain
● The creation of a democratic republic

A Declaration of Independence
● The second continental congress met in 1775
● They decided to make a declaration of independence from great britain
● They appointed Thomas Jefferson to write the document
● They approved the final draft of the document on July 4, 1776
The declarations structure
● Introduction
● Preamble
● Body4
● Conclusion

The introduction
● This introduction establishes a purpose for the document
● It explains that the colonies need to separate from great britain
● It acknowledges that a separation should be explained

Preamble : Natural rights

● Claims that the colonists have natural rights and the government is a social contract
● The preamble of the declaration of independence states that
● All men are created equal
● All men have unalienable rights

The Preamble : Government’s purpose

● The government's job is to protect the rights of the people
● Government gains the power to do this through the consent of the people
 ● The people have the right to change a government that fails to protect their rights

A New government
● Colonists needed a new government after declaring independence from great britain
● Believed at britain has misused its power and violated colonists rights
● Feared that a strong central government would do the same

The road to the articles of confederation

● The states needed the unity of a national government during the revolutionary war
● They chose to form a confederation
● In 1777 the continental congress drafted the articles of confederation
● In 1781 the articles of confederation was finally ratified

The continental congress

● Members of the congress were delegates of the 13 states
● John adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and Gouverneur Morris led the
congress
● All delegates were white males
● Women, Black people and indigenous people rarely had a voice in government

Government under the articles

● The articles established a loose confederation
● States retained their sovereignty, freedom, and independence
● The articles created a unicameral legislature
● Representation was equal among the states, regardless of population

Comparing and Contrasting: Powers of Government

Central powers
● Make treaties and declare war
● Create national money
● Make national laws
State Powers
● Maintain the state militia
● Create state money
● Tax goods and services
● Have all other powers not assigned to the national government

Economic Weaknesses
● Under the articles, the federal government could not raise revenue
● Could not regulate tax
● Could not tax without approval from the states
● Had to compete with state currencies
Administrative Weaknesses
● Under the articles the federal government could not operate effectively
● No executive branch to enforce the laws
● No national court system
● No national military

Legislative Weaknesses
● Under the articles the states struggled to cooperate
● Each state had a single vote regardless of population
● All states had to agree before amendments could be made to the articles
● Laws needed approval from nine out of thirteen states before they could be passed

Articles Of Confederation
● The states needed natural unity of a natural government during the revolutionary war.
● They chose to form a confederation
● In 1777 the continental Congress drafted the Articles of confederation
● In 1781 the Articles of Confederation was finally Ratified.
● Under the Articles, the states struggled to cooperate.
● Each state had a single vote, regardless of population
● All states had to agree before amendments could be made to the articles
● Laws needed approval from nine out of the thirteen states before they could be passed.

The Continental Congress

● Members of the Congress were delegates of the 13 states
● John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and Gouverneur Morris, led the
Congress
● All the delegates were white males
● Women, Black people, and indigenous people rarely had a voice in government.

Central Powers
● Make treaties and declare war
● Create national money
● Make national laws

State Powers
● Maintain the state militia
● Create state money
● Tax goods and services
● Have all other powers not assigned to the national government

The call to the convention

● In 1787 state delegates met to address flaws in the articles of confederation
● Government under the articles had proved too weak to handle a crisis
● The delegates decided instead to write a new plan of government
Thirteen original states
● New hampshire, New york, Massachusetts, Rhode island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, New jersey, Delaware, Virginia, North carolina, South carolina, Georgia

Compare and contrast: Northern and Southern states

● States in the northern states had:
● More cities
● Smaller farms, producing food staples
● Small population of enslaved persons
● States in the southern region had:
● Few cities
● Large plantations, producing cash crops
● Large populations of enslaved persons

The three-fifths compromise

● James wilson proposed the three-fifths compromise, which addressed the question of
how to count the enslaved population
● States were allowed to include some of their enslaved population in their total population
● Each enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a free citizen

The three-fifths legacy

● The three-fifths compromise shaped politics and decisions for more than 70 years
● Enslavers gained power while not having to advocate for their enslaved people in their
states
● Southern states had increased power in congress and the electoral college

A new Government
● The framers of the constitution wanted to replace the articles of confederation because
they did not:
● Give enough power to the federal government
● Helo the nation manage its debts

The preamble
● This preamble explains
● Where the legal power in the constitution comes from
● What the constitution’s most important principles are

We the people
● The idea of popular sovereignty means that:
● Government is created by the people
● Government exists to serve the people
A more perfect union
 ● The constitution created a strong central government by:
● Improving on the articles of confederation
● Creating closer ties between states

National defense and the common welfare

● The preamble states the ways in which the government should protect its citizens it
should
● Create and enforce a system of laws for internal peace
● Defend the nation from external threats
● Help provide for citizens needs

The blessings of liberty

● The framers wanted freedoms and rights
● For themselves
● For future generations

Articles I - III of the constitution

● The articles of the constitution create a framework for government. Articles I through III
describe the branches of government
● Articles I -
● Legislative branch
● House and Senate
● Article II -
● Executive Branch
● President and agencies
● Article III -
● Judicial branch
● Federal court system

Articles IV - VII of the constitution

● Articles IV through VII describe duties and procedures of the government, including:
● The roles of federal and state governments
● The processes for amending or changing the constitution
● The power of the constitution as the supreme law of the land
● The ratification of the constitution

Rule of Law
● The constitution is the supreme law of the US and regulates government powers
● Laws come from the people
● The government can do only what the people give it the power to do
● Laws should be enforced equally
● The government is not above the law
Federalism
● The constitution created a federalist system of government
● Federalism is a way to organize and unite separated states into one country
● Power is shared by the states and a central government

Separation of powers
● Separation of powers is division of the powers of government
● Created legislative, executive, and judicial branches
● Limits the power of each branch because the power is divided

Checks and balances

● The constitution created a system of checks and balances
● The executive can veto or reject, laws and appoint judges
● Legislators can impeach executive or judicial officials
● The Judicial branch can decide if laws enacted by legislature or actions of the executive
branch are constitutional
● Courts can be asked to decide whether a law is constitutional
● A 1996 law barred recognition of same sex marriages
● In 2013 the supreme court held that the law was unconstitutional
● The law violated the equal protection clause

Guarantee of Rights
● The constitution currently has 27 amendments. These amendments guarantee freedoms
and rights, and establish procedures

Political RIghts
● The constitution protects fundamental freedoms
● Freedom of speech
● Freedom of religion
● Freedom to assemble

Rights of the accused

● The constitution protects the rights of people accused of crimes including
● The right to a writ of habeas corpus (a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought
before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful
grounds are shown for their detention.)
● The right to a trial by jury

Federalism Defined
● The US constitution is based on federalism
● Division of power between federal and state governments

Expressed powers
 ● Expressed powers are powers of the federal government that are clearly listed in the
constitution
● Raising taxes and borrowing money
● Carrying out relationships with other countries
● Declaring war
● Regulating commerce between states and with other countries
● Coining money

Implied powers
● Implied powers are only suggested by the language in the constitution
● The “necessary and proper” clause is the source of the implied powers
● The extent of the implied powers has been the source of much debate

Reserved powers of states

● Reserved powers are held by states alone
● Administering elections
● Writing their own constitutions
● Creating local governments
● Establishing public education systems

Concurrent powers
● Concurrent powers are shared
● Passing laws
● Creating courts
● Collecting taxes
● Spending and borrowing money

Serving in the house of representatives

● Each state has at least one representative, Each representative must
● Be at least 25 years old
● Have been a citizen for at least seven years
● Live in the state he or she represents

Serving in the senate

● Each state has two senators
● Be at least 30 years old
● Have been a citizen for at least nine years
● Live in the state he or she represents

Comparing and contrasting elections

● Each senator serves a six year term
● Every two years one third of the senates seats are up for election
● Each representative serves a two year term
● Every two years all seats are up for election
Rules and regulations for service
● The constitution creates rules that senators and representatives must follow
● A record of votes must be published
● Members can be fined or expelled for breaking rules
● A majority of members must be present to meet and vote

The president and Bills

● The president can choose to sign or veto a law
● A veto reverses a law that has been passed
● Congress can override the veto by a two thirds majority vote

Expressed Powers : financial and military powers

● The constitution lists the expressed powers of congress in article I section 8
● Financial
● Coining Money
● Creating and collecting taxes
● Borrowing money
● Regulating trade with foreign countries and between states
● Military
● Maintaining armed forces
● Declaring war

Expressed Powers : Governing the nation

● Congress also has powers of governance
● Admitting new states
● Proposing amendments to the constitution

Implied Powers
● The necessary and proper clause creates implied powers
● Congress can pass laws to carry out expressed powers
● The question of what is necessary and what is proper has caused much debate

Rights and limits on power of congress

● The constitution identifies specific actions that congress cannot take
● Citizens cannot be held without legal action
● Citizens cannot be punished without a trial
● Laws cannot apply to past situations

Article ll of the constitution

● Section 1 : Election of the president and vice president
● Section 2 : Powers of the president
● Section 3 : Duties of the president to execute the law
● Section 4 : Impeachment
Leaders of the Executive branch
● The President
● Serves as leader of the executive branch
● Has a cabinet of advisors
● The vice president
● Serves as president of the senate
● Ready to become president if needed

Qualifications for president

● At least 35 years old
● A natural born citizen
● A US resident for at least 14 years

Commander in chief
● The president is the leader of the military
● Serves as a check on the power of the military

Limited Power
● The constitution places two limits on the president's military power
● Cannot declare war without congress's approval
● Cannot fund the military

The state of the union

● The constitution requires the president to address congress
● Describe what is going on in the country
● Identify issues and policies

Impeaching the president or vice president

● Impeachment is the process of formally accusing an elected official of misconduct in
office
● Andrew Johnson
● Bill Clinton
● Donald trump

The supreme court

● The constitution establishes a single supreme court for the united states that
● Serves as the final authority on legal questions
● Leads the judicial branch

Selection of federal judges

● Inferior court judges and supreme court justices are
● Appointed by the president
● Approved by the US senate
Judges
● The constitution protects judges and justices from political pressure by ensuring that
they
● Can hold office during good behavior
● Are paid a salary that cannot be reduced

The future of the judicial Branch

● The constitution left make key questions such as
● How federal court system should be structured
● What good behavior means
● How the judicial branch should interpret the constitution

Compare and contrast types of jurisdiction

● The supreme court has two types of jurisdiction
● Original jurisdiction - Authority to hear a case for the first time
● Appellate jurisdiction - Authority to hear a case on appeal from a lower court

Original jurisdiction
● The supreme court has the power to hear many kinds of original cases including
● Cases involving federal laws and the constitution
● Cases where the united states is a party
● Cases between states

Appellate jurisdiction
● The supreme court almost always serves as an appellate court

Trial by jury
● The jury branch has the power to try crimes by jury
● Trial by jury is a basic right

Federalism in government
● In a federalist system power is divided between a federal government and state
governments

Full Faith and Credit section 2

● States must fully respect the laws and records of other states
● States cannot discriminate against citizens of other states

Section 2 Enslaved persons

● Recognized slavery
● Preserved state tights to have legalized slavery
● Prevented states from protecting escaped enslaved persons
● Protected individuals rights of the enslaver
Amending the constitution
● Article 5 describes a process to amend the constitution

Checks and balances

● The amendment process described in article 5 is an example of checks and balances
● It protects citizens from constitutional changes created by small but powerful groups

Federalism
● The amendment process used the principle of federalism which
● Allowed federal and state governments to consider and approve the amendment
● Requires cooperation between both levels of government

Article 6 and federalism

● No state can contradict federal law
● All judges in all states must support the constitution

