MATERNAL NURSING NOTES
PREGNANCY
–"gravida"
▪Primigravida – first pregnancy
▪Multigravida – pregnant for at least a 2nd
time.
▪Grand multigravida – pregnant five times
or more.
PREGNANCY DURATION
▪months – 9 months
▪weeks – 40 weeks
▪days – 280 days
▪trimesters – 3 trimesters
Lifespan of sperm
▪ans: 3 days
Lifespan of egg (ovum)
▪ans: 1 day
Age of viability — The earliest age at
which fetuses survive if they are born.
▪ans: 24 weeks (or 500–600 g in weight)
MENSTRUATION | Glands & Hormones
▪Hypothalamus – GnRH
▪APG – FSH/LH
▪Ovaries – estrogen/progesterone
Effects
▪FSH – follicle maturation
▪LH – follicle rupture (ovulation)
▪Progesterone – increase
vascularity/blood flow in endometrium.
▪Estrogen – increase thickening/cell
proliferation in endetrium.
FOLLICLE
▪Graafian follicle – mature follicle (high in
estrogen)
▪Corpus luteum – ruptured follicle (high in
progesterone)
EJACULATION: average 2.5 ml of semen
(containing 50–200 million sperm).
OLIGOSPERMIA – Low sperm count
ans: 15 million sperm.
GENETIC DISORDER SCREENING &
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
▪Chorionic Villi Sampling – 10-12 weeks
▪Amniocentesis – 15-18 weeks
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Ovum – Zygote – Blastocyst – Embryo (5–
8 weeks) – Fetus (from embryo to term).
ZYGOTE
–product of fertilization
BLASTOCYST
▪trophoblast – outer, later will form
placenta
▪embryoblast –inner, later will form
embryo/fetus.
EMBRYO –after implantation
—LABOR & DELIVERY—
STAGES OF LABOR
1st: Dilation – longest stage
2nd: Expulsion – expulsion of fetus
3rd: Placental – expulsion of placenta
4th: Recovery – recovery stage
4 Ps OF LABOR
Power – uterine contraction
Passenger – fetus
Passageway – pelvis
Psyche
Dystocia – difficulty in giving birth.
Oxytocin – let-down reflex, uterine
contraction.
PROlactin – PROmotes breastmilk
PROduction.
PERINEAL LACERATION
▪First degree: Vaginal mucous membrane
and skin of the perineum to the
fourchette
▪Second degree: Vagina, perineal skin,
fascia, levator ani muscle, and perineal
body
▪Third degree: Entire perineum, extending
to reach the external sphincter of the
rectum
▪Fourth degree Entire perineum, rectal
sphincter, and some of the mucous
membrane
of the rectum
DISORDERS
Ectopic – extrauterine (sa labas ng uterus)
implantation.
▪Common organ affected in ectopic –
fallopian tube/tubal pregnancy.
▪Common site of ectopic – ampulla
Abruptio – early placental separation.
Previa – low placenta implantation.
Postpartum Hemorrhage
▪above 500 ml blood loss
▪leading cause of maternal mortality
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
(PID)
–common caused by chlamydia &
gonorrhea
–can lead to ectopic pregnancy
–Contraception that can cause PID
▪ans: IUD
DRUGS/MEDS
Clomiphene (Clomid)
–can stimulate ovulation (fertility
problem)
Methotrexate
–can destroy the ectopic
Misprostol
–can use in labor induction
Corticosteroid
–for premature baby (to increase lung
surfactant) – prevent ARDS.
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)
CNS depressant & muscle relaxant
–for preclampsia/eclampsia (CNS
depressant)
–for premature labor (muscle relaxant)
–risk for toxicity
Antidote for MgSO4 toxicity
▪ans: Calcium gluconate