Chapter 5&6

United Arab Emirates University
College of Engineering
Flight Simulation and Testing of a 3D Printed
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Graduation Project I Course
Graduation Project Code: MEF1-3
Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the
B.Sc. Degree in Mechanical Engineering
By
Mouza Al Ameri 201804597
Shahad Al Bedwawi 201904439
Dana Al Khoori 201911066
Maitha Al Hajeri 201808233
Project Advisor(s): Dr. Mohammed Okasha
Project CO - Advisor(s): Dr. Mohammed Kamra , Eng. Wan Faris Aasim
Project Coordinator: Dr. Naeema Al Darmaki
Fall Semester 2023/2024

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to our project advisor Dr. Mohammed Okasha
for his guidance, continuous encouragement and support to complete this work. Our thanks go also to the
Engineering Graduation Projects Unit, represented by the administration staff and our project coordinator Dr.
Naeema Al Darmaki for her helpful comments, guidance and suggestions. Finally, we wish to express our
appreciation to our family members for their unlimited help and support during our study.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are highly valuable for tasks like surveillance and reconnaissance,
whether in military or civilian roles. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have rapidly evolved as
indispensable tools in various applications, from surveillance and reconnaissance to data collection and
monitoring. However, one common challenge encountered in the field of UAVs is achieving an optimal
balance between performance, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability. This project aims to tackle this challenge
head-on by exploring the capabilities of modern technology, particularly 3D printing, to design, construct,
and evaluate a cost-effective yet high-performing UAV.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 6
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 8
LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, NOMENCLATURE .............................. 11
CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 12
1.1 Problem Statement and Purpose ........................................................................ 12
1.2 Project and Design Objectives ........................................................................... 12
1.3 Intended Outcomes and Deliverables ................................................................ 12
1.4 Summary of Report Structure ............................................................................ 13
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................... 14
BACKGROUND, LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ............... 14
2.1 Relevant Literature Search ................................................................................. 14
2.2 Target Market and their needs ........................................................................... 22
2.3 Prioritized Needs / Requirements ...................................................................... 25
2.4 Potential Ethical and/or Environmental Issues .................................................. 26
2.5 Data collected in this project is real and represents the effort of many government and private
agencies.... Problem Review .............................................................................. 29
2.5.1 Remote Sensing ........................................................................................ 29
2.5.2 Photogrammetry ....................................................................................... 29
2.5.3 GIS ........................................................................................................... 30

2.6 Design criteria, constraints, and Specifications ................................................. 30
2.7 Generation of Conceptual Alternatives .............................................................. 32
2.8 Selected Alternatives and Reasoning ................................................................. 33
2.9 Formal Decision-Making Process and Final Concept Selection........................ 38
2.9.1 Decision-Making Framework................................................................... 40
2.9.2 Final Concept Selection............................................................................ 41
2.10 Discussion and Perceived problems................................................................... 42
2.10.1 Discussion ................................................................................................ 43
2.10.2 Perceived problems .................................................................................. 44
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Lithium-Ion Discharge Voltage curve ................................................................................................ 17
Table 2 Comparing Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium Polymer Batteries .................................................... 17
Table 3 The main properties of Arduino ......................................................................................................... 21
Table 4 requirements and specifications ......................................................................................................... 25
Table 5 Needs of UAV and the relative importance of each ........................................................................... 31
Table 6 Morphological Chart .......................................................................................................................... 33
Table 7 Specification and Design option 1...................................................................................................... 36
Table 10 Decision Matrix ................................................................................................................................ 42
Table 11 Main wing parameters ...................................................................................................................... 46
Table 12 Horizontal stabilizer parameters ....................................................................................................... 47
Table 13 Vertical stabilizer parameter............................................................................................................. 47
Table 14 Battery specifications ....................................................................................................................... 48
Table 15 General results .................................................................................................................................. 48
Table 16 Condition Results ............................................................................................................................. 49
Table 17 Manual and spreadsheet result ......................................................................................................... 49
Table 18 Results of estimation of CG ............................................................................................................... 3
Table 19 Details of the wing designed .............................................................................................................. 8
Table 20 Information of Horizontal Stabilizer ................................................................................................ 10
Table 21 Information of Vertical Stabilizer .................................................................................................... 10
Table 22 Efficiency of components ................................................................................................................. 16
Table 23 Battery Specifications....................................................................................................................... 16
Table 24 Motor Specifications ........................................................................................................................ 17

Table 25 Servo Specificatios ........................................................................................................................... 17
Table 26 Propeller Specifications ................................................................................................................... 17
Table 27 ESC – brushless Specifications ........................................................................................................ 18
Table 28 Cost estimation of products required............................................................................................... 19

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Li- polymer Batteries ........................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2: Lithium-Ion batteries ....................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3 brushless vs brushed motor ............................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4 T-motor F90 1300Kv ........................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 5 SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv ........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 6 Description of SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv ................................................................................... 20
Figure 7 Arduino Uno Board Pin Configuration ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 8 fixed-wing and rotary-wing UAVs ................................................................................................... 22
Figure 9 analysis for Q1 in the survey............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 10 analysis for Q2 in the survey........................................................................................................... 23
Figure 12 analysis for Q4 in survey ................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 14 analysis for Q6 in survey ................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 16 analysis for Q6 in the survey.......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 20 objective tree ................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 21 Design option 1 ............................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 24 Function Tree .................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 25 Endurance & Range vs Airspeed ...................................................................................................... 1
Figure 26 Power vs Airspeed ............................................................................................................................ 1
Figure 27 Drag vs Airspeed ............................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 28 Front view ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 29 Isometric view ................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 30 Center of gravity ............................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 31 The overall design flow chart........................................................................................................... 6
Figure 32 The block diagram of the general component ................................................................................... 6
Figure 33 Selected reflex airfoils for the aerodynamic analysis ....................................................................... 7
Figure 35 Lift-to-drag ratio vs. angle of attack ................................................................................................. 7
Figure 34 Pitching moment coefficient vs. angle of attack ............................................................................... 7
Figure 36 Top view of wing section .................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 37 The top view of the whole UAV ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 38 Three-dimensional of UAV obtained using Flight Stream ............................................................. 11
Figure 39 Alpha = -10.000 .............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 40 Alpha = 2.000 .................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 41 Alpha = 10.000 ................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 42 L/D vs Alpha ................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 43 E vs Alpha ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 44 CL vs Alpha .................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 45 Lipo Battery 3300mAh ................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 46 T-Motor – F90 1300KV .................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 47 Servo – ES08Mall ........................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 48 Propeller .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 49 ESC – brushless ......................................................................................................................... 18