Article 7 and ratification

● Ratification was the process of approving the constitution

Differing views on ratification

● Two factions disagreed on whether the document should be approved
● Federalists --
● Wanted to ratify the constitution
● Wanted a strong central government
● Anti Federalists --
● Did not want to ratify the constitution
● Wanted a weak central government

Anti Federalists
● Anti federalist leaders were critical of the idea of strong federal government
● Patrick Henry
● Samuel Adams
● Thomas Jefferson
● George Mason

The need for a smaller federal government

● Anti federalists believed the constitution gave too much power to the federal government
● Feared the president might become to influential
● Thought the constitution gave congress too much power over the states
● Wanted most of the government's power with states

The need for a bill of rights

● Anti federalists thought a bill of rights was necessary in order to
 ● Protect citizens liberties from government intrusions
● Place restrictions on the government's powers

Federalists
● The federalists approved of the new constitution
● Led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay
● Wrote letters and essays to share their opinion

Federalists and balance in government

● Federalists believed that the constitution balanced the federal government and states
and that
● A strong government would encourage states to work together
● The constitution provide checks and balances
● The constitution would create separate powers

Anti federalist and federalist ideas

● Anti federalist arguments ---
● It is not possible to separate government into equal branches
● A republican government is not possible for america under the constitution
● Federalist arguments ---
● A workable government must be separated into branches
● Controls are necessary to guard against abuses of power
● A republic needs to protect people from government and from one another

Marbury v. Madison Background

● William Marbury
● Appointed as a federal judge
● Did not receive his appointment
● James Madison
● Served as secretary of state
● Refused to honor Marbury's appointment

The facts
● The judiciary act of 1789 created a federal court system
● Gave the supreme court original jurisdiction over new types of cases
● Expanded the powers of the court

The argument
● Marbury argued that
● Madison should be required to give him the appointment
● The judiciary act of 1789 gave the court original jurisdiction to hear his case

The decision
● The court ruled the judiciary act of 1789 was unconstitutional
 ● The court did not have original jurisdiction in the marbury's case
● The act gave powers to the supreme court that went beyond the constitutions limit

Judicial review
● Judicial review is the power to determine if an act is constitutional

McCulloch V. Maryland The facts

● James McCulloch ran a federal bank in maryland
● Maryland passed a law that required the federal bank to pay state taxes

The Arguments
● James McCulloch
● Argued congress had the constitutional authority to create a bank
● Argued that a state cannot tax a federal bank
● The state of Maryland
● Argued the constitution does not give congress the authority to create banks

The impact of Implied powers

● The court established the principle of implied powers
● Powers that are necessary and proper for congress to carry out its duties
● Powers that are not specifically listed in the constitution

Federal Supremacy
● The court upheld the principle of federal supremacy
● States cannot interfere with the federal government activities
● The federal government has powers that go beyond state powers

Gibbons V. Ogden The facts

● Thomas gibbons had a federal license to operate his steamboat company
● Aaron Ogden has a state license to operate his steamboat company
● Ogden sued Gibbons

Thomas Gibbons
● Claimed his federal license gave him the right to operate his business
● Argued that constitution gave the federal government power over interstate commerce
Aaron Ogden
● Claimed Gibbons should not be allowed to operate in new york waters
● Argued both the federal government and new york state shared power over interstate
commerce

Petitioning for change in Michigan's government

● In 2011 katy butler petitioned to change michigan anti bullying laws
● She identified an issue
● She gathered signatures on a petition
 ● She submitted the petition to the state legislature

States and counties

● Most states are divided into counties to better manage local issues
● May be called parishes or boroughs
● Have their own governments in most states

Habeas corpus means citizens cannot be held without legal action. Brooklynn 99

MIchigan citizens can use to directly influence the government, Recalls, initiatives, referendums

Guaranteed rights
● The bill of rights guarantees the rights of the people
● When the constitution was written some people and groups were excluded from these
protections
● Over time rights have been extended to include women and people of color

Development of the bill of rights

● In 1789 james madison drafted a serie of amendments to the constitution
● Several states wanted greeted protection for individual liberties
● Ten of the amendments were ratified by the states
● They became known as the bill of rights

Liberties vs rights
● The bill of rights guarantees and protects the freedoms of the people
● Civil liberties are freedoms the government says it will protect under the law
● Theses are outlined in the bill of rights
● Civil rights guarantees of equal treatment under law and protections from discrimination
● These are found in the amendments of the constitution and in federal legislation

Substantive rights: Are fundamental rights that belong to everyone

Engel V. Vitale
● Engel v. Vitale is a landmark case involving prayer in schools
● The state of new york allowed a prayer to be recited by students
● The prayer was voluntary
● The prayer was nondenominational and mentioned a belief in a god

The facts of the case

● Parents argued that the prayer was unconstitutional because
● It violated the establishment clause
 ● It endorsed a religion
● The school board argued that the prayer was constitutional because
● It did not promote a specific christain faith
● It was voluntary

Church of Lukumi babalu Aye, Inc. V. City of Hialeah

● Church of Lukumi babalu Aye, Inc. V. City of Hialeah is a landmark case involving
freedom of religious practices
● The church practices santeria an afro caribbean faith
● The faith merges elements of traditional west african beliefs and catholicism
● Worship includes prayer, song, dance, and sometimes an animal sacrifice

The facts of the case

● The church argued that city ordinances were unconstitutional because
● They violated the free exercise clause
● The city argued that the ordinances were constitutional because
● They protected public health and welfare

The outcome of the case

● The supreme overturned the lower courts decisions arguing that the laws
● Violated the free exercise clause
● Singled out santeria faith

Free exercise clause and Establishment clause: Examples

1. A religious high school wants to receive government funding : Free Exercise Clause
2. A state passes a law that bans a form of worship used by a religion : Free Exercise
Clause
3. A religious organization does not pay tax on religious items ; Establishment Clause
4. A city government building installs a sculpture promoting a specific religion at its
entrance : Establishment Clause

Lemon v. Kurtzman
● Following Engel, the supreme court ruled on a case called Lemon v. Kurtzman
● It ended a program of state provided financial aid for religious schools
● It led the the creation of a legal test called the “Lemon Test”

● Neutral - Avoiding advancing or stopping religion

● Unentangled - Avoiding unnecessary ties to religion
● Secular - Avoiding acting with religious purposes

Santa Fe school district v. Doe

● This case challenged the right of schools to allows student led prayer at a football game
● Using the lemon test the court decided that the prayer was
 ● Not secular, Not neutral, Too entangled

Freedom of Speech
● The first amendment prohibits the government from limiting speech that is
● Literary, Artistic, Political, Scientific, Symbolic

Tinker v. Des Moines : The facts

● Students wore armbands to school
● They were protesting US involvement in the vietnam war
● They were suspended
● The school ruled that they had violated rules

Tinker v. Des Moines : The decision

● The supreme court ruled in the students favor
● They had the right to symbolic speech
● Their first amendment rights had been violated

Tinker v. Des Moines : The impact

● The case protected students rights while establishing limits
● Symbolic speech could not disrupt the learning process
● Speech could only be limited if it threatened order or safety

Schenck v. United States : The facts

● Charles Schenck protested the military draft
● He opposed world war 1
● He mailed leaflets that asked americans to take action
● Schenck was arrested
● He violated the Espionage act of 1917

Schenck v. United states : The decision

● The supreme court upheld schenck's conviction
● The court ruled that in wartime freedom of speech can be limited

Schenck v. United states : The impact

● The supreme court established a test to determine whether speech can be limited
● Removed protections for dangerous speech meant to mislead or cause panic
● Provided the foundation for other restrictions of speech to protect public safety

Alvarez v. United states : The decision

● Xavier Alvarez lies about his military service and awards
● He claimed he was a marine and awarded the congressional medal of honor
● None of this was true
● He was charred with violating the “Stolen valor act”
● Alcarez appealed his case and US court of appeals overturned his conviction
 ● They agreed that the “Stolen valor act” violated his first amendment right to free speech

Alvarez v. United states : The impact

● The supreme court concluded the “Stolen valor act” Violated the first amendment and
declared it unconstitutional
● Stolen valor act restricted speech based on content
● False statements alone do not pose a threat
● The law was written to broadly
● Restriction of speech was unnecessary to protect the medal of honor

New York Times v. United states : The facts

● The new york times hoped to publish critical news story
● It hoped to print about the vietnam war
● The times were prohibited from publishing
● The paper was sued by the federal government
● It argued that its first amendment rights have been violated

New York Times v. United states : The decision

● The supreme court ruled in favor of the Times
● The government could not prove that publishing the documents would harm national
security

New York Times v. United States : The impact

● The government has a limited power to restrain speech
● Prior restraint is almost always unconstitutional

Freedom of Assembly
● The first amendment protects the right to assemble with others

Edwards v. South carolina :The facts

● Citizens protested against segregation in South Carolina
● They marched at the south Carolina statehouse
● They participated in a peaceful demonstration
● The protestors were arrested
● The argued that their right to assemble peacefully had been violated

Edwards v. South Carolina : The decision

● The court found the marchers right to assemble was violated
● Their convictions were reversed

Edwards v. South Carolina : The impact

● The ruling limited states abilities to control free speech
● Unpopular views must be protected when communicated peacefully
Black Lives Matter
● The black lives matter movement:
● Began as a grassroots effort in 2013
● Became a global movement to speak out about and prevent violence against black
people
● In 2013 three women - Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal tometi - started a
grassroots movement with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. In 2020 BLM
● Had 4.3 million instagram followers
● Inspired its members to take more then 1.2 million political actions
● Fundraised more than 82 million for local organizations supporting black communities
● Beginning in May 2020, Protests swept across the nation after a Black man, George
Floyd was killed by a white police officer
● Millions gathered and marched nationwide for social justice and equality
● Some protests involved illegal activity
● 93% were nonviolent protests
● The response to protests varied across the US
● In many cities law enforcement used aggressive tactics to dissipate protestors
● Media coverage of the protests increased
● People from diverse backgrounds joined protests
● Many called for police reform as a result
● Cities passed new police oversight measures

Comparing and contrasting : Limitations on Press and Assembly

● The press can be limited in order to
● Protect national security concerns
● Stop Libel
● Assembly can be limited in order to
● Stop actions that incite others to cause harm
● Stop violent assemblies
● Protect privacy and property rights

Search and Seizure

● The fourth amendment protects citizens from being unlawfully searched
● Search and seizure
● Must have a good reason
● Cannot be unreasonable
● Warrants
● Must get permission from a judge
● Must state exactly what can be searched
● Probable cause
● Must have a good reason

New jersey v. TLO

● Was a supreme court case about an incident at school
 ● A teacher caught a 14 yr student smoking
● The principal searched the students purse and found marijuana
● Student was expelled but went to court to fight back
● The supreme court ruled that the school did not violate the students fourth amendment
rights
● If a school official has a reasonable suspicion they can search a student
● Schools regularly use this ruling to justify searching students

Cause and effect: Mapp v. Ohio

● Officers illegally searched Dollree Mapp’s Home
● Officers entered based on eyewitness tips
● They discovered in the home
● Mapp was convicted of a crime
● Mapp argued that her fourth amendment rights had been violated

Mapp v. Ohio : The decision

● The supreme court ruled in Mapp’s favor
● Officers executed a search illegally
● She could not be convicted based on evidence they gathered

Mapp v. Ohio : The impact

● The decision created a rule called the exclusionary rule

Limits to search and seizure

● Law enforcement can carry out a stop and frisk
● Law enforcement does not need a warrant to gather evidence that is in plain view

Fourth amendment and the digital age

● Electronic forms of communication and data storage have raised questions about
individual privacy and government access to information
● Emails, electronic bank transactions, Text messages and cell phone location data
● Technology has evolved faster than laws related to privacy in the digital age
● There are many conflicts and questions related to privacy and national security

