College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Fluid mechanics lab MECH 348

Experiment Title: Bernolli’s Theorem

Section Number: 51

Lab Instructor: Eng. Issah Al Hamad

Fall 2020
Table of content:

- Abstract

- Introduction

- Objectives

- Theory

- Apparatus

- Procedures

- Data and error analysis

- Results and Discussion

- Conclusion

- References
Abstract

This experiment is performed to examine in detail the validity of the Bernoulli theorem as
applied to the steady flow of water in the tapered duct and to calculate the flow rates in a
rigid convergent or divergent tube of known geometry for a variety of steady flow rates, both
static and complete pressure heads. The relationship between the pressure, velocity and
altitude of the moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and the viscosity of the
moving fluid (internal friction) is negligible. In Bernoulli's theorem, the flow of which is
steady or laminar is indicated.

Introduction

Bernoulli equation contains these principles, which are the conservation of time, energy and
momentum, and these rules can be condensed with each application in an effort to
quantitatively explain fluid behavior. For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows
that the decrease in diameter can induce an increase in fluid flow velocity for an
incompressible fluid, which shows that the pressure in the decreased diameter area must
decrease.

It is possible to derive Bernoulli 's theory from the theory of energy conservation. This notes
that, at all points on the streamline, the sum of all sources of mechanical energy in a fluid
along a streamline is the same in a steady flow. This allows the kinetic energy sum and
potential energy to stay constant. Therefore, an increase in the fluid flow speed happens
proportionately for an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy and there is a
decrease in its static pressure and its potential energy. As the fluid flows out of a reservoir,
on all streamlines, the sum of all sources of energy is the same and the energy per unit
volume in a reservoir (the sum of gravity and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same
everywhere.

Objectives
To investigate the total energy of a fluid flow through a passage of variable section. To
investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering
circular duct.
Theory
2
P v
+ + z=¿ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
γ 2g
for our apparatus 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑝 + ℎ𝑣 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐻
Where:
ℎ𝑣 – the velocity head
ℎ𝑝 – the static head
𝐻 – the total head

Apparatus
Procedures

1. Click on the drop-down list of water flow to select the water flow.
2. Click on 'Start' button to start the experiment.
3. Observe the flow of water through the experiment and wait for the fluid to reach tank.
4. When fluid reach to the tank, click on 'Close Valve' button to close the valve below
the measuring tank.
5. After clicking 'Close valve' button, wait for the fluid to come up to the '10 cm' mark.
6. Click on 'Stop Timer' button when fluid reaches around '10 cm' mark.
7. Click on 'Generate Table' button to reset the setup.
8. Click on 'Reset' button to reset the setup.
9. Again select the next water flow from drop-down list.
10. After performing the experiment, calculate area, velocity, velocity head and pressure
head for both the flow rates.
Click on Plot Graph button to plot the graph
 Data and error analysis

:Sample calculations on point 1 for 100 % water flow

 Area = channel width ×height, Area = 0.22 ×0.043 = 9.46 ×10−4 m2
−4
volume 0.25 × 0.25× 0.1 Q 1.42× 10
 Q= = =1.42× 10−4 m3 /s , V= =¿ =0.15 m/s
time 44 A 9.46 ×10
−4

V2 0.152
 h p =194 mm , hv = = =1.146 ×10−3 m
2 g 2× 9.81
 ht =h p+ hv = 194 + 1.146 ×10−3=¿194 mm

For 100%

location Pressure Height  Area Velocity Calculated Velocity Calculated Total Calculated
head  (10-3 m) (10-4  (10-1 m/s velocity head  total head 
velocity head (10
(10  m)
-3
m2) ) head (10-3 (10-3 m) (mm)
m/s  m/s)
-3
m/s)

1 194 43 9.46 2.89 0.15 1.47 1.14 194.147 195.14

2 192 37 8.14 3.359 0.17 1.75 1.47 192.171 193.47
3 190 31 6.82 4.01 0.21 2.05 2.25 192.05 192.25
4 183 25 5.5 4.972 0.26 2.54 3.44 183.254 187.44
5 177 19 4.81 6.543 0.295 3.34 4.44 177.334 181.44
6 179 22 4.84 5.657 0.30 2.88 4.58 179.288 183.58
7 180 25 5.5 4.919 0.26 2.5 3.44 182.5 183.44
8 182 28 6.16 4.439 0.23 2.27 2.70 182.227 184.7
9 183 32 7.04 3.885 0.20 1.98 2.03 183.198 185.03
10 185 35 7.7 3.552 0.18 1.81 1.65 185.181 186.65
11 186 38 8.36 - 0.17 - 1.47 - 187.47
12 188 41 9.02 - 0.16 - 1.30 - 189.3
13 190 45 9.9 - 0.14 - 0.99 - 190.99
14 192 47 1 - 1.42 - 0.1 - 192.1
 2.5E+02

2.0E+02
pressure head (m)

1.5E+02
hp
1.0E+02
hv
ht
5.0E+01

0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
location

For 75%

location Pressure Height  Area Calculated Calculated Calculated

head  (10-3 m) (10-4  velocity head total head 
velocity m/s
(10-3 m) m2) (m/s) (mm)

1 182 43 9.46 0.09 4.13 × 10

−4
182
2 180 37 8.14 0.1 5.1 ×10−4 180
3 175 31 6.82 0.12 7.34 ×10
−4
175
4 169 25 5.5 0.15 1.15 ×10−4 169
5 158 19 4.81 0.18 1.65 ×10
−4
158
6 160 22 4.84 0.17 1.47 ×10−4 160
7 161 25 5.5 0.15 1.15 ×10
−4
161
8 162 28 6.16 0.13 8.61 ×10
−4
162
9 163 32 7.04 0.12 7.34 ×10
−4
163
10 165 35 7.7 0.11 6.17 ×10−4 165
11 166 38 8.36 0.10 5.1 ×10−4 166
12 167 41 9.02 0.09 4.13 × 10
−4
167
13 169 45 9.9 0.08 3.26 ×10
−4
169
14 171 47 1 0.8 0.033 171.033

2.0E+02
1.8E+02
1.6E+02
1.4E+02
Pressure head (m)

1.2E+02
1.0E+02
hp
8.0E+01 hv
6.0E+01 ht
4.0E+01
2.0E+01
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Locaton

Results and Discussion

 First, we verified the results of the experiment and we provided a sample calculation,
we noticed there is a difference in some values like velocity and velocity head which
will cause the total head to be changed.
 The after the verification of results we generated a graph between the channel length
(x) and the pressure head, velocity head, and total heads for the two percentages.
 If we have done this experiment in the lab. We would have some errors like: reading
the scale it might be less or exceeds 10 cm which is considered as personal error, also
we could have some systematic errors due to leaks form the pipe, moreover maybe
the tank wasn’t drained properly and also there are some errors due to reading the
manometer or maybe air bubbles will form inside them.
Conclusion
Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the mechanics of
fluids. It has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the aerodynamics of
an airplane; calculating wind load on buildings and designing water supply. Bernoulli’s
theorem pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three assumptions: steady flow,
incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid friction. At the end we conclude that the
experiment was valid enough to proof Bernoulli’s theorem of conservation of energy along a
streamline.

References

 Khan Academy. (2018). What is Bernoulli’s equation? [online] Available at:

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-
bernoullis-equation.

 ‌ eachEngineering.org. (n.d.). Bernoulli’s Principle - Lesson. [online] Available at:

T
https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson01#:~:text=The
%20Bernoulli%20equation%20is%20an [Accessed 8 Oct. 2020].