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS,
NOMENCLATURE
X, Y, Z Ground Point Coordinates
2D Two Dimensional
3D Three Dimensional
CCD Charge- Coupled Device
MMS Mobile Mapping Systems
GDOP Geometric dilution of precision
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
PDB Power Distribution Board
ESCs The electronic speed controllers
Li-Po Lithium-Polymer
Li-ion Lithium-Ion
VTOL Vertical Takeoff and Landing
HTOL Horizontal Takeoff and Landing
PLA Polylactic Acid
FDM Fused Deposition Modeling
SLA Stereolithography
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement and Purpose

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are highly valuable for tasks like surveillance and reconnaissance,
whether in military or civilian roles. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have rapidly evolved as
indispensable tools in various applications, from surveillance and reconnaissance to data collection and
monitoring. However, one common challenge encountered in the field of UAVs is achieving an optimal
balance between performance, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability. This project aims to tackle this challenge
head-on by exploring the capabilities of modern technology, particularly 3D printing, to design, construct,
and evaluate a cost-effective yet high-performing UAV.
1.2 Project and Design Objectives

• An Cost-effect and functional UAV created with 3D printing.
• Records of how the UAV performs in both simulated and real environments.
• Insight into the application of 3D printing in UAV development.
• Understanding how to incorporate electronic components into UAV design.
1.3 Intended Outcomes and Deliverables

• Examine and understand the working principle of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and analyse all the relative
working components.
• Enhance decision and problem-solving skills by making alternatives and selecting the suitable solution.
• Design a UAV with specified dimensions and required components.
• Develop a model of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
• Running multiple tests on the system in accordance with the highest level of safety considerations.
• Commitment to the specified budget to complete the project.
• Utilize the team members skills in their area of expertise and their communication skills.
• Use the engineering code of ethics and understand the environmental responsibilities of the engineer in any
working project.
1.4 Summary of Report Structure
•
Chapter 1 covers the project's problem definition, design summary,
and design process.
• Chapter 2 provides a literature review on relevant topics.
• Chapter 3 outlines the design flow chart and safety considerations

for the design process.
• Chapter 4 delves into economic, ethical, and contemporary issues.
• Chapter 5 details project management, task scheduling, challenges

faced, and solutions implemented.
• Chapter 6 offers a project summary and outlines the plan for

Graduation Project II.
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND, LITERATURE REVIEW AND

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
2.1 Relevant Literature Search
2.1.1 2.1.1 History of UAV
The history of unmanned aircraft is closely linked to the history of all aircraft. Even centuries ago, before
people risked flying, there were flying machines that didn't need a pilot. For example, a Chinese General
named Zhuge Liang used paper balloons with burning lamps to create the illusion of a divine force flying
over his enemies.
In more recent times, unmanned aircraft refer to flying machines that can fly on their own or be controlled
remotely, imitating the movements of a human-piloted aircraft. These aircraft have been given different
names over the years, like aerial torpedoes, remote-controlled, autonomous, pilotless vehicles, UAVs, and
drones.
Early in aviation history, having unmanned aircraft had the advantage of avoiding risks to human pilots
because flying was still experimental and often dangerous. For instance, Otto Lilienthal, a German aviation
pioneer in the 1890s, used unmanned gliders to test new wing designs and lightweight structures. This
helped make progress without risking the lives of pilots. However, the lack of a good way to control these
early unmanned aircraft limited their use.
As aviation advanced, they started using human "test pilots" to fly these new aircraft. Beyond the use of
unmanned gliders, aviation history also saw unfortunate accidents, like Lilienthal's death while flying an
experimental glider in 1896. Throughout history, unmanned aircraft often had similar uses, which can be
summarized as the "three D's": dangerous missions where having a pilot was risky, missions in dirty
environments with hazards, and missions that were boring and tiring for human pilots due to long hours in
the air.
2.1.2 power system
An unmanned aerial vehicle's (UAV) power system is what keeps it in the air and keeps it working. These
energy sources often rely on rechargeable lithium-polymer or lithium-ion batteries to supply the required
electrical power. The energy is then carefully distributed among the UAV's various parts by a Power
Distribution Board (PDB), including the electric brushless motors that move the vehicle forward, the
electronic speed controllers (ESCs) that control motor speed, and the sophisticated flight controller that plans
the UAV's movements based on sensor data. This power system meets the requirements of onboard payloads
like cameras and sensors in addition to propulsion.
2.1.3 Battery
The two types of batteries that are most frequently used in UAVs are lithium-polymer (Li-Po) and lithium-
ion (Li-ion). They have shrunk and gotten more economical recently, mostly because to the growth of the
computer and mobile phone sectors. Despite having lower volumetric and mass-specific energy ratings than
gasoline or other comparable fuels, Li-Po and Li-ion batteries may be recharged. Both of these forms of
specific energy ratings should be taken into account while optimizing the propulsion system and flying
characteristics for a particular UAV application.
2.1.4 Lithium-polymer
Lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries are commonly used in UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for their
lightweight, high energy density, and rechargeable properties. These batteries provide power to the UAV's
electric motors and onboard electronics. They are popular in the UAV industry because they offer a good
balance between energy capacity and weight, which is essential for maintaining flight endurance and overall
performance.
LiPo batteries are known for their ability to store a significant amount of energy in a compact and
lightweight package, which is crucial for UAVs where weight is a critical factor.
Their rechargeable nature also makes them cost-effective and convenient for
repeated use.
However, it's important to handle LiPo batteries with care as they can be
sensitive to overcharging, over-discharging, and physical damage. Safety Figure 1 Li- polymer Batteries
precautions and proper charging and storage practices are necessary to prevent accidents like fires or
explosions
2.1.5 Lithium-ion
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are another common choice for powering UAVs (Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles). These batteries are known for their high energy density, reliability, and relatively long cycle life.
They have several advantages when used in UAVs:
Energy Density: Li-ion batteries can store a significant amount of energy in a relatively small and
lightweight package. This is crucial for UAVs, as it allows them to carry more payload or fly longer
distances.
Rechargeable: Li-ion batteries are rechargeable, which makes them cost-effective for extended use. UAV
operators can recharge the batteries and use them multiple times.
Steady Voltage: Li-ion batteries provide a relatively steady voltage output throughout their discharge cycle,
which is important for maintaining a stable power supply to the UAV's electric motors and onboard
electronics.
Cycle Life: Li-ion batteries have a reasonably long cycle life, meaning they can be recharged and used
many times before needing replacement.
However, similar to LiPo batteries, Li-ion batteries also require proper handling and safety precautions.
Overcharging, over-discharging, and physical damage can pose safety risks. Therefore, safe charging,
storage, and maintenance practices are essential when using Li-ion
batteries in UAVs.
Figure 2: Lithium-Ion batteries