Due process
● The fifth amendment describes due process
● All people accused of a crime are subject to the same treatment and rules

Self incrimination
● The fifth amendment protects citizens against self incrimination
● A citizen cannot be forced to confess to a crime

Other parts of the fifth amendment

● Grand jury
 ● No citizen can be tried for a capital crime without first being indicted
● Double Jeopardy
● No citizen can be tried twice for the same crime
● Just compensation
● No citizens property can be taken by the government without payment

Miranda v. Arizona : The facts

● Ernesto miranda confessed to multiple crimes
● Police did not remind miranda of his right to avoid self incrimination
● Miranda was convicted and sentenced to prison
● He appealed his case by arguing that his fifth amendment rights were violated

Miranda v. Arizona : The decision

● The supreme court ruled that Miranda was denied his rights
● He had not been instructed that he had the right to avoid self incrimination

Miranda v. Arizona : The impact

● People suspected of a crime cannot be pressured into confessing
● Officers must inform people of their fifth amendment rights prior to questioning them
while in custody

Limits to the protection against self incrimination

● Officers do not need to read miranda rights if public safety is immediately at risk
● Law enforcement can create its own miranda warning if it communicates the same
message

A speedy and public trial

● All citizens are guaranteed a speedy and public trial
● An accused person may only have a temporary stay in jail before seeing a judge
● A jury hears evidence and offers a verdict
● The accused faces trial in the state and area where the crime took place

Informed and Confronted

● An accused person has the right
● To hear exactly what he or she is being accused of
● To see the evidence being used against him or her
● To force a witness to appear in court

Right to counsel
● All people have the right to be represented by counsel
● An attorney is assigned to the case if the accused person cannot afford one
● The accused is allowed the option to represent himself or herself

Gideon v. Wainwright : The facts

 ● Clarence Gideon was denied counsel during his burglary trial
● Was forced to represent himself
● Gideon lost his case
● Appealed by arguing he deserved counsel

Gideon v. Wainwright : The decision

● The courts ruled that Gideon’s Sixth Amendment rights had been violated
● Did not receive counsel
● Did not have the opportunity to represent himself appropriately

Gideon v. Wainwright : The Impact

● The guarantee of counsel is essential to a fair trial
● States must provide a lawyer for defendants in criminal cases

Sixth Amendment: Right to a fair trial

Eighth Amendment : Limits to punishment

Bail and Fines

● Bail and fines must fit the crime
● The accused may be allowed to pay bail and be released from custody while awaiting
trial
● Fines can be charges when a person breaks the law

Cruel and unusual punishment

● The constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment
● Punishment must fit the crime

Furman v. Georgia : The Facts

● William Forman was sentenced to death for a murder
● Accidently shot and killed a homeowner during a robbery
● He argued that his sentence was cruel and unusual

Furman v. Georgia : The decision

● The supreme court rules in Furman’s favor
● The punishment may have been based in discrimination
● Georgia has unclear standards for when capital punishment should be applied

Furman v. Georgia : The Impact

● States were required to create clear standards to be applied fairly before capital
punishment could occur
● Standard definitions of crimes
● Standard punishments

The right to privacy

 ● The idea of the right to privacy began to develop in the late 1800s

Privacy in the constitution

● The word privacy does not appear in the US constitution. However several amendments
imply privacy
● Religion and assembly, Quartering soldiers, Unreasonable searches and seizure, Self
incrimination

Enumerated and Unenumerated rights

● Enumerated Rights
● Rights that are specifically listed in constitutional amendments such as
● Right to free speech
● Right to a trial by jury
● Unenumerated Rights
● Rights that exist but are not specifically named in the constitution such as
● Right to travel
● Right to privacy

Privacy Laws
● Your privacy is protected by state and federal laws
● For example someone or something cannot
● Intrude or pry into your personal affairs
● Publicly disclose facts you want kept private
● Publicly portray you in a false light
● Use your name or likeness without your permission

Griswold v. Connecticut : The facts

● In 1961 Estelle Griswold and Lee Buxton were convicted of violating a Connecticut state
law
● They gave information and prescriptions for contraceptives to married couples
● They appealed their conviction to the supreme court

Griswold v. Connecticut : The decision

● The supreme court ruled 7-2 in favor of Griswold and Buxton
● The constitution protected the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on
contraception
● The majority and concurring opinions based the right to privacy on different parts of the
constitution

Griswold v. Connecticut : The decision

● Justice Douglas argued that the Bill of Rights contained guarantees against government
intrusion
● The first, third, fourth, fifth and ninth amendments establish zones of privacy
● The Connecticut law conflicted with this right
 ● Justice Goldberg agreed with Justice Douglas, but cited the unenumerated rights
protected by the ninth amendment

Griswold v. Connecticut : The impact

● In its decision the supreme court established “right to privacy” protections
● Established that people have the right to keep their marriage decisions private
● Created precedent for right to privacy in other areas of life

Griswold v. Connecticut : The impact

● The decision influenced other supreme court cases
● Eisenstadt v. Baird : birth control for unmarried couples
● Lawrence v. Texas : LGBTQ rights
● Obergefell v. Hodges : Same sex marriage rights

Roe v. Wade : The facts

● Jane Roe wanted to end her pregnancy but abortion was illegal in texas
● Roe sued in US district court challenging the Texas law
● The district court and court of appeals declared the law unconstitutional
● Texas again appealed the decision and the case went to the supreme court

Roe v. Wade : The decision

● The supreme court ruled 7-2 that most restirctions on abortion were unconstitutional the
court determined that
● Womens rights to privacy included decisions regarding abortion
● Texas law violated Fourteenth amendment protection against government intrusion into
the right to privacy
● States may restrict abortions during the final three months of pregnancy

Roe v. Wade : The impact

● The decision influenced other supreme court cases
● Webster v. Reproductive Health services : upheld some limits
● Planned Parenthood v. Casey : Created “undue burden” test
● Gonzales v. Carhart : upheld ban on specific procedure
● Support for abortion rights has remained steady
● Influences state and national election campaigns
● Affects how supreme court justice candidates are chosen

America after the civil war

● The United States began to extend civil rights to african americans as the civil war
ended
● Banning slavery with the Thirteenth amendment
● Creating new protections with the Fourteenth amendment

Citizenship Defined
 ● The first clause defines citizenship qualifications
● All people born in the united states
● All people naturalized in the united states

Due process
● The amendment requires that due process of law to be applied to all citizens
● All citizens will be subject to the same rules and legal processes

Equal protection
● The amendment establishes equal protection under the law
● All citizens will be protected by the same laws in the same way

Enforcement
● The amendment gives congress the authority to enforce it
● Congress can create new laws and requirements

Due process clause : All citizens will be subject to the same set of legal procedures
Citizenship Clause : All residents born in the united states or naturalized are citizens
Enforcement Clause : Congress has the authority to make laws to apply the amendment
Equal Protection Clause : The laws apply to all citizens in the same way

Incorporation
● Some framers of the constitution argued in favor of incorporation of the Bill of Rights

Early cases and Incorporation

● Early supreme court cases ruled that the Bill of Rights protections did not transfer to
state law
● Barron v. Baltimore
● United States v. Cruikshank
● The Blaine amendment tried to legislate incorporation but failed

Gitlow v. New York : The facts

● Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for distributing a communist pamphlet
● Charged under a New York law that banned the promotion of a revolution
● Argued that his first amendment rights were violated

Gitlow v. New York : The decision

● The supreme court used the due process clause to interpret the issue of incorporation
● First amendment freedoms were incorporated

Gitlow v. New York : The Impact

● The ruling established the practice of selective incorporation
● The amendments can be incorporated as needed
 ● States can be held responsible for following the Bill of RIghts

The Expansion of Federal Power

● Through the due process clause state governments became bound by the bill of rights

Equal Protection and Civil Rights

● The fourteenth amendment would be used to guarantee civil rights for all americans
● Equal protection under the law
● Equal protection to public facilities

How have major Supreme court rulings impacted civil rights?

● Plessy v. Ferguson : Establishing “separate but equal”
● Brown v. Board of education : Abolishing “Separate but equal”
● Regents v. Bakke : Reviewing “affirmative action”

Segregation in Louisiana
● In 1890 Louisiana passed the separate car act to create segregated railroad cars
● Required all railroads to establish “equal but separate accommodations”
● Resulted in separate railway cars for african american and white riders

Plessy v. Ferguson : The facts

● Homer Plessy was arrested for violating segregation laws
● He sat in a train’s white only car and refused to move
● Plessy argued that his rights to equal protection of the law had been violated

Plessy v. Ferguson : The decision

● The court ruled that Louisiana’s laws were constitutional
● Court determined that louisiana’s law created equal facilities
● Segregated facilities were legal if they created equal access

Plessy v. Ferguson : The Impact

● Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation
● “Separate but equal” became legal precedent
● Segregation could continue to be legislated
● Segregation was enforced in public facilities, such as schools, hospitals, and housing

Brown v. Board of Education : The facts

● A group of parents sued the Topeka board of education in kansas in 1951
● They argued that
● Segregation naturally resulted in inequality
● Segregation made Black children feel inferior

Brown v. Board of Education : The decision

● Brown v. board of education was decided in an unanimous ruling by the supreme court
 ● In the court's opinion chief justice earl warren states that when black children attended
segregated schools they
● Felt inferior
● Lost motivation for learning
● Grew into adults with fewer opportunities than their white counterparts

Brown v. Board of education : The impact

● Brown v. Board of education overturned the legal precedent set by plessy v. Ferguson
● Declared the idea of “separate but equal” to be a violation of the fourteenth amendment
● Required that desegregation begin in public schools

Social Impact : Gave force to the growing civil rights movement

Court Decision : Ruled that segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment
Legal Precedent : Overturned “separate but equal” as a legal practice

Affirmative Action and Desegregation

● Many public institutions created affirmative action programs to integrate and diversity
schools and workplaces
● These programs
● Created quotas for black and Latino applicants in admissions and hiring
● Gave preference ro Black and Latino applicants to encourage diversity

Regents v. Bakke : The facts

● Allan Bakke was rejected from the University of California’s medical school
● Bakke who was white argued that
● He had higher test scores then some Black students who were accepted
● He was denied admission based on race alone
● Affirmative action caused him to be the victim of unfair reverse discrimination

Regents v. Bakke : The Decision

● The court's decision in Regents v. Bakke found that
● Racial quotas could not be used to reduce racial inequality
● Race could be considered as a factor in admissions

Regents v. Bakke : The impact

● Regents v. Bakke set a precedent for cases that came after it
● Adarand Constructors v. Pena
● Ruling : Federal construction contracts cannot be awarded based on race
● United States v. Virginia
● Ruling : Virginia Military institute must open its doors to women

Mandate : A requirement
Segregation : The practice of maintaining separate facilities for different races
Affirmative action : A policy promoting greater minority inclusion
Desegregation : The process of integrating facilities that had been separated by race
Separate but equal : Legal doctrine that permitted racial segregation in public facilities
15th Amendment : Voting rights regardless of race
Civil Rights Laws : Voting rights protections
19th and 26th amendments : Voting rights for women and people at least 18 years old

The fifteenth Amendment

● The fifteenth Amendment was ratified after the civil war

Effects of the Fifteenth amendment

● The fifteenth amendment extended the right to vote to African Americans
● African americans could serve in government
● Voting was upheld as a civil right for all male citizens

Limitations of the Fifteenth Amendment

● Southern states attempts to reject rights secured by african americans included
● Establishment of poll taxes
● Creation of literacy tests

