PREGNANCY TEST
Analysis in Urine and Body Fluids
BS Medical Laboratory Science | SEM 1 2022 [FINALS]
- To determine the presence of
hCG
hCG
● human chorionic gonadotropin
● hormone present during
pregnancy
● comes from viable placental
tissue→ supports fetal
development, where baby lies in
the uterus
* no hCG emits when there is no viable
placental tissue
Ectopic Pregnancy
- fertilized egg grows outside the
womb or uterus
- commonly occurs in fallopian
tube→ not expandable so fetus
will die
- no development of the baby
H mole
- Hydatidiform mole
- grape-like structure that forms
in the uterus where women
appears pregnant
PREPARATION OF PATIENT
● restricted water to avoid dilute
● salicylates (aspirin) is not
recommended
● first morning specimen
● 60mL for sufficient testing
Main groups
- subcutaneous, intradermal,
intramuscular
I. BIOLOGICAL PREGNANCY TEST
● used before
- animal testing: mice, rats,
rabbits, frogs
Female White Mice
● Azcheim-Zondek Test
- urine is injected
subcutaneously 3x daily
for 2 days
- after 100-200 hrs after
the injection, mice is
killed using ether
- pinhead- normal size of
the ovary
- yellowish spots- corpora
lutea
- reddish spots- corpora
hemorrhage
- enlargement indicates
positive
- dissect the mice after
subcutaneous injection
- if there is enlargement in
reproductive organ and
appearance of reddish
spots in ovaries means
positive
- hyperemia of uterus,
premature opening of
vaginal canal
Rat Ovarian Hyperemia Test
- female virgin rat
- rat is cultured– to check virgin
rat
● Frank-Berman Test
● Kelso Test
● Kuppermann Test
PREGNANCY TEST
Analysis in Urine and Body Fluids
BS Medical Laboratory Science | SEM 1 2022 [FINALS]
Female Virgin Rabbit
● Freidman’s Test- 15cc of urine
● Hoffman’s Test- 12cc of whole
blood and get the serum of the
patient
- inject 30-40hrs
- inject in vein of marginal ear [common
site injection in rabbits]
- ovary and the spot present
Frog Test
● Hogben’s Test- for female frog
test
● Galli-Mainini Test- for male
frog test
* female frogs is bigger in size than
male frogs
* front claws of male frog however is
bigger in size than females due to
copulation
- intramuscular injection [muscle
thigh]
- cloaca- where frog’s waste
passes
* when eggs appear needle-like or sperm
appears banana shape, cannot be used
for testing
* its urine must be tested first and be
negative before the injection
* after 1hr, urinate the frog for
protrusion of eggs/sperms to see if the
patient is positive for pregnancy
II. IMMUNOLOGIC PREGNANCY TEST
- test kits
● HAI
- hemagglutination
inhibition
- urine with hCG is added
with anti-serum that
contains anti-hCG
antibody that will combine
with antibodies and
neutralize it
- latex particle is then
added which is the RBC
- no agglutination (+)
- with agglutination (-)
a. Gravindex “Slide Test”
Pregnancy
- no agglutination (+)
- agglutination in 2 mins (-)
● Latex Agglutination
- urine and serum, latex is
added
- agglutination (+)
- no agglutination (-)
● Direct Latex Agglutination
- agglutination (+)
- no agglutination (-)
- tighter of the hCG
present
- serial dilution esp. in
serum [special test for
preg.]
a. DAP Test
III. CHEMICAL TEST
● Pregnanediol Test- progesterone
● Iodine lugol's reaction test-
epinephrine
PREGNANCY TEST
Analysis in Urine and Body Fluids
BS Medical Laboratory Science | SEM 1 2022 [FINALS]

IV. CLINICIAN’S TEST

● Prostigmen Withdrawal
(Bleeding Test)
- prostigmen is injected
- no bleeding (+)
- bleeding or menstruation
within 2 weeks (-)
● Skin ColostrumTest
- forearm
- colostrum- breast milk
which has a high
antibodies; gives of
proper nutrients and
antibodies essential for
babies
- occurs during pregnancy
[lactation: production of
milk]
- no swelling (+)
- swelling [no colostrum] w/
reddish discoloration (-)
● Premodos Oral
- 2 tabs once for 2 consec.
days [for women who do
not menstruate yet]
- tabs for menstruation
● Gestex
- 1 tab for a day
- no bleeding (+)
- bleeding (+) for 4 -5 days

note/s: hCG is detectable after few

days of missed period [if pregnant]
: hCG is easily seen in 3-4mos pregnancy
: no hCG should be seen after giving
birth however traces can be seen