Table 1 Lithium-Ion Discharge Voltage curve
Comparing Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium Polymer Batteries:

Table 2 Comparing Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium Polymer Batteries
2.1.6 Motor
Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy via the propulsion system. Each propeller must have a
motor that can react swiftly and dependably to variations in electrical power. The propeller is attached to the
engine shaft. By reducing friction, brushless motors improve power efficiency (i.e., battery consumption).
Both electrical current and rotating speed define brushless motors.
Figure 3 brushless vs brushed motor

• T-motor
KV Rating: 1500 Kv - This indicates that the motor spins at 1500 RPM
per volt of power applied.
Rated Voltage: 5-6s - This motor is designed to be powered by a battery

with a voltage range of 5 to 6 cells in series. Each cell typically has a
nominal voltage of around 3.7 volts, so a 5s battery would be around
18.5 volts, and a 6s battery around 22.2 volts.
Shaft Diameter: 4mm - This is the diameter of the motor's output shaft,
which is where the propeller is typically attached.
Figure 4 T-motor F90 1300Kv
Motor Weight: 36.7g - This is the weight of the motor, which is
relatively lightweight, making it suitable for UAV applications.
Peak Current: 47.4 amps - This is the maximum current the motor can handle for short bursts, such as
during acceleration or rapid maneuvers.
Max Power (60s): 1089W - This is the maximum power output of the motor that can be sustained for up to
60 seconds.
Configuration: 12N14p - This indicates the internal construction of the motor. In this case, it has 12 stator
teeth and 14 rotor magnets, which can affect the motor's performance characteristics.
These specifications provide a good overview of the T-motor F90 1500Kv motor's capabilities and are
useful for determining its suitability for specific UAV or RC aircraft applications. It's essential to ensure that
this motor is compatible with the intended aircraft frame, propellers, and electronic speed controller (ESC)
• SunnySky-X2212-III 1400Kv
The SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv is an electric motor

designed for use in remote-controlled aircraft, specifically
airplanes. Here are some key details about this motor:
Model: SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv
Kv Rating: 1400 Kv - This indicates that the motor spins at

1400 RPM per volt of power applied.
Figure 5 SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv
Figure 6 Description of SunnySky X2212-III 1400Kv

2.1.7 Microcontrollers
A microcontroller for a serves as the brain of the aircraft, controlling and coordinating various functions and
systems. Overall, the microcontroller plays a central role in the autonomous and stable flight of a UAV. It
processes data from sensors, implements flight control algorithms, and manages various aspects of the
aircraft's operation to achieve its mission or flight objectives.
As Arduino will be implemented in this project for all the advantages mentioned above it is important to
know its characteristics such as:
Table 3 The main properties of Arduino
Figure 7 Arduino Uno Board Pin Configuration

2.1.8 UAV classification
UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, can be broadly categorized into two main types: fixed-wing and rotary-
wing. Fixed-wing UAVs operate in a similar way to lightweight unmanned airplanes, while rotary-wing
UAVs, also known as multirotor or rotorcraft UAVs, are like lightweight unmanned helicopters. These
aircraft use propellers, which are like fans, to create thrust by spinning rotor blades on a rotor mast.
Unlike helicopters, which often have a single rotor with two blades, most rotary-wing UAVs have multiple
rotors to handle the stresses needed for takeoff. Rotary-wing UAVs are known as vertical takeoff and
landing (VTOL) vehicles, while fixed-wing UAVs are called horizontal takeoff and landing (HTOL)
vehicles.
VTOL vehicles are often more convenient because they can take off in tight spaces and don't need a runway
like some HTOL vehicles. On the other hand, HTOL vehicles usually require less power and can have better
efficiency and longer flight times. One significant advantage of rotary-wing UAVs is their ability to
generate lift while stationary, whereas fixed-wing UAVs need to be moving to generate lift.
This characteristic makes rotary-wing UAVs more maneuverable and gives better control during flight. You
can see examples of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing UAVs in Figure(8)
Figure 8 fixed-wing and rotary-wing UAVs

2.2 Target Market and their needs
We conducted a survey to understand what engineers and professors at UAE University, as well as
professionals working at companies like STRATA Manufacturing and Al Ain Airport, know about UAVs.
We got responses from about 100 people, and here's a simple summary of what we found.
Figure 10 analysis for Q2 in the survey

Figure 12 analysis for Q4 in survey

Figure 19 analysis for Q7 in the survey Figure 18 analysis for Q8 in the survey

2.3 Prioritized Needs / Requirements
Development of an Cost-effect and Functional UAV Using 3D Printing:
A primary objective of this project is to create an affordable UAV without compromising quality or
performance. 3D printing offers advantages such as reduced material waste, lower manufacturing costs, and
the ability to customize components for optimal performance.
-By harnessing the capabilities of 3D printing, the project aims to produce a high-performing UAV at a
competitive cost, making it accessible to a broader range of users while maintaining quality and
functionality.
In the process of product design, it is essential to grasp the requirements and desires of both customers and
potential suppliers seeking to introduce the product to the market. Understanding the customer's needs is
particularly crucial since they are the primary end-users of the product. We derived these requirements from
a survey, and as engineers, our responsibility is to precisely define the specifications for the desired UAV,
as outlined in Table 4
Table 4 requirements and specifications
Requirement Specification
Long Endurance 20 min mini
Long Range 1-2 Km
Light weight 1-3 Kg
Affordable cost Less than 10k
Safe high
Efficient Up to 95%
Structural strength Very good
Assemble Easy to
Operation Easy to
Based on the information collected, the engineers have conceptualized a cost-effective UAV created through
3D printing technology. This UAV is envisioned to be lightweight and structurally simple, designed with
safety, affordability, and efficiency in mind. It is intended for extended flight durations, suitable for
surveillance missions. Furthermore, the project aims to provide comprehensive documentation of the UAV's
performance in both simulated and real-world scenarios, while also exploring the application of 3D printing
technology in the design and manufacturing of UAVs.
2.4 Potential Ethical and/or Environmental Issues

Responsible Disposal of Electronic Components:
Responsible disposal of electronic components is a critical ethical and environmental consideration in this
project. It involves ensuring that end-of-life electronic components are managed in a way that minimizes
their impact on the environment and public health. Here's a detailed breakdown :
1. Recycling:
Electronic components, such as batteries and circuit boards, often contain hazardous materials.
Responsible disposal begins with the separation of recyclable and non-recyclable components.
Recycling facilities specialized in electronic waste (e-waste) management can extract valuable
materials, reducing the need for new resource extraction and minimizing waste.
2. Proper Handling:
Ethical disposal includes taking precautions to prevent harm to individuals and the environment.
This may involve safe storage of electronic waste, particularly items like batteries, which can leak
toxic substances if mishandled.
3. Certified E-Waste Disposal:

Collaborating with certified e-waste disposal companies ensures compliance with environmental
regulations. These organizations are equipped to safely dismantle, recycle, or dispose of electronic
components following best practices.
Consideration of Eco-Friendly Materials in the 3D Printing Process:

The 3D printing process itself offers opportunities for eco-friendly practices. To minimize the project's
environmental footprint, it's essential to consider materials and printing methods that are sustainable. Here's
a more in-depth explanation:
1. Biodegradable Filaments:
Consider using biodegradable filaments for 3D printing. Materials like PLA (Polylactic Acid) are
derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch or sugarcane, and naturally break down over
time. PLA is a popular choice for eco-conscious 3D printing projects.
2. Recycled Filaments:
Some 3D printing filaments are made from recycled plastics, reducing the demand for new plastic
production. By choosing recycled filaments, you contribute to the circular economy and reduce
waste.
3. Responsible Sourcing:
When selecting 3D printing materials, inquire about the source and production methods. Opt for
materials from responsible and sustainable sources that prioritize ethical and eco-friendly practices.
4. Energy-Efficient Printing:
Minimize energy consumption during the 3D printing process by optimizing print settings. Reducing
printing time and energy usage can contribute to a more sustainable project.
5. Waste Reduction:
Implement efficient printing techniques that minimize waste. This includes optimizing print
orientations, reducing supports, and reusing or recycling failed prints to prevent unnecessary
material waste.
6. Post-Processing Considerations:
Ethical and environmental responsibility extends to post-processing, such as sanding or finishing
prints. Ensure that any chemicals or processes used in post-processing are safe for both the user and
the environment.
By addressing these aspects, the project demonstrates a commitment to ethical and eco-friendly practices
throughout its lifecycle. This approach aligns with the broader goals of sustainable engineering and
environmentally responsible technology development.
2.5 Data collected in this project is real and represents the effort of many government
and private agencies.... Problem Review
The data collected in this project represents a culmination of efforts from various government and private
agencies, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and their
potential applications. This chapter delves into the data sources, highlighting their significance in addressing
the problem at hand.
2.5.1 Remote Sensing

Remote sensing has emerged as a pivotal tool in modern-day UAV technology. It enables the acquisition of
valuable data from a distance, without direct physical contact with the target area. In the context of our project,
remote sensing technologies have played a significant role in collecting critical information that contributes
to the design, construction, and evaluation of our UAV.
Through remote sensing, we have harnessed data related to terrain, climate, and environmental conditions.
This data is essential for understanding the operational challenges our UAV may encounter in diverse settings.
Remote sensing techniques, including the use of sensors and imaging systems, have been instrumental in
obtaining geospatial information. This information feeds into our project's objectives, helping us create a UAV
that can adapt to various real-world scenarios.
2.5.2 Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is another indispensable aspect of our data collection efforts. This technique involves
capturing and interpreting images to derive accurate measurements and 3D models of the environment.
Photogrammetry has enabled us to obtain detailed aerial imagery, which aids in the precise design and
simulation of our UAV. By analyzing these images, we gain insights into the topography and infrastructure
of the areas where the UAV will operate.
The data obtained through photogrammetry informs our UAV's aerodynamic properties, payload capacity,
and performance predictions. This information is crucial in ensuring that our UAV is well-suited for specific
applications, including surveillance, reconnaissance, and data collection.
2.5.3 GIS
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a systematic approach to managing, analyzing, and
visualizing geographical data. In our project, GIS technology has been integral to processing and integrating
the data collected from various sources. GIS allows us to overlay different data sets, enabling a comprehensive
view of the operational environment.
Through GIS, we can identify optimal flight paths, assess potential hazards, and plan UAV missions
effectively. This technology is indispensable in ensuring the success of our project by facilitating data
integration and spatial analysis.
In conclusion, the data collected from remote sensing, photogrammetry, and GIS technologies represents a
valuable resource in our endeavor to design, construct, and evaluate a high-performing, cost-effective UAV.
These data sources contribute significantly to addressing the challenges associated with UAV technology,
helping us make informed decisions and optimize our UAV's design and performance. The subsequent
sections of this chapter will provide a detailed review of the data collected, its relevance to the project's
objectives, and the methodologies employed in data acquisition
2.6 Objective Tree

The Objective Tree is a helpful tool that shows how different goals or needs in a design project are
connected. It's mostly used at the beginning of a project to clarify what the problems are and is looked at
again later to make sure everyone is working towards the same goals. This tree helps us understand the main
things we want to achieve in the project and the smaller ideas that support those goals. Figure 19 is a picture
of the objective tree for this project.
Figure 20 objective tree

2.7 Design criteria, constraints, and Specifications
Aerodynamics:
Design criteria include optimizing the UAV's aerodynamics to reduce drag and improve overall efficiency.
This can involve selecting airfoil shapes and reducing unnecessary protrusions.
Weight Management:
Weight constraints necessitate a balance between structural integrity and overall weight. Lightweight
materials and designs are favored to enhance flight performance.
Durability:
Design specifications may require the UAV to withstand various environmental conditions and potential wear
and tear, ensuring long-term reliability.
2.7.1 Design Specifications

To begin, the ultimate success of any product is contingent upon user satisfaction. In our project, we have
established a comprehensive set of specifications to guide the development of a solar-powered UAV.
Specifications are essentially a detailed checklist of requirements that the final product must adhere to, and
they are widely recognized as a fundamental component of project design.
For our solar-powered UAV, we have meticulously selected specific requirements and assigned them
priority rankings on a scale from 1 (most important) to 3 (least important), as documented in Table 5 . These
requirements play a pivotal role in shaping the project's trajectory.
Table 5 Needs of UAV and the relative importance of each

2.8 Generation of Conceptual Alternatives
• 3D Printing Technologies:
Exploring alternative 3D printing technologies, such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and
Stereolithography (SLA), can lead to variations in production cost and print quality. Evaluating these
alternatives is crucial in selecting the most suitable method for UAV construction.
• Electronic Component Choices:

Alternative choices of electronic components, such as different flight controllers or motor brands,
can impact cost, reliability, and performance. Evaluating these alternatives allows for informed
decision-making.
2.8.1 Morphological Chart