Civil Rights Act of 1964

● The civil rights act was passed to end discrimination based on race or ethnicity
● The law prohibited segregation in public facilities or federally funded programs
● It required state governments to allow African Americans to participate in the voting
process

Effects of the civil rights act

● The civil rights act also changed day to day life
● MAde segregation illegal on public transportation in hospitals and in other public facilities
● Began the push for racially integrated schools

Voting RIghts Act of 1965

● The voting rights act was passed to protect african americans voting rights
● Ended literacy tests
● Directed the US attorney general to challenge the use of poll taxes

Effects of the voting rights act

● The voting rights act led to more participation by african americans
● African American voter registration rates rose greatly
● More Black lawmakers began serving in state and federal legislatures

Voting rights act 2013 supreme court ruling

 ● In the case of shelby v. holder the supreme court struck down a provision of the voting
rights act which required federal approval before some states enacted voting rules
● Several states moved to pass voting legislation including
● Creating new photo ID laws for voters
● Enforcing previously invalidated photo ID laws
● Eliminating same day voter registration

Women and the right to vote

● Women had been fighting for suffrage since the early 1800s
● Argued that the constitution should be amended to allow women to vote
● Created organizations to support the cause of suffrage

The nineteenth amendment

● The nineteenth amendment was ratified in 1920

Effects of the nineteenth amendment

● The nineteenth amendment changed elections in the united states because it resulted in
● An increase in the number of eligible voters
● Increased voter participation
● Election of women to government offices

Voting age
● In the early 1900s most states allowed only citizens of age 21 and over to vote

The twenty sixth amendment

● The twenty sixth amendment was ratified in 1971

Effects of the twenty sixth amendment

● The amendment extended the right to vote to millions of people
● Young people remain the group with the lowest voter participation rates

Your right to vote

● At age 18 you can make a difference with your vote
● More than 12% of americans are age 18 - 24
● Your vote counts

Voter suppression today

● Today voter suppression remains a problem
● In the 2016 election Black and LAtino voters were turned away from the polls at more
than double the rate of white non hispanic voters

Supreme court decisions

● Supreme court decisions influence american society
● Justices must analyze the law by
 ● Reviewing past decisions
● Laying the groundwork for the future of the law

The stolen valor 2006

● This act made it a crime to make false claims about receiving many types of military
awards
● Established fines and prison sentences as punishment

United States v. Fields : The facts

● Abel Fields falsely claimed he had received a purple heart for his bravery
● He never served in the military
● He never received a military award
● He was convicted under the stolen valor act and sentenced to a fine

United States v. Fields : Appeal Process

● Fields was found guilty in his first trial
● HE appealed the sentence
● The court appeals overturned his conviction
● The government appealed the decision of the court appeals
● The supreme court agreed to hear the case

Comparing and contrasting the clains

● Fields Claims
● The right to lie about this award is protected by the first amendment
● Fields did not harm another person through his claim
● Fields did not receive anything valuable because of the claim
● The prosecution's claims
● The lie was made intentionally so it should not be protected
● Lies about the award damage the integrity of the award
● False claims make the award less valuable for actual recipients

Precedent and its uses

● Precedent is a judicial decision that establishes a rule that is applied to future cases
● The judge refers to precedent when preparing a new decision
● The new decision can create another precedent

Precedent in your case

● Your case involves a restriction on free speech
● Freedom of speech can be restricted based on the content of a person's speech
● Defamation
● Incitement to create violence

New York Times co v. Sullivan

 ● An elected official sued a newspaper for printing false statements about his police
department
● The court ruled that
● Public officials cannot be victims of libel unless the speaker acted with malice
● Malice meant knowingly making false statements

Texas v. Johnson
● Gregory Johnson was convicted of burning a flag under texas law
● The court ruled that
● The texas law was invalid
● Johnsons right to free speech had been violated

The process of making a decision

● When the supreme court hears a case the nine justices vote on the decision
● One justice writes the majority opinion
● A justice who disagrees can write the dissent
● Other justices can choose to write opinions
● All opinions can be used in future cases

Writing an opinion
● You will write the opinion of the court to support your decision
● Your opinion must
● Provide a clear ruling
● Interpret the law
● Cite precedent

Supporting your decision

1. Describe the relevant facts of the case
2. Describe your decision
3. Analyze whether the law is constitutional
4. Describe precedent that supports your decision

American Citizenship
● Each year more than a million immigrants become legal residents of the us
● They come from dozens of countries on every continent
● They must complete a process to become citizens

Defining citizenship
● A citizen is a person who lives in a place and
● Has to follow the laws of the place
● Is entitled to the rights and privileges the government guarantees

US Citizenship : Citizenship by Birth

● In the US a person can become a citizen by being born
 ● On US soil
● Outside the US to a parent who is a US citizen

US Citizenship : Naturalization
● A person who is not born a US citizen can become one through naturalization
● Many people can become citizens through this legal process

US Citizenship : Resident Aliens

● Noncitizens can live in the US under several different conditions
● Many of these people are considered resident aliens

Registering for the Draft

● All male citizens must register for the draft
● Registration
● Must register with the selective service system at age eighteen
● Mandatory Military Service
● May be selected to serve after a draft

Performing Jury Duty

● Citizens are obligated to serve on juries
1. The names of possible jury members are chosen at random
2. Possible jury members are sent a summons requesting that they report
3. Jury members report to the court
4. Judges and lawyers choose who will serve on the jury

Paying Taxes
● Citizens are also required to pay taxes including
● Income taxes
● Sales taxes
● Property taxes

Political Participation
● All citizens share the key responsibility of voting
● To be a voter
● Register to vote when you turn 18
● Know where your polling station is located
● Stay informed on important issues by reading or watching the news

Volunteering for public service

● Citizens should volunteer for public service
● National service
● Community service
● Civil service
Civic Participation
● Citizens should participate in society by going above and beyond the duties required of
them
● Ways to be a good citizen include
● Cleaning up litter on the streets
● Testifying as a witness in court
● Helping neighbors and communities in trouble

Citizen : A member of a nation who is entitled to its protection

Participate : To take an active part in something
Resident alien : A person living in a country who is not a citizen
Naturalization : The process that gives someone citizenship in a new country

Double Standards
● Men had various public rights and responsibilities
● Women did not have the same rights

How did women fight for their rights and work to improve their position in society?
● Women began to assume a public role
● The seneca falls convention began the women's movement
● Women fought for and won the right to vote
● Women continued to fight to improve their position in society

Temperance : Abstention from alcoholic beverages

● Heavy drinking was common in the 1800s and it cause problems in the home
● Women banded together to promote temperance
● Formed the women's christian temperance union
● Society supported this new public role for women

Women’s education
● Girls and young women were expected to learn only the basics
● How to read
● How to write
● How to do simple math
● These skills were considered to be the only ones they needed to fulfill their expected
roles as wives and mothers

Women's education begins to expand

● Emma Hart willard founded Troy Female Seminary the country's first high school for girls
● Oberlin College became the first US college to admit women on equal terms with men
● Mount Holyoke College became the first women’s college in the US

Abolition : The fight to end slavery

 ● Many women joined the abolition movement
● The Grimke sisters spoke out publicly against slavery
● Women attended the world’s anti slavery convention of 1840
● Elizabeth Cady Stanton
● Lucretia Mott
● Unhappy with their treatment they turned their attention to women's rights

The seneca Falls Convention

● To organize women to fight for equal and legal rights
● To enlist the support of prominent men
● To publish declaration of purposes and principles
● Jane hunt
● Mary Ann McClintock
● Lucretia Mott
● Martha Coffin Wright
● Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Elizabeth cady stanton

● An abolitionist and early women's rights leader who
● Attended the world anti slavery convention in london in 1840
● Was a leader for the women's suffrage movement after 1848
● Helped to draft the Seneca falls declaration of sentiments and important document in the
fight for women’s suffrage

Effects of the Convention

● The convention had several important outcomes
● The publication of a list of practical clearly defined goals
● The beginning of an organized fight for women's rights
● AN annual series of national women's rights conventions
● The attention of the press and the public

Susan B Anthony
● Abolitionist and women’s rights leader
● Had a long association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
● Anthony and Stanton co-founded the national woman's suffrage association
● Their only goal was the women’s suffrage amendment

Organizing the fight for suffrage

● 1869 - The 15th amendment granted suffrage to African American men but not to
women. Suffragists formed two national organizations
● National Woman's Suffrage Association
● American woman suffrage association
● 1890 - The organizations joined together to become the National American Woman
Suffrage Association
 ● 1915 - Carrie Chapman Catt of NAWSA unveiled her “winning plan” to win suffrage at
state and federal levels
● Used a state by state approach
● Would help get the 19th amendment passed

The 19th Amendment

● Women made important contributions during world war 1
● War contributions and suffrage work convinced congress to pass the 19th amendment
● The women’s suffrage amendment was ratified in 1920

Other Rights for Women

● 1848 - Married women’s property Act gives married women in NY the right to control
their own property
● 1900 - All married women in us gain property rights
● 1860 - New york grants women the right to keep their own wages
● 1947 - Supreme court grants women the right to serve on a jury

The uprising of the twenty thousand

● Women used unions to win better working conditions
● They formed the international ladies’ garment workers union
● More the two-thirds of shirtwaist workers went on strike in
● Owners agreed to
● Raise wages
● Shorten the work week

Margaret Sanger
● Advocated for women’s health issues
● One of eleven children
● Trained nurse who educated women about birth control
● Published a monthly women’s health newsletter, The woman rebel
● Comstock Laws made it illegal to print or mail information about birth control

In the home : Birth control

● Margaret Sanger
● Opened first US birth control clinic in 1916
● Won court case that allowed doctors to prescribe contraceptives and discuss family
planning
● Opened first legal birth control clinic in 1923

The United Nations and Universal Peace

● The united nations advocates for the rights of women
● Has committees on women’s issues
● Uses gender neutral language
● Pays special attention to women”s rights and equality
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
● Was a baptist minister from georgia
● Promoted nonviolent protest
● Led Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington
● Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Claims, Ground and Warrant

● King's letter responded to “a call for unity”
● Claim : Protest marches were “unwise and untimely”
● Grounds : Protests can become violent, are not effective, and allow outsiders to
influence local issues
● Warrant : Protests are less appropriate than pressing the courts and negotiating with
local leaders ; therefore, using the courts and negotiations would be the better option

Counterclaim, Rebuttal, and conclusion

● Claim : Protests are effective and appropriate
● Counterclaim : The protests “brought” the violence with them to alabama
● Rebuttal : This is like blaming a robbed man for the robbery
● Conclusion : “Society must protect the robbed and punish the robbers”

Allusions
● An allusion is a reference in a literary work to a person, place, thing, event, or idea from
history or from another test

Meet the Spotted Owl

● The spotted owl is a rare bird that became the source of national debate
● Became increasingly rare because of heavy logging in its habitat
● Was declared threatened by the federal government

The environment vs. the economy

● Opposing groups brought their own perspectives to the issue
● Citizens who focused on environmental issues
● Admitted saving the owls would cost jobs
● Felt government should make protecting environment its priority
● Citizens who focused on supporting industry
● Believed a loss of jobs would harm people
● Felt government should make peoples economic concerns its priority

Political Ideology
● An ideology is a set of beliefs about a subject
● A political ideology is a set of beliefs about how government should operate
● A person’s political ideology affects how he or she approaches questions and decisions
Conservatism
● Political conservatism is a system that generally holds that
● Traditional approaches to issues usually work best
● Government should remain small and limited in its powers and activities
● Individuals should be given the greatest degree of freedom possible
● The nation needs a large army

Liberalism
● As a political ideology liberalism
● Argues that the aim of government is improving society and the economy
● Believes that the government may need to have a broader role in society
● Encourages greater government regulation to protect citizens needs

Comparing and Contrasting : Conservatives vs. liberal positions

● In general conservatives
● Oppose government ordered affirmative action hiring policies
● Oppose government run healthcare
● In general liberals
● Support government ordered affirmative action policies
● Support government run healthcare

Libertarianism
● Libertarianism is a political ideology that is similar to conservatism
● Stresses individual freedom
● Opposes all but absolutely necessary government activity
● Opposes foreign involvement
● Opposes most taxes

Progressivism
● Progressivism is a political ideology that is similar to liberalism
● Stresses expanded economic and political rights for all
● Opposes large institutional powers in government and the economy

Ideologies and Political Parties

● Citizens tend to support certain political parties based upon their ideologies
● Conservatives and LIbertarians often support the republican party
● Liberals and progressives often support the democratic party

Two party system

● The democratic and republican parties dominate us politics
● These larger parties have substantial resources and influence
● Elections are winner take all

Third Party Challenges

 ● Presidential candidates today spend billions of dollars on their campaigns
● Media and advertising
● Staff
● Fundraising events
● Campaign travel

Identity
● Identity refers to an individual’s unique characteristics
● Personal identity includes the characteristics that distinguish one person from another
such as
● Interests
● Skills
● Family structure
● Social identity
● The characteristics people use to describe themselves in society
● Age and gender identification
● Nationality and language
● Ethnicity and culture
● Economic status and religion

Values
● Values are the moral principles and ideas that are important to someone
● Beliefs about right and wrong
● Beliefs that guide someone’s actions
● Factors that influence values include
● The media
● Family and friends’ viewpoints
● Dominant views of the surrounding community and region

Issues important to teenagers in different countries

● Teens from 13 countries were asked, “What do you see as the most important issue
facing the world?”
● More then 30 percent of those surveyed named climate as the more important issue
● Poverty was the second most common issue named

Political ideology
● Peoples’ political ideologies are strongly shaped by their identities and values
● Affects how a person votes
● Education level, gender, race, and ethnicity are the strongest influences on voter
preference
● The difference in how women and men tend to vote is called a “gender gap”
● Age, religion and income level also influence voter preference

Intersectionality
 ● Intersectionality is how personal and social identities combine to influence how a person
experiences the world
● Overlapping combinations create unique identities and experiences
● Some people and their communities are oppressed by those in power due to bias and
discrimination against their combinations of identities such as gender, ethnicity and
economic and social class

The political party

● Political parties have the goal of winning elections
● Help like minded people to organize politically
● Work to gain political power

The role of political parties in the electorate

● Political parties provide organization in the electorate
● Communication and promote a shared ideology
● Recruit and promote candidates who support that ideology

Communication an Ideology : Party Platforms

● A political party’s platform communicates its ideology
● States the party’s goals
● Expresses the party’s position on social and political issues

Communicating an ideology : Shaping the Debate

● Political parties also influence public debate about issues
● Present competing or opposing views on an issue
● Promote their views in the media

Promoting Candidates in Elections

● Parties support candidates who share their platform
● Recruit candidates
● Raise money
● Register voters

Political parties in US government

● Political parties play a key role in the operation of government
● Legislative Branch
● Executive Branch

Political Parties in the Legislative Branch

● Political parties shape debate in the legislative branch
● Leadership in both houses is dependent on party affiliation
● Party leaders control the legislative agenda
● Parties choose committee members
Political Parties in the Executive branch
● The president serves as a leader of his or her party
● The president helps to set the legislative agenda
● The president usually nominates judges and officials from his or her own party

Political Parties in State and Local Government

● Parties influence state and local governments
● Leadership in state legislatures is dependent on party affiliation
● Governors usually appoint officials from their own parties

The Nation’s first political parties

● The debate over the writing of the constitution led to the nations first political parties
● The federalists believed in a strong central government
● The democratic-republicans believed in limited central government

Democrats and Republicans

● Since 1860, two parties have dominated American politics
● The democratic party developed out of the democratic republican party
● The Republican party began by combining antislavery factions of several parties

Political Parties in the Twentieth Century

● Democrats and Republicans developed their current political ideologies
● Democrats have generally sought to extend the government’s role
● Republicans have generally opposed government expansion and called for a strong
defense

Third Parties in the United States

● Third parties can play an important role in the election process by
● Focusing the debate on specific issues
● Proposing new ideas
● Advocating reform
● Drawing votes away from the major parties

Purposes of Political Campaigns

● Political campaigns work to get a candidate elected or pass an issue
● They accomplish this by
● Communication a message about the candidate or issue to the public
● Sending critical messages about opposing candidates’ views
● Raising money to pay for the campaign

Campaign activities
● Campaigns use many creative ways to communicate information including
● Creating flyers and posters
● Holding rallies and fundraisers
 ● Using social media
● Canvassing neighborhoods

Campaign Staff
● Campaigns hire staff to manage activities
● Typical positions include
● Campaign managers
● Volunteer coordinators
● Fundraisers
● Communications directors

Voter Registration Drives

● Campaigns and other interest groups also assist citizens in registering to vote
● They organize events, send text messages, knock on doors, and use social media to
drive voter registration

Stacey Abrams
● Is a lawyer, political leader, and activist from Georgia
● Served as minority leader of the Georgia House of Representatives
● Was the first black women to become the gubernatorial nominee for a major party
● Launched organizations dedicated to
● Protection voter rights
● Increasing voter participation
● Ensuring fair elections in the US

Funding a campaign
● Campaigns rely on many sources of funding including
● Public financing from the government
● Donations from citizens and political action committees
● Support from the political party

Campaign Finance Laws

● A candidate must follow laws in funding their election
● Individuals are limited in the amount they can donate
● Laws require candidates to tell who made donations and how the money was spent
● PACs are restricted in the ways in which they can donate

Comparing and Contrasting: The debate over Campaign Finance

● Campaign finance reform is a subject of great debate
● Some citizens argue that restrictions are needed to
● Reduce the influence of corporations
● Make the wealthy less influential
● Some citizens argue that laws are too strict because
● Citizens and corporations should be free to support candidates
 ● Supporting a candidate can be considered free speech

Citizens United v. Federal election commission

● The supreme court’s decision in citizens united versus FEC changed campaign finance
laws
● The court decision said that
● The government cannot limit independent spending by corporations or interest groups
● Limiting this spending violates the right to free speech
● Donors pool their money to create a Super PAC to influence campaigns
● The top 100 donors contribute nearly 78% of all spending
● Wealthy people have more influence

What is the role of campaigns and elections in the political process

● Campaigns
● Strategies and staff
● Funding
● Elections Primaries
● General Elections

The role of primaries

● A primary is a type of election usually held within a political party to
● Help the party nominate its candidate for a general election
● Draw attention to major party issues

Types of Primaries
● Direct or indirect
● In a direct primary people vote to nominate a candidate directly
● In an indirect primary people vote for delegates
● Open or closed
● In an open primary any qualified voter can vote
● In a closed primary only party members can vote

Caucuses and Conventions

● Parties can use other methods to choose nominees
● A caucus is a meeting of party members who choose a nominee through debates
● A convention is a meeting of delegates who elect a nominee

Nominating a President
● Early 1800s Party leaders in congress would caucus to choose a nominee
● 1830’s parties began to host conventions to select a nominee
● Today Most states hold primaries to choose convention delegates

General elections
● General elections are the final competition for elected offices
 ● Occur after the primaries are finished
● Are held on regularly scheduled dates

States and the election process

● State election officials are responsible for
● Registering candidates
● REgistering voters
● Organizing the voting process
● Counting and certifying votes

Understanding Primaries
● In a closed primary only party members can vote
● In a open primary any qualified voter can vote
● In a indirect primary people vote for delegated who will represent them at a party
convention
● In a direct primary people vote directly for a candidate

Citizen power
● A single vote can make a big difference
● Local elections are typically decided by a small group of voters
● Many state races have been decided by a single vote or ended in a tie
● Even national elections can be close

The electoral college

● The electoral college was one of the compromises of the constitutional convention
delegates
● Debated about whether congress should select the president
● Feared that people would not be informed enough to decide
● Based the electoral college on states’ population, not the number of eligible voters

Popular vote vs. Electoral college

● Presidential elections ate the only national elections where the popular vote does not
determine the winner
● Popular vote
● The total number of votes a candidate receives from voters in an election
● Every vote counts toward result
● Candidate with most votes wins
● Direct democracy
● Electoral College
● In a presidential election the process used to decide electors for each state
● Number determined by states population
● Candidate with most electoral votes
● Representative democracy
The electoral college process
● November : Citizens go to the polls for the popular vote to cast their ballots for the
candidate of their choice
● December : Members of the electoral college meet in their respective states to cast and
submit their votes based on the popular results in their state
● January : Congress meets in a joint session to open and count the electoral votes and
the certify the election results

Challenges to presidential elections results

● These are processes in place to address questions about the validity of election results
● Members of congress can object to the electoral votes - This prompts an end to the joint
session and each house debates the objection
● Candidates and state officials can request popular vote recounts - Recounts are at the
discretion of the state
● Candidates and parties can file lawsuits against procedures - Lawsuits can be filed in
local, state and federal courts as well as directly with the supreme court

2000 Election
● In the 2000 election, George W. Bush won the electoral college, but Al Gore won the
popular vote

Bush v. Gore
● Bush won the state of florida by 537 votes
● FLorida law required a recount by machine, but some counties counted by hand
● Bush led in the recount and asked that manual counts end
● Gore wanted the counts to continue
● Bush asked the US supreme court to stay the florida supreme court’s decision
● Bush argued that the florida supreme court’s decision essentially made new law
● The US supreme court agreed and said that the state court had overstepped
● The manual counts stopped and bush was declared the winner in florida

2020 Election
● In the 2020 election, Democratic candidate Joe Biden won the popular and electoral
votes in a close race against the incumbent president, Republican Donald Trump
● Trump and other republican politicians filed lawsuits in federal and state courts
● All of the lawsuits failed and the supreme court rejected appeals
● Several states recounted and recertified votes in their state
● All states reaffirmed their original results

Canvassing - Soliciting votes for an electoral campaign

Candidate - A person who aspires to serve in a public office
Primary - An election in which voters select candidates for political office
Influential - Powerful and able to control something
Critical - An attitude of disagreement
Protecting your interests
● Imagine you own a business
● If a proposed new state sales tax becomes law you will have to either
● Add the tax to the price of everything you sell making your product expensive
● Pay the tax out of your profits and make less money

The right to petition the government

● The constitution gives you the right to influence your representatives’ decisions

Interest Groups
● Interest groups are organizations that have common concern or interest
● They try to influence government policy to benefit their cause
● They attempt to achieve their goals by lobbying or influencing lawmakers

Origins of interest groups

● Interest groups began as community organizations
● Groups supported US independence in the 1770’s
● Abolitionist groups fought to end slavery
● Trade unions organize for workers rights
● New labor movement works to improve wages

Public interest groups

● Public interest groups promote policies they believe will benefit all people
● Nonpartisan
● Examples - Consumer and environmental groups

Ideological Groups
● Ideological interest groups have a specific set of beliefs and aims
● Can be liberal, moderate or conservative
● Support legislation depending on whether it matches their ideas

NAACP
● The NAACP is the largest civil rights organization in the US
● Founded in 1909
● Increased awareness about violence against Black people
● Has grown to more than two million members
● Has expanded its mission over time

Single Issue Groups

● Some interest groups are formed to work for or against a single issue
● They focus on laws and policy in one area
● Some single issue groups oppose the policies of other groups
 ● American Association of people with disabilities
● National Rifle Association

History of MADD
● The mission of mothers against drunk driving is to end impaired driving
● Founded in 1980 by candace lightner
● Lobbied for the national minimum drinking age act to raise the drinking age to 21
● Expanded to canada in 1989 and brazil in 2019

Political Action Committees

● Corporations and interest groups cannot contribute directly to federal campaigns
● They create political action committees to finance their political agendas
● PACs are regulated by federal election commission guidelines
● They donate to political campaigns
● They fund advertising to encourage voters to vote for against candidates or to approve
reject referendums

Raising money for candidates

● Running for state and national political office takes millions of dollars
● PACs can take donations from interest group members and make contributions
● Super PACs cannot directly contribute to campaigns but have no spending limits
● In Citizens United v. FEC, the supreme court ruled that the government cannot limit
super pac spending on political ads

Dark money and elections

● Since the citizens decision dark money spent on elections has increased rapidly Dark
money
● Is defined as contributions to political groups from donors whose identities are not
disclosed
● Can have significant influence on elections

The first amendment protects the right of individuals and groups to petition the US government.
People with particular economic or political concerns often form Interest groups to influence
lawmakers to act on their behalf.
Powerful and influential groups called Political Action committees finance campaigns and other
political interests.
Super PACs cannot contribute directly to a politician’s campaign, but they can pay for
advertising in support of a candidate.
“Dark Money'' is defined as contributions to political candidates and groups from people whose
identities are not disclosed.