In general, aircraft are made for specific purposes, but they all share some key parts. The most important
part is the fuselage, which is like the main body of the plane. It's designed to hold the crew, passengers, and
cargo. The design and size of the fuselage depend on what the plane is supposed to do. There are a few
common types of fuselages, like Monocoque, Semi-Monocoque, and Geodesic.
Wings are attached to the sides of the fuselage, and they're responsible for making the plane go up into the
sky. The type of wings, whether they're in the middle, low, high, or have a unique shape, depends on what
the plane is meant for.
The landing gear is what helps the plane stay on the ground. It's used for parking, taking off, landing, and
moving around on the ground. There are different types of landing gear, like wheels, floats, skis, and more.
Propellers are like big spinning blades on the plane. They help the plane move forward. There are simple
ones with fixed blades, and more complicated ones that can change their angle while spinning.
To come up with design ideas in an organized way, we use something called a morphological chart. This
chart shows what the design needs to do on one side and different ways to do it on the other side. Each
option has its pros and cons, and we pick the best one for each job to create a design that works well.
Table 6 Morphological Chart
Structure / function Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
Fuselage
To carry load
Whole
Fuselage
Cylindrical Rod Fuselage Blended Wing Body
Type of wing
To provide lift
Elliptical
Rectangular
Tapered
Wing Positions
To control the angle of attack
High Wing Mid-Wing

Low Wing
Type of Tail
To control the yaw motion and
maintain stability
T-Tail wing H-Tail Type
Conventional Tail
Landing Gear configuration non

To provide safe takeoff and
landing
Bi-cycle Tail
Wheel
Propeller arrangement non

To provide thrust to the vehicle
Tail propeller
Wing Propeller
Batteries
To Store Energy
Lipo Nikel
Battery cadmium
Lithium Ion
Motor Outrunner Motor RC Airplane

To Drive the Components of
T-Motor
UAV
ESC
To adjust the speed of the
FX ESC
Aircraft motors FLYCOLOR Raptor5
Brushless 20a Super Cub
Brushless Electronic Speed Controller
Servo
used to move the control
EMAX ES08MA HXT900 Micro MG90S Micro
surfaces
ES08MAII Servo Metal Gear
Material
To Manufacture the UAV Light PLA PLA Carbon Fiber

composite
Controller
Receive Signals and control Matek Matesys Ardupilot Pixhawk

Movement of components F405 VTOL
2.9 Selected Alternatives and Reasoning
• Cost-Effectiveness:
The chosen alternatives should offer the most efficient cost-to-performance ratio. For example,
selecting cost-effective materials and components that meet project requirements without excessive
expense.
• Performance Optimization:
The selected alternatives must align with performance goals, such as flight range and payload
capacity. For instance, choosing a motor with the optimal power-to-weight ratio to maximize flight
time.
• Sustainability:
Sustainability considerations may involve selecting materials that are recyclable or environmentally
friendly for 3D printing. Additionally, optimizing the UAV's energy efficiency to reduce
environmental impact.
Option 1
Figure 21 Design option 1
Table 7 Specification and Design option 1
Specifications Design option 1

Fuselage Cylindrical Rod Fuselage
Type of wing Rectangular
Wing position High Wing
Type of Tail Conventional Tail
Landing Gear configuration non
Propeller arrangement Wing Propeller
Batteries Lipo Battery
Motor T-Motor
ESC FLYCOLOR Raptor5 Brushless
Servo EMAX ES08MA ES08MAII
Material Light PLA
Controller Ardupilot
Option 2

Fuselage Blended Wing Body
Type of wing Tapered
Wing position Mid-Wing
Type of Tail T-Tail wing
Landing Gear configuration Bi-cycle
Propeller arrangement non
Batteries Lithium Ion
Motor Outrunner Motor
ESC Electronic Speed Controller
Servo HXT900 Micro Servo
Material PLA
Controller Ardupilot
Option 3

Fuselage Whole Fuselage
Type of wing Elliptical
Wing position Low Wing
Type of Tail H-Tail Type
Landing Gear configuration Tail Wheel
Propeller arrangement Tail propeller
Batteries Nikel cadmium
Motor RC Airplane
ESC FX ESC Brushless 20a Super Cub
Servo MG90S Micro Metal Gear
Material Carbon Fiber composite
Controller Pixhawk
2.10 Function Tree
Function trees are handy tools for showing how different parts in a project work and how they fit together to
achieve the project's main goal. They help break down the main goal into smaller, manageable parts. Figure
24 provides a visual representation of the function tree specific to this project.
Figure 24 Function Tree

2.11 Formal Decision-Making Process and Final Concept Selection
In this section, we will elaborate on the formal decision-making process that will guide our project and lead
us to the selection of the final concept for our Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This process will serve as
the cornerstone for our project, ensuring that our UAV design and components align with our project
objectives.
2.11.1 Decision-Making Framework
We will establish a well-defined decision-making framework to streamline our project's progress. This
framework will involve a systematic approach that will guide us through key decisions, ensuring that they
are made based on careful consideration and data-driven analysis.
Our decision-making process will include the following key steps:
1. Problem Definition: We will begin by clearly defining the problem and objectives of our project. This step will
involve a thorough understanding of the challenges we aim to address and the goals we intend to achieve.
2. Criteria Identification: We will identify a set of criteria against which we will evaluate potential UAV designs and
components. These criteria will encompass factors such as performance, cost-effectiveness, adaptability, and
environmental impact.
3. Generation of Alternatives: We will explore various design alternatives and component choices that align with the
project's objectives. Creativity and innovation will be encouraged to maximize our potential solutions.
4. Evaluation and Analysis: Each alternative will undergo rigorous evaluation and analysis against the predefined
criteria. We will utilize analytical tools and simulations to assess their potential performance and suitability.
5. Decision-Making: The decision-making process will culminate in the selection of the final concept for our UAV.
This decision will be based on a comprehensive analysis of the alternatives and their alignment with project
objectives.
6. Documentation: We will ensure that our decision-making process is well-documented, providing transparency and
traceability for our choices. This documentation will serve as a valuable reference throughout the project.
2.11.2 Final Concept Selection
The final concept selection will be a pivotal milestone in our project. This decision will determine the
direction in which our UAV design and component selection will proceed. Our selection will be based on
the best alignment with our project's objectives and criteria.
We anticipate that the final concept selection will involve careful consideration of factors such as:
– The performance of the UAV under different conditions.