Lobbying
● Lobbyists attempt to influence government decisions by:
 ● Appearing before legislative committees
● Organizing campaigns to influence public opinion on issues
● Providing research on proposals to influence legislation
● Proposing or writing legislation
● Supporting or opposing candidates for office

Lobbying and the Branches of government

● Lobbyists influence all three branches of government
● Executive
● Draft Regulations and rules
● Legislative
● Draft Legislation
● Meet with representatives
● Judicial
● File Briefs in cases

Lobbying and the law

● Professional lobbying firms must
● Register with the government
● Report their lobbying activities throughout the year
● Follow strict legal ethical standards

The influence of lobbyists on citizens and government

● Positive Effects
● Providing research and information
● Offering one way for citizens and businesses to communicate with government
● Helping to educate and inform policy makers
● Negative Effects
● Providing selective or misleading information
● Possibly creating an unfair advantage for wealthier citizens and corporations
● Possibly creating opportunities for corruption in government

Political Action Committee : A group formed to financially support politicians

Influence : To affect someone’s behavior
Petition : To request something formally
Interest Group: An organization formed to influence government policy
Lobbyist : A person who meets with lawmakers in an attempt to influence legislation

Methods of communication information : Mass Media

● Mass media is a means of providing information to many people. There are three forms
of mass media
● Print : Newspapers and magazines
● Broadcast : Tv and radio
 ● Internet : Websites and podcasts

Types of media ownership

● Nonprofit media
● Their primary goal is education the public
● Receive funding from governments, grants, sponsorships and donations
● Strive to have less bias in their reporting
● Tend to have greater diversity in their reporting teams
● For profit media
● Their primary goal is increasing their profits
● Owned privately by companies or individuals
● Depend on advertising revenue for expenses
● Earn some money for customer subscriptions

Media Ownership
● Fewer than 10 companies own 90 percent of all mass media
● Media giants often own news organizations programming and distribution companies
● This can influence what people watch read and listen to

Bias in news media

● Private ownership of media influences what news is covered and how it is covered
● Some stories or facts get more attention than others
● News stories may support the beliefs of the owner and the advertiser
● News stories often reinforce the existing beliefs of the intended audience

The main goal of nonprofit media organizations is to educate the public

For profit media companies are privately owned companies
About 90 percent of the media is owned by fewer than 10 companies

Media as watchdogs
● The media keep watch on government officials and other people in power
● Monitor events and activities
● Alert the public
● Expose questionable actions

Media as gatekeepers
● As gatekeepers, the media determine the information the public receives
● News teams research, edit, and develop stories so that the public does not have to
● Bias can influence how these stories are shaped
● News teams choose
● Which sources are used what data are used
● What content gets published
Media as agenda setters
● Media act as agenda setters when they decide which events and issues to cover
● Decide which stories get the most attention
● Direct public attention to certain issues and events
● Are often called “fourth branch of government” because of their influence

Policy : Informing the public

● Today's media makes it possible to
● Stay informed about current and proposed laws
● Hear discussion of laws and lawmaking

Policy : Providing news coverage

● The media helps americans to be aware of government activities
● Online and television news networks cover congress and the us government
● The congressional record publishes debates that take place in congress

Policy : Using the media to communicate

● Policy makers use the media to communicate with citizens
● Deliver a message
● Promote a policy
● Encourage citizens to share ideas

The internet promoting policy

● The internet can be an effective way to promote a message
● Politicians can
● Hold online town halls to interact with citizens
● Maintain websites to inform citizens of their current activities
● Use social media to share ideas

The changing role of the media

● The media is changing over time
● News sources of media are affecting the way we understand politics
● Politicians are using new sources of media to communicate
● Social media
● Podcasts

Mass Media vs. Social media

● Unlike mass media, social media is driven by users
● Mass media
● Organizations produce content
● People decide whether to use it
● Social media
● Users produce and share content
● People can comment on content
Election coverage in the media
● During an election season media outlets
● Present candidates and issues to voters
● Are the only sources of political information most people have

Election coverage : Opinion and Debate

● Some news organizations
● Offer opinions and opportunities to debate perspectives
● Interpret candidate viewpoints and actions

Election Coverage : Opinion Polls

● During election seasons, public opinion polls:
● Examine voters’ feelings on candidates and issues
● Can motivate people to vote or not vote
● Are examined closely by candidates

Elections : Political Advertising

● Politicians use mass media advertisements to try to influence voters
● They spend millions of dollars to purchase ads
● The ads are most affection with undecided voters

Elections : The internet

● Today’s candidates and their supporters also use the internet
● Establish websites to advertise themselves and receive donations
● Create forums where supporters can communicate and organize
● Send mass emails to solicit support

Elections : Social Networking sites

● Social networking sites are a way for candidates to campaign
● Can be used to communicate and sample public opinion
● Are becoming more popular over time

The right to vote

● Voting is a basic civil right
● Citizens can express themselves through their votes
● The right to vote has expanded steadily over the course of US history
● Activists, politicians, and voters worked for changes in voting rights
● 1856: Property ownership requirements for voting removed all white men could vote
● 1870: 15th amendment extended voting rights to black men
● 1920: 19th Amendment extended voting rights to women
● 1924: Indian citizenship act extended citizenship and voting rights to indigenous people
● 1943: Chinese exclusion act repealed chinese americans and immigrants could become
US citizens and vote
 ● 1952: McCarran-Walter act allowed Japanese and Korean immigrants to become
citizens and vote
● 1965: Voting rights act outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes that prevented black and
latino citizens from voting
● 1971: 26th amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
● 1984: Voting accessibility for the elderly and handicapped act required polling places to
be accessible for people with disabilities

Voter qualifications
● In order to vote in a federal election a person must be
● A citizen of the united states
● At least 18 years old
● Registered as a voter

Voting in person
● Voting in person occurs at a polling place
● Voters fill out a ballot inside a voting booth at their polling places
● Many US states use voting machines to record voters ballots

Voting remotely
● Many states allow voters to vote without going to a polling place
● Voting early by mail
● Voting using an absentee ballot
● Voting online

Voting Districts
● A voting district is an area represented by an elected official
● Voting districts are reapportioned every ten years based on the census
● Districts are created by state governments

Voting districts and fairness

● Voting districts should be designed with fairness in mind
● Being fairly drawn to represent an equal number of people
● Providing equal access for the vote of minorities
● Avoiding benefiting a particular political party

Drawing unfair voting districts

● Voting districts can be gerrymandered for political advantage
● The majority party tries to build districts that will vote in its favor
● Districts are shaped in odd ways to benefit parties

Baker v. Carr : Background

● The supreme court tackled the question of reapportionment in Baker v. Carr 1962
 ● Charles Baker argued that tennessee failed to reapportion voting districts even when the
population changed
● Baker believed that this was designed to discriminate against some voters

Baker v. Carr : Decision and outcome

● The supreme court ruled that courts can require lawmakers to draw new voting districts
● Districts must be roughly equal in population
● Districts must be created fairly in accordance with the 14th amendment

Voter Registration : Checking in with a government body before casting a ballot in an

election
Reapportionment : The process of redistributing according to a plan
Redistricting : The process of changing voting districts
Absentee Ballot : A ballot by a voter who will be absent from a polling place on voting
day
Express : To communicate ideas through words or actions

Factors that influence voter turnout

● Many factors can influence voter turnout
● Age
● Education
● Income
● Race
● Gender
● Type of election

Reading tables and graphs

● Follow three steps to read a table or graph effectively
● Look at titles, key, and labels
● Analyze the data
● Look for trends and conclusions

Types of elections and voter turnout

● Voter turnout tends to be high in more popular elections

Income and voter turnout

● Citizens with higher incomes are more likely to vote

Gender and voter choice

● Gender is another factor that influences voting

Conditions that make voting more accessible

 ● Access to child care or elder care
● Number of polling stations
● Access to transportation
● Free time, ability to coordinate with work schedule
● Civic education

Election day voter registration

● Some states have election day registration
● This allows people to register at the same time they are going to vote
● Advocates argue that data shows an increase in voter turnout in states with EDR
● Opponents argue that EDR threatens election security and encourages uniformed voting
at the last minute

Barriers to voting today

● In some states challenges for voters include
● Changing voter ID laws
● Restrictions on mail in voting
● Lack of election day registration
● Limited voting hours or length of early voting periods
● Opponents argue that these restrictions limit voter turnout and disproportionately impact
voters of color and low income voters
● Supporters argue that these restrictions increase election security and reduce burdens
on polling place workers

On whose behalf do most lobbyists work?

● Political action committees
● Businesses
● Interest Groups
● Unions

Which is an example of a way in which a young American might make a choice to be of

national service without being required?
● Volunteering for the peace corps

How did the role of women during world war 1 affect the suffragist movement?
● Women served as nurses and ambulance drivers during the war and convincing people
to support their right to vote

What is one way that parties promote their platforms?

● They encourage and participate in debates over differing ideologies

Which of these best describes an interest group?

● A group formed to influence government policy
Which of these is a negative impact of lobbying?
● It offers advantages to those with money

Which of the following did Emma Hart Wilard accomplish in 1826?

● She founded the first All girls high school in the US

Creating Public Policy

● Public policy is an approach to solving an issue that a government is facing

Economic Policy
● The government creates strategies to handle economic issues
● Fiscal Policy
● Managing taxing and spending
● Monetary Policy
● Controlling the supply of money
● Regulatory Policy
● Regulating and limiting business

Foreign Policy
● The goal of foreign policy is to ensure the nations safety and security
● Cooperating with other nations
● Solving problems across borders
● Maintaining a military
● Gaining intelligence about world affairs
● Signing trade agreements

Economic Policy
● Managing taxes
● Regulating businesses

Social Policy
● Providing public assistance
● Funding public schools

The public Policy Process

● The public policy process moves from recognizing an issue to taking action to address it
● Identify a problem
● Develop a plan
● Implement the plan

Identifying a problem
● Government leaders must first identify a problem
● Identifying conditions in society such as crime
● Learning about problems through interest groups and public concerns
Developing a plan
● The government develops a plan to handle the issue
● Elected officials, interest groups, and citizens organizations can become involved
● Experts and scholars may be consulted
● Task forces can be created
● Policy makers compromise to create a plan

Implementing the plan

● The government implements a plan and studies its effects
● Government agencies are given the authority to enforce the policy
● The policy is evaluated to see if it has achieved its goals

Political parties and policy

● Political parties influence policy by creating a supporting a platform
● Identifying problems of importance
● Describing a party supported solution

Interest groups and policy

● Interest groups are able to influence public policy in important ways
● Hiring lobbyists to influence legislators
● Rallying members to vote in elections
● Raising money to support candidates
● Raising awareness about public policies

The media and policy

● The media plays an important role in the making and perception of public policy
● Shapes the narrative of a policy
● Provides information related to a policy
● Draws attention to failed or needed policies

Individuals and policy

● Individual citizens can influence public policy by
● Participating in public demonstrations
● Calling or emailing their representatives
● Signing paper or online petitions
● Voting for or against ballot initiatives

An interest group : Holding a fundraising campaign to re-elect a pro environment senator

The media : Filming an investigative report about a policy problem
A political party : Writing a platform that emphasizes the need to protect the environment
Individual citizens : Participating in a march against tax increases
Funding the government
● Citizens rely on government to provide important services

Taxes in the United States

● The government funds services by raising taxes

Fiscal policy
● Fiscal policy is the government's approach to taxing and spending

The federal budget

● The nation's fiscal policy is recorded in the federal budget
● Expenditures are money spent on government programs
● Revenues are money obtained through taxes and borrowing

Taxation decisions
● Governments must decide how to tax
● Business incomes
● Citizens incomes
● Trade

Tariffs and customs

● A tariff is a tax issued by the federal government on imported goods
● The federal government imposes tariffs to
● Protect domestic goods
Increase government revenue

Excise taxes
● The federal government and state governments impose excise taxes on
● Gasoline
● Gambling
● Cigarettes
● Alcohol

Corporate Taxes
● Businesses pay corporate taxes
● On their earnings
● Over the course of a year

Payroll taxes
● All workers are responsible for paying payroll taxes
● Deductions are taken from an employee's paycheck
● Payments are made for social security, medicare, and unemployment insurance

Income Taxes
 ● Citizens must pay income tax every year
● The tax is based on earnings from salary and investments
● Taxpayers must report earnings to the government by april of each year

Excise tax - Tax meant to discourage the purchase of a product

Payroll Tax - Tax paid by employees for social security and other programs
Income Tax - Tax paid annually on earnings each april
Tariff - Tax paid by a company to sell goods from spain in the united states

Government spending
● When making spending decisions, the government must decide how to
● Pay for public services
● Support national defense
● Cover the cost of entitlement programs, including social security and medicare
● Promote innovation

Your safety
● The government creates regulations to make sure businesses is conducted safely and
fairly

The reason for regulation

● In a mixed market economy the government regulates business only when necessary
● A mixed market economy allows producers and consumers to make economic choices
● The government regulates those choices

Financial oversight and operations

● To fulfill their legal and financial regulations businesses must
● Report their revenue and earnings to the government
● Disclose information about assets they sell

Financial oversight and competition

● Financial regulations are created to make businesses competitive but fair
● Limiting and preventing monopolies
● Placing regulations on prices
● Protecting innovation by issuing patents trademarks and copyrights

Regulations and safety

● Regulatory policies are designed to promote safety
● Creating business rules
● Carrying out inspections
● Issuing fines and sanctions for violations

Public safety
 ● Protection consumers
● Product safety laws
● Advertising laws
● Protection the environment
● Pollution laws
● Business activity laws
● Protection workers
● Safety laws
● Equal opportunity laws
● Wage Laws

Regulation enforcement
● A regulatory agency enforces government regulations in a specific area of the economy
● Is part of the executive branch
● Is staffed with experts in the area it regulates
● Decides how regulatory laws will be enforced

Securities and exchange commission

● The SEC is an independent agency that regulates finance
● Overseas brokers, dealers and advisers as well as mutual funds and exchanges
● Can bring a civil suit against individuals or businesses breaking securities laws

The environmental protection agency

● The EPA is an independent agency that
● Legislates and enforces regulations that protect the environment
● Has significantly reduced the amount of environmental pollution

The federal communications commission

● The FCC is an independent agency that
● Regulates out countries communications infrastructure
● Ensures that new communication technology is compatible with existing technologies
● Assigns frequencies to television, Radio, cable and satellite providers

The food and drug administration

● The FDA is part of the department of health and human services
● It sets and enforces safety standards for
● Food and food additives
● Pesticides and other chemicals
● Medicines and medical equipment

The consumer financial protection bureau

● The consumer financial protection bureau is an independent agency that
● Regulates monetary products
 ● Regulates services offered to consumers

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau - Interest rates on credit cards

Occupational safety and health administration - Power tools used in factories
Food and drug administration - The safety of medicines
Environmental Protection Agency - Emissions from automobiles

How does the government respond to social policy issues

● Education
● Programs to educate citizens
● Social security and medicare
● Programs to protect the elderly and disabled citizens
● Public assistance
● Programs to support citizens in need

Which of these regulations falls under the jurisdiction of the Environmental

Protection Agency?

Social Policy
● Governments create social policy in response to complex social needs

The government and education policy

● The government sponsors education because educated citizens
● Can participate more fully in government
● Can contribute more to the economy

How education policy is determined

● Us department of education
● Provides funding
● Enforces antidiscrimination laws
● State department of education
● Distributes funding
● Creates standards for education
● Local school board
● Operates public schools

Levels of Education
● Higher education
● Graduate and undergraduate schools
● K-12 Education
● High schools, middle schools, and elementary schools
Funding Issues
● Policy makers must decide how to fund education
● Ki1- education
● How to provide equal funding opportunities
● Whether to allow vouchers
● Higher education
● How to fund the cost of tuition
● How to fund higher-education research

Educational quality issues

● Policy makers must decide how to create quality programs
● K-12 education
● Whether to use standardized testing
● Whether to allow new forms of education like charter schools
● High education
● How to ensure students are prepared for careers and jobs
● How to make sure schools are providing valuable degrees

Funding inequality
● Because most schools are funded by property taxes, districts in wealthy areas spend
more money per student than districts in poorer areas.
● Less money means less everything students need to be successful
● Fewer computers
● Fewer experiences teachers
● Fewer advanced classes and extracurricular activities
● Fewer support staff, such as nurses and counselors

Social Security
● Social Security is a program that provides economic security
● First created during the great depression
● Helps retired and disabled citizens

How social security works

● Payroll tax
● Workers pay a payroll tax from each paycheck
● Investment
● The government investments worker contributions
● Retirement
● A citizen retires or becomes disabled
● Payout
● The citizen collects payments

The social security administration

 ● The social security administration develop regulations to determine
● Who qualifies for benefits
● How much they should get paid

Medicare
● Medicare is an extension of social security
● Provides medical assistance to senior citizens over the age of 65
● Is administered and regulated by the federal government

Funding social security and medicare

● The main issue facing social security and medicare involves funding

Social security and medicare solutions

● Raising the retirement age
● Citizens would have to wait long until they can collect benefits
● Increasing payroll taxes
● Workers would have to pay more from each paycheck
● Reducing benefit payments
● Retirees would receive fewer benefits

Public assistance
● Public assistance programs help citizens in need by providing
● Health care
● Income
● Food
● Housing

Administering public assistance

● Public assistance programs are funded by state governments and the federal
government
● Department of health and human services
● Department of agriculture
● Department of housing and urban development

Providing assistance through medicaid

● Medicaid is a health care program
● It is funded and administered by the federal and state governments
● It provides healthcare funding for people with limited incomes
● Nationwide, about 20 percent of people have healthcare coverage through medicaid

The affordable care act

● In 2010, congress passed the affordable care act
● It requires all americans to obtain health insurance
● Most employers are required to provide health insurance for their employees
 ● A government run marketplace allows people to shop for plans
● Subsides help people with low incomes buy coverage

Providing assistance through SNAP

● The supplemental nutrition assistance program provides funds for food
● Is funded by the federal government
● Is based on need
● Works to combat hunger malnutrition

Public Assistance issues

● Policy makers must handle
● Increasing needs and benefits
● Increasing costs for benefits

Public Assistance solutions

● Changes to the temporary assistance for needy families program
● Made assistance temporary
● Focused on helping on citizens gain jobs
● Created stricter requirements for people receiving assistance

Changes to public assistance

● Changes to public assistance reduced benefits and led to fewer families receiving
assistance through TANF
● Because of these changes
● Fewer children have been lifted out of deep poverty
● Work programs have been either poorly funded or eliminated
● Employment requirements now penalize those unable to work
● Programs now deny aid for other reasons

Setting a foreign policy

● Forgien policy is how a country chooses to interact with other nations

Purposes of foreign policy

● Countries have many concerns when establishing foreign policy
● Security and defense
● Free trade and economic prosperity
● Environmental protections
● Justice and human rights

The executive branch and foreign policy

● President
● Serves as commander in chief
● Helps negotiate treaties
● Receives and appoints foreign ambassadors
 ● Executive agencies
● Conduct foreign affairs
● Gather intelligence
● Implement policies
● Represent the united states abroad

Congress and foreign policy

● Congress can influence foreign policy by
● Declaring war
● Approving treaties
● Confirming appointments of US ambassadors
● Voting on spending

Factors that influence foreign policy

● International factors
● Security and defense
● Safety and security of US citizens
● Economic interests
● US investment and trade agreements
● Political alliances
● Treaties and agreements with other countries created to solve a problem

Factors that influence foreign policy

● Domestic factors
● Interest groups Human rights and environmental activists
● Domestic social economic or political climates
● Internal circumstances issues and conflicts
● Mass media and public interest
● News outlets and social media

Hard power vs. Soft power

● Hard power
● Hard power is the use of military and economic force
● Military action
● Economic sanctions
● Soft power
● Soft power is the use of diplomacy and negotiations
● Treaties
● Agreements
● Aid

Hard Power : Military intervention

● Military intervention is often used to force change upon another nation
● Foreign wars come at a cost to all involved
 ● Loss of lives
● Destruction of physical place
● Economic costs
● Mental and emotional toll
● Intervention may be unwelcome
● Foreign wars may offer needed assistance
● Can liberate people from oppressive systems
● Can provide support for movements in line with US ideals

Us Military Withdrawal from afghanistan : Viewpoints

● Choosing to end military intervention can be complicated because it often leaves a
country to rebuild by itself
● For Example in 2021 the US announced its withdrawal from Afghanistan

Hard Power : Economic Sanctions

● Economic Sanctions are used to weaken a nation’s economy
● How sanctions Work
● Sanctions are used to try to change a nation’s political, economic, or social policies.
● Sanctions involve refusing to trade or do businesses with another country
● Impact of sanctions
● Sanctions impact a nation's economy and ordinary citizens
● Sanctions affect trade, travel and tourism, finance, infrastructure, and other industries

Economic Sanctions : Cuba

● Since 1960, the US has placed economic sanctions on Cuba, Refusing to trade because
of that country’s political and social policies
● 1959
● Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorial government and set
up a communist government
● 1960
● A force of US- led Cuban exiles attempted, and failed, to overthrow the castro
government
● 1962
● US government imposed an embargo on cuba, hoping to force a change of government

Soft Power : Diplomacy

● Diplomacy involves countries negotiating with each other to settle their differences by
● Signing peace treaties
● Making political visits

Soft power : Trade Agreements

● Trade agreements promote trade between two or more nations by
● Reducing tariffs
● Removing restrictions and barriers to trade
Soft power : Foreign Aid
● Foreign aid provides money, goods and services to other countries
● Aid can be used to
● Improve a country’s economic or military power
● Assist with humanitarian Efforts
● Promote political and Economic relationships