– The cost-effectiveness of the design, keeping it within the defined budget.
– The adaptability and flexibility of the chosen concept to address various applications.
– The environmental impact of the materials and components used.
– Through a collaborative approach, involving the project team and leveraging our collective expertise, we will
make an informed decision that sets the stage for the subsequent phases of our project.
2.11.3 Decision Matrix

Following a thorough evaluation of the various alternatives for each component in our design, along with
the creation of a morphological chart to help us choose the best options, we have successfully developed
three distinct design concepts. To determine the concept to pursue, we established a decision matrix,
considering both the rank and weight of each criterion. The weight assigned to each criterion was based on
the significance of customer requirements. We then calculated the total score for each concept by
multiplying the rank and weight. Subsequently, we will compare these scores to determine the best design
concept. It's worth noting that the ranking system ranged from 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest) to prioritize the
criteria.
Table 10 Decision Matrix
In summary, our analysis of the decision matrix has led us to the conclusion that Design Concept 1 is the
most favorable option. Design Concept 1 exhibits high efficiency, safety, and relatively good cost-
effectiveness. On the contrary, Design Concept 2 and 3 has lower efficiency and durability, despite its lower
cost, primarily due to the use of less efficient materials in its manufacturing process.
2.12 Discussion and Perceived problems
2.12.1 Discussion
In this section, we will reflect upon the various stages and outcomes of our project, offering a
comprehensive analysis of the data, results, and experiences that we will gain throughout. The discussion
will encompass several key points, shedding light on the project's performance, the challenges we will
encounter, the notable achievements we will attain, and the invaluable lessons we will learn.
Performance Evaluation: Our project will undergo rigorous performance evaluations, both in simulated and
real-world environments. We will compare the expected performance, as predicted by simulations, with the
actual performance obtained during testing to provide us with valuable insights. These comparisons will
allow us to refine the UAV's design and components for peak operational efficiency.
Challenges: The journey of creating an efficient UAV using 3D printing technology will not be without its
share of challenges. From technical hiccups to unexpected delays and issues related to component selection,
3D printing, and testing, we will navigate through a myriad of obstacles. Overcoming these challenges will
not only hone our problem-solving skills but also deepen our understanding of UAV development.
Achievements: We will take pride in our project's accomplishments, which will have far-reaching
implications for the field of UAV development. The innovative use of 3D printing technology in designing
an affordable yet high-performing UAV will stand out as a significant achievement. By successfully
integrating electronic components into the UAV structure while maintaining optimal performance, we will
contribute to the advancement of UAV technology.
Lessons Learned: The project will be a learning experience of profound value. We will identify what works
well, best practices, and areas that can be improved in future endeavors. Our collective understanding of
design, component selection, and optimization of 3D-printed UAVs will grow considerably. This knowledge
will inform our future projects and foster continuous improvement in our field.
2.12.2 Perceived problems
In the context of our project, "Perceived Problems" will refer to potential issues or concerns that we will
anticipate but not necessarily encounter. These concerns, while not realized, will be integral to our planning
and decision-making process.
Cost Overruns: We will recognize the potential for the project to exceed the allocated budget. To address
this concern, we will closely monitor expenses, make prudent choices in component selection, and ensure
that our financial resources are used efficiently. As a result, we will stay within budgetary constraints.
Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to regulations for UAV operation will be a significant consideration.
While we will not face direct regulatory challenges, we will proactively engage with regulatory bodies to
ensure our project is in alignment with the necessary guidelines. This proactive approach will facilitate a
smooth progression through the project's various phases.
Component Availability: Concerns about the availability of specific components due to supply chain issues
or other factors will be taken into account during project planning. By diversifying component sources and
closely monitoring supply chain trends, we will mitigate potential disruptions in component acquisition.
Environmental Impact: With the extensive use of 3D printing in our project, environmental considerations
will be at the forefront of our planning. We will aim to minimize environmental impact by choosing
sustainable printing materials and adopting ethical practices. Our project will serve as an example of how
engineering and technology can coexist with environmental responsibility.
In conclusion, the "Discussion and Perceived Problems" section will offer a holistic view of our project's
progress. It will highlight our achievements, acknowledge challenges, and reflect on the lessons we will
learn. By addressing anticipated problems and sharing our proactive approaches, we will ensure a well-
rounded assessment of our project's development process.
CHAPTER 3
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
3.1 Performance Estimation
Manual calculations
The performance calculations are done using the spread sheet. The mission profile parameters were given,
and some reasonable approximation of other UAV parameters are taken to calculate the aircraft performance
parameters and design specifications.
Table 11 Main wing parameters
Main Wing
Wing Loading 111.1 𝑔/𝑑𝑚2
Aspect Ratio 10
Taper Ratio 0.0
Oswald Efficiency 0.85
Wing Area 0.228 𝑚2
Semi span 0.756 𝑚
Root Chord 0.159 𝑚
Tip Chord 0.143 𝑚
Average Chord 0.151 𝑚
Max Lift Coefficient 1.12
Table 12 Horizontal stabilizer parameters
Horizontal Stabilizer
Volume Ratio (0.3 - 0.6) 0.4
Moment Arm 0.8 𝑚
Aspect Ratio 5.4
Taper Ratio 0.7
Area 0.017𝑚2
Semispan 0.153 𝑚
Straight TE Sweep 5.60 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Table 13 Vertical stabilizer parameter
Vertical stabilizer
Volume Ratio 0.03
Moment Arm 0.7 𝑚
Semi span 0.153 𝑚
Taper ratio 0.6
Area 0.015 𝑚2
Considering the payload power draw and avionic power draw, the suitable battery 50000mAh 11.1v 50C
which meet the requirement is selected.
Table 14 Battery specifications
Propulsion/ Batteries
Battery Pack capacity 4000 𝑚𝐴ℎ
Energy Density 200 𝑊 − ℎ/𝑘𝑔
Cell Voltage 3.7 𝑉
Cells in Series #s 6
Number of batteries 2
Total battery Capacity 8000 𝑚𝐴ℎ
Voltage 22.2 𝑉
Battery weight 0.888𝐾𝑔
Total capacity used 80 %
Overall efficiency 40 %
Propulsive Power 130.16 𝑊
Cruise Current Draw 5.86 𝐴
The UAV performance has been calculated after getting the wing and stabilizer sizes, as well as the
critical power and battery features. This estimate is the lowest predicted performance; thus, we expect
the UAV to perform better when tested. Table 16 summarizes the UAV's overall performance.
Table 15 General results
General results
Total Mass 2.538 𝐾𝑔
Mass Fraction 40.90 %
Min Drag Airspeed 11.62𝑚/𝑠
Min Power Airspeed 8.83 𝑚/𝑠
Min airspeed (stall onset) 12.60 𝑚/𝑠
Table 16 Condition Results
Condition results
Cruise Airspeed 16.67 𝑚/𝑠
Lift Coefficient 0.48
Drag Coefficient 0.0798
Lift 24.37𝑁
Drag 3.1 𝑁
Lift to drag ratio 6.02
Stall margin 5.08 𝑚/𝑠
Estimated flight time 35.8 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Estimated range 31.6 𝑘𝑚
To ensure that all equations in the spreadsheet are valid, manually calculated values were compared
to the spreadsheet, and they both matched, as shown in table 7. After evaluating all parameters, the
dimensions of the wing and stabilizers will be calculated.
Table 17 Manual and spreadsheet result
Parameter Manual calculations Spreadsheet results Difference

𝑪𝑳 0.64 0.64 0
𝑪𝑫 0.086 0.0803 0.070
𝑳 24.37 𝑁 24.83 𝑁 0.018
𝑫 3.2 𝑁 3.1 𝑁 0.01
𝑳/𝑫 9.6 7.97 0.129
𝑽𝑴𝑫 7.18 𝑚/𝑠 11.62 𝑚/𝑠 0.38
𝑽𝑴𝑷 5.46 𝑚/𝑠 8.83 𝑚/𝑠 0.38
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑨𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 6.53 𝑚/𝑠 12.6𝑚/𝑠 0.48
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 7.47 𝑚/𝑠 4.07 𝑚/𝑠 0.83
The graphical results obtained for the flight time and range, power and drag are shown in
the figures below:
Figure 25 Endurance & Range vs Airspeed
Figure 26 Power vs Airspeed

Figure 27 Drag vs Airspeed
3.2 3D CAD model
We have generated CAD drawings This approach enables us to create detailed visual
representations of the UAV's design while simultaneously allowing for a rigorous
assessment of dimensional compatibility. As shown in the drawing (figure 18 , 19 ).
Figure 29 Isometric view Figure 28 Front view

3.3 Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics stands as a pivotal field of study, dedicated to comprehending the
interactions between air and an aircraft in motion. This discipline plays a fundamental
role in enabling flight, as an aircraft's ability to soar is primarily contingent upon the
principles of aerodynamics. Moreover, in the context of designing a glider, the concept of
aerodynamic stability holds paramount importance. The glider must possess the capability
to sustain its intended flight path, even in the face of external disturbances. In our pursuit
of achieving this stability, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the glider's
aerodynamics, a subject that will be elaborated upon in this section. We will delve into
the methodologies employed to attain a stable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
3.3.1 Estimation of Center of gravity

In principle, the center of gravity (CG) of an object is the point where its entire weight
can be thought of as concentrated. Understanding and determining the CG of our glider is
crucial for the development of a stable aircraft structure and for accurately forecasting the
behavior of a mobile object when exposed to external forces. In our project, our initial
steps involved the precise calculation of the mass of the aircraft's wing and stabilizer,
leveraging Siemen NX software for these intricate computations. Other components were
assumed to have approximate weight distributions and were represented as point masses
within the XFLR5 software. The below list presents these components
Table 18 Results of estimation of CG
Sl.No Component Name Approximate weight assumed (g)
1 Battery (2) 467
2 Motor (2) 73.4
3 Propeller (2) 18
4 ESCs (2) 13
5 Polymake PolyMax PC (2) 1.56
6 Flight controller 25
7 Gps 8
To estimate the location of the center of gravity (CG), we cumulatively add the weight of
each individual component to find the total weight. As we add components, the CG
location, as shown in the figure, changes, which is crucial for ensuring the UAV's stability.
To locate the XCG (longitudinal center of gravity), we experiment with different CG values
to achieve a zero slope in the Cm (Pitching moment coefficient) vs AOA (angle of attack)
graph. This process helps us determine the value of the Neutral Point location (XNP).
Subsequently, we calculate the suitable CG location using Equation 3.9. With XNP at 0.089
and MAC (mean aerodynamic chord) at 0.172 (the length of the chord), we set the static
margin (Kn) to 15%. Utilizing the equation, we determine the XCG as 0.063 meters from
the leading edge. This methodology ensures that the UAV's center of gravity is
appropriately positioned for stable flight.
𝑋𝐶𝐺 = 𝑋𝑁𝑃 − 𝑀𝐴𝐶 × 𝐾𝑛
Figure 30 Center of gravity
Sl.No Parameter Value
1 X_CoG 50.815220
2 Y_CoG 0.0039907
3 Z_CoG 6.709105
3.4 Designing the glider
3.5
Figure 31 The overall design flow chart
Figure 32 The block diagram of the general component

3.5.1 Selection of Airfoil:
Figure 33 Selected reflex airfoils for the aerodynamic analysis
3.5.2 Analysis of airfoils
Figure 34 Lift-to-drag ratio vs. angle of attack Figure 35 Pitching moment coefficient vs. angle of attack
3.5.3 Design of Wing and analysis
The airplane's performance relies on having well-designed and efficient wings. These
fundamental wing design specifications are crucial for various aspects, including
performance, operational features, flight characteristics, structural design, and overall
layout considerations. The wing bears the entire load during flight, so it needs to excel both
structurally and aerodynamically. The primary analysis served as the primary source of
inspiration for developing the wing. Here is a brief overview of the wing's design
particulars:
Table 19 Details of the wing designed
1 Type of wing Fixed wing
2 Dihedral Angle 0°
3 Wingspan 1100mm
4 Wing Area 2238 cm2
5 Sweep -7°
6 Tapper ratio 0.7
7 Chord length 0.267
Figure 36 Top view of wing section

3.3.2.4 Adding fuselage
Indeed, the fuselage is a component that can introduce instability, but its effect on lift can
vary depending on its shape. In this section, our goal is to design a shape that is both suitable
and has a positive impact on aerodynamic performance.
Figure 37 Top view of UAV
3.3.2.5 Adding stabilizer
The stabilizer plays a crucial role as it greatly enhances the ease of stabilizing and
controlling the aircraft. Adding the stabilizer is essential for achieving this. The parameters
for both the horizontal and vertical stabilizers are derived from the performance sheet and
are then fine-tuned to ensure the UAV's stability.
Table 20 Information of Horizontal Stabilizer
2 Span 0.38 m
3 Area 0.06 m2
4 Tilt angle -5°
5 Tapper ratio 0.9
6 Root Chord length 0.16
Table 21 Information of Vertical Stabilizer
2 Span 0.48 m
3 Area 0.03 m2
4 Tilt angle 0°
5 Tapper ratio 0.8
6 Root Chord length 0.12

3.3.3 Three-Dimensional model
Typically, an aircraft needs to undergo testing and simulation before it can be deployed in
real-world scenarios. This process provides an overview of its behavior. Consequently, we
created a three-dimensional model in Flight Stream software, as depicted in Figure 38.
Figure 38 Three-dimensional of UAV obtained using Flight Stream
3.3.3.1 Testing
In this section, the objective is to depict the variations in L/D, E, CL, and CP as Alpha
(angle of attack) undergoes changes in our UAV.
Figure 39 Alpha = -10.000