Hard power
● Military force
● Economic sanctions

Soft power
● Treaties and agreements
● Aid and Assistance

Unilateral and Multilateral Foreign Policy

● Nations may work alone or cooperatively to achieve their goals
● Unilateral Action
● A nationworking along to enact foreign policy
● Multilateral action
● Nations working cooperatively to enact foreign policy

Governmental Organizations
● International governmental organizations hold different countries together in a formal
agreement
● Made up of three or more countries
● Operate in multiple nations
● Focused on singular multiple issues

The united nations

● The united nations is an organization of nations that works to promote
● World peace and security
● Human rights
● Development
● Humanitarian affairs
● International law

Multilateral - Taking action cooperatively to enact a policy

Sanctions - Punishments that enforce law, usually by taking something away
Unilateral - Working alone to enact a policy
Diplomacy - The work of maintaining relationships between different nations
Negotiate - To work out a compromise or an agreement through discussions
Nongovernmental organizations
● Nongovernmental organizations are voluntary groups that work across borders to solve
problems
● Have individuals or associations as members
● Operate in multiple countries
● Focus on humanitarian, environmental and economic programs
● Cooperate with national governments to fulfill policy goals

Examples of nongovernmental organizations

● Through NGOs serve a variety of functions, many provide health and human services
● International Red Cross
● Doctors without borders

National security policy

● National security policy is focused on protecting and securing the interests and well
being of the american people

Factors that influence US national security policy

● Many complex needs influence US national security policy
● Protecting citizens and the nation
● Addressing international crises and protection allies
● Limiting the spread of dangerous weapons
● Protecting useful foreign resources
● Responding to current global events

Congress and national security policy

● Congress uses its powers to define national security policy
● Congress declares war
● Congress controls the money needed to put policies into practice
● The senate approves treaties

The executive branch and national security policy

● Executive branch departments and agencies implement national security policy
● Department of state
● Department of defense
● National security council
● Intelligence agencies

National security and government actions

● In the name of national security, the US government has approved
● Military operations and the use of military force
● Diplomatic measures and the signing of treaties
● Trade embargoes and economic sanctions
 ● New laws, regulations and enforcement agencies

Policies to address international issues

● The united states has created security policies on a global level to
● Protect US economic and political interests
● Support allies
● Limit the development of nuclear weapons

US focus on communism
● After world war II, US national security policy focused mainly on preventing countries
from adopting communist political and economic systems

The Red Scare: House Un-American activities committee

● The US governments fear of communism also affected the american people
● HUAC was a congressional committee that
● Investigated alleged communist activities of US citizens
● Accused people of being disloyal or committing treason, and tried them
● Used intimidation methods to pressure witnesses
● Many americans were Blacklisted or jailed and lost their jobs and social standing

Allies and National Security

● National security policies are often shaped by the relationships between the united
states and its allies
● Treaties and Agreements - Outline the agreement between the US and other member
nations in the event of a military attack
● The US - Offers protection and support to allied countries around the world
● Allies - Provide the US with intelligence, and partner in military response to international
security threats

Allies of the United States

● The united states’ relationships with its allies are outlines in formal agreements or
treaties
● Rio Treaty - 1947
● North American Treaty - 1949
● Southeast Asia treaty - 1954
● Japanese Treaty - 1960

Limiting the Development of Weapons

● The possession and development of weapons of mass destruction are international
concerns
● To limit the production of these weapons the US has
● Signed international treaties
● Established export controls
● Provided security assistance to other nations
Security policies and North Korea
● The US has tried a variety of policies to end North Korea’s nuclear and missile
development
● Military cooperation with US allies
● Economic sanctions
● Export sanctions
● Export controls
● Humanitarian aid

The attacks of 9/11

● On september 11 2001, the terrorist group al-Qaeda attacked the US
● They hijacked several planes and crashed them into civilian and government targets
● 2,996 people were killed, and more than 6,000 people were injured

Security policy after 9/11: The War on Terror

● Since 2001, US national security policy has has several defining characteristics including
● Willingness to use military force against terrorism
● Emphasis on the importance of national security
● Focus on fighting terrorist organizations

The war of Afghanistan

● The war started in 2001 with goals of
● Stopping al-Qaeda, a terrorist group, from using the nation as a base
● Removing the Taliban and establishing a democratic government
● The Taliban supported al-Qaeda

Changes to National Security after 9/11

● Under president George W. Bush new domestic security measures were created
● Patriot act
● Expanded the government's ability to search and gather data on citizens including
● Phone and email communications
● Computer and online records
● Banking and credit history
● Department of Homeland Security
● Created to monitor and address threats related to
● Terrorism
● Cyber Security
● Border security

Immigration Limits
● In 2017, President Donalds Trump passed an executive order titles “Protecting the
Nation from Foreign terrorist Entry into the united states”
● It restricted travel to the US from seven countries due to heightened terrorism concerns
 ● Five were muslim-majority countries
● Critics called the order the “Muslim Ban”
● Several foreign nations lobbied to be removed from the ban
● Supporters argued that the order was needed for national security

Cyberattacks
● Cyberattacks have targeted US citizens, businesses, and organizations, including ones
that provide for everyday needs
● Energy and utility companies
● Local and state governments
● Schools and Hospitals

The COVID-19 Pandemic

● In 2020 the US government instituted policies to try to slow the spread of the COVID-19
virus
● Limited travel to the united states and established quarantine periods
● Closed government buildings and facilities
● Provided economics support and stimulus checks to US businesses and individuals
● Paused housing evictions of owners and renters

The global Economy

● Everyday you participate in the global economy

Approaches to Economic foreign policy

● Economic foreign policy addresses trade and commerce between nations
● Protectionism
● Protection domestic industries
● Maintaining self sufficiency
● Free trade
● Providing more choices for businesses and consumers

Factors that influence US economic foreign policy

● Many factors influence economic foreign policy
● Desiring more trade with other countries
● Seeking to expand the US economy
● Wanting other nations to follow international law
● Providing aid to recover from a disaster, famine, or war
● Protecting the security of the united states and other nations

How Economic foreign policy is created

● The legislative and executive branches create and implement economic foreign policy
● Congress
● The senate approves treaties
● Congress controls funding
 ● Congress can pass legislation to approve aid
● Executive Branch
● The president negotiates treaties
● The president appoints ambassadors
● The executive branch oversees embassies

International trade Agreements

● Trade agreements encourage trade between nations in the global economy
● Examples
● North american free trade agreement
● European Union
● World trade organization

NAFTA
● The North American Free Trade Agreement joins the United States, Canada and Mexico
● It eliminates tariffs on goods traded between these countries
● It allows goods and services to flow across the nations borders with fewer taxes

The European Union

● The European Union is an economic agreement that
● Has twenty eight member countries
● Allows workers, goods and services to travel freely across borders within the union
● Is a US trading partner and competitor

The World Trade Organization

● The world trade organization helps international trade run smoothly by
● Creating agreements that outline the rules guiding international commerce
● Encouraging producers of goods and services to participate in global economy

The free trade agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico is called NAFTA.
The trade organization in Europe that uses the Euro as its main currency is the EU.
The organization that is made up of most countries in the world and helps keep trade running
smoothly is the WTO.

Benefits of Trade Agreements

● International trade can help economies grow quickly, and also may
● Encourage countries to give economic rights to citizens
● Lead to rising standards of living

Problems with Trade Agreements

● Trade agreements can lead to unrestrained economic growth and also may
● Result in job losses to partner nations
● Take money away from domestic businesses
Restricting Trade : Tariffs
● A Tariff is a tax on an imported good
● A foreign producer ships to the United States
● A tariff raises the price of the imported good
● US made goods are cheaper in comparison

Using tariffs to protect domestic industries

● The united states imposes tariffs on many of the products it imports from china
● Tariffs can help domestic industries gain more business
● Tariffs can harm international trade

Restricting trade : Sanctions

● Economic sanctions restrict trade and aid to punish nations that disobey international
law
● Positive outcomes
● Can effectively change a nation's behavior
● Can be a peaceful way of achieving change
● Negative outcomes
● Can be hard to enforce
● Can harm citizens more then the government

Sanctions and North Korea

● The United states has imposed economic sanctions on North Korea
● These sanctions have two goals
● Encouraging North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons
● Forcing North Korea to establish friendlier relations with its neighbors

The United States and Foreign Aid

● To promote its foreign policy goals the United States supplies foreign aid such as
● Financial assistance
● Military weaponry or training
● Humanitarian efforts
● Assistance in building infrastructure

Sanctions and aid in sudan

● The united states has used sanctions and aid to pursue its policy goals in sudan

Civil war in sudan

● A civil war began in sudan in 1983
● Governments in northern and southern sudan clashed
● The sudanese government was accused of human rights violations during the war
● The united states instituted sanctions against sudan
Aid in sudan
● The united states began a policy of providing to people in sudan by
● Lifting trade sanctions working to ensure humanitarian assistance to people of sudan
● Supporting democratic change and the new nation of south sudan

Economic Choices
● Economic systems can influence the choices we make each day

Economic Challenges
● Economic systems must respond to the challenges we face

Ownership
● Ownership is the right to possess something
● Ownership allows you to decide
● How to use something
● When to sell or get rid of something

Challenges to ownership
● Individuals must consider many factors when they become owners
● Cost
● How much does it cost in the short term and long term?
● Time commitment
● How much time is needed for maintenance and upkeep?
● Responsibility
● How much responsibility is required if things go wrong?

Property Rights
● Property rights refer to the power to own land or goods
● Private property refers to land or goods owned by individuals
● Public property refers to land or goods owned by the government

The government and property rights

● Government regulations can increase or decrease property rights

Ownership and property rights: Mixed Market Economies

● Individuals own private property which
● Can help promote economic wealth
● Can cause economic inequality
● The government owns public property which
● Can be accessed by all citizens
● Can be used as a way to raise money

Ownership and property rights: Command Economies

● In command economies
 ● The government has property rights to land, buildings, and factories
● Citizens have very limited property rights

Employment
● Employment is the act of engaging in a job in exchange for income
● Employed individuals
● Can make economic goals for themselves
● Gain the buying power to purchase private property

Unemployment
● Unemployment refers to a situation in which a person does not have a job
● Unemployment is also a measure of the number of citizens who want a paid job but
cannot find one
● A high unemployment rate hurts an economy

The problem of unemployment

● Unemployed people have to adjust their economic goals because it is harder to
● Buy a house
● Purchase the goods needed to live
● Pay taxes

Government and Unemployment

● In some cases governments will take action to reduce unemployment by
● Paying for projects that create jobs
● Lowering taxes to encourage hiring and spending

The wealth Gap

● A wealth gap is an economic difference between the rich and the poor

The wealth Gap : The Debate

● A wealth gap is not a problem
● Everyone benefits if the economy is strong
● The wealthy can use their money for large investments
● Those investments can lead to job creation
● A Gap may lead to slower economic growth over time
● A gap can cause economic instability
● Fewer citizens can purchase what they need and want

Government and the wealth gap

● Governments of mixed market economies may try to reduce the wealth gap by
● Taxing rich people at high percentage of their income
● Improving education
● Governments of command economies may try to reduce the wealth gap by
● Placing limits on what citizens can earn
 ● Controlling what workers are paid

Opening statements in presidential debates

● An opening statement is an opportunity to establish an image and a message in a
debate
● Uses rhetoric to starting a case
● Features persuasive and a strong point of view

● The president can approve pardons

● City courts belong to the state court system
● In a command economy government group that runs something will be required to
fix it
● In a command economy, the government has the right to own all land, building,
and factories
● Home rule is the authority to control local issues within a larger government rule
● Political parties can nominate candidates for general election through a caucus or
a convention
● Reasonable right to privacy can be expected if refusing to testify against oneself
in court