Figure 40 Alpha = 2.000
Figure 41 Alpha = 10.000

Analysis of the glider
Figure 42 L/D vs Alpha
Figure 43 E vs Alpha
Figure 44 CL vs Alpha
3.3.3.2 Stability
We assessed the stability using Flight Stream. This analysis was a necessary step after
designing the UAV. Based on the provided parameters, we conducted a stability test using
the Stability 3D modes to determine whether the UAV was stable in both the longitudinal
and lateral directions. One of the methods involved testing the stability in a 3D view,
starting from a position where the aircraft was not in a steady-state flight. Upon initiating
the animation, we observed that the airplane quickly reached a level flight within a short
period, indicating that it could be classified as a stable aircraft.
3.3.3.3 Control derivatives
This section pertains to the evaluation of control surfaces, where we introduced the aileron,
elevator, and rudder to assess their performance during flight. Each control surface
underwent stability testing to ensure the acquisition of effective data for their control and
stability derivatives, which are detailed in the appendix section.
3.6 Electric circuit
3.4.1 Power system Design
Power Required for Level flight:

In level flight, the lift force created by the wing precisely compensates for
weight and propeller thrust.
𝑃! = 𝑇! ∗ 𝑉"
To obtain minimum power required, it is imperative to maximize the quantity

N
#M O
of ( # )
P
𝐶$ % = 0.0188, 𝐶$ & = 0.0200, 𝐶$ = 0.0188 + 0.0200 = 0.0388
1 1
𝑇! = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉" ' ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝐶$ = ∗ (1.225) ∗ (14.72)' ∗ (0.2238) ∗ (0.0388)
2 2
= 1.1524 𝑁
𝑃! = 1.1524 ∗ 14.72 =16.96 W
In order to attain the minimum power required for horizontal flight (PR), it is
necessary to satisfy the axial thrust requirement (TR), taking into account the
total drag coefficient (CD), which comprises the zero-lift drag coefficient
(CDO) and induced lift drag coefficient (CDi). To achieve this power level,
additional power must be extracted from the batteries to account for losses
incurred during the conversion process, considering efficiency, as indicated in
Table. It's worth noting that an extra 2 watts have been included to account for
other losses.
Table 22 Efficiency of components
Components Efficiency
Propeller 80%
Motor 80%
ESC 70%
Battery discharge 90%
𝑃! 16.92
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃! 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = + 2𝑊 = +2=
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝜂
3.4.2 Selection of Motor, Battery

Battery – HRB 6S 22.2V Lipo Battery XT60 4000mAh
Table 23 Battery Specifications
Capacity 4000mAh
Voltage 6S/22.2 V
Discharge 60C
Weight 590g
Dimensions 135x42x49mm
Balance Plug JST

Figure 45 Lipo Battery 3300mAh
Discharge Plug XT60
T-Motor – F90 2806.5 5-6S 1300KV
Table 24 Motor Specifications
Motor KV 1300KV
No-Load Current (Io/10V) 45.1 amps
Motor Resistance(Rm) 76 omhs
Max Continuous Current 45.2 amps

Figure 46 T-Motor – F90 1300KV
Max Continuous Power 1059W
Weight 46.6g
Servo – ES08MAll
Table 25 Servo Specificatios
Weight 12g
Stall torque
Operating speed 0.12sec/60degrees
Operating voltage 4.8V – 6V
Temperature 0-55c
Figure 47 Servo – ES08Mall
Propeller – HQprop HQ 7X4X3 7040 Propeller 7*4 3-Blade Prop CW & CCW
7inch For RC DIY FPV Racing Drone
Table 26 Propeller Specifications
Thrust Approximately 1300g
Figure 48 Propeller
ESC - LYCOLOR Raptor5 Brushless ESC 3-6S Drone ESC 32Bit
Table 27 ESC – brushless Specifications
Continuous Current 50
Working voltage 3-6S
Weight Pack Size 10.2g
Figure 49 ESC –
brushless
3.7 Safety Considerations

The primary consideration when working with UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) is the
establishment of a robust and stable structure. Equally crucial is the assurance of
component reliability. Throughout the planning and production phases, the components
and systems will undergo multiple rounds of testing to guarantee both high quality and
stability.
Furthermore, it's vital to assess the controller for its interaction and stability, and to verify
its response in expected scenarios to ensure that the microcontroller behaves as
anticipated. The overarching concern is to ensure that the system incorporates a
substantial safety margin and successfully passes all tests, thus ensuring the creation of a
safe and top-quality product.
CHAPTER 4
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
ECONOMICAL, ETHIC AND
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
4.1 Preliminary Cost Estimation and Justification

A cost estimation approach is a technique used to calculate the financial resources
necessary for a project, including capital, and to create a project cost baseline, which
serves as a reference point based on milestones for assessing the project's overall cost-
effectiveness. This section provides a detailed breakdown of the project's budget,
including a table that lists the costs of the components essential for constructing a solar-
powered UAV and the associated materials needed.
Table 28 Cost estimation of products required
No. Part Type Parts Quantity Price Per Price Total

Unit
1 Structural Spars - 8x800mm 1 AED1.80 AED1.80

2 Spars - 8x600mm 1 AED1.80 AED1.80
7 Spars - 16x500mm 1 AED147.00 AED147.00
8 Polymake Polylite Preformed 6 AED121.17 AED727.02
LWPLA
9 Polymake PolyMax PC 3 AED143.21 AED429.63
10 Control Horns - 20 Piece Set 3 AED3.75 AED11.25
11 M3 Threaded Inserts (4.5 and 5 2 AED12.00 AED24.00
mm Diameter)
12 M3 Bolts Multiple sizes 1 AED78.88 AED78.88
13 6x3 mm Magnets (50 Pieces) 1 AED29.00 AED29.00
14 Motor + Tmotor F90 1300Kv 5 AED84.04 AED420.20
15 Propeller Propellers (HQ 70403) 2 Piece 4 AED28.00 AED112.00
16 Flight Matek Matesys F405 VTOL 1 AED205.68 AED205.68
Controller
17 GPS MATEYSYS MATEK M10Q-5883 1 AED113.00 AED113.00
GPS GNSS COMPASS
18 ESCs FLYCOLOR Raptor5 Brushless 6 AED92.23 AED553.38
ESC 3-6S Drone ESC 32Bit - 50A
19 Servos EMAX ES08MA ES08MAII - 4 2 AED47.27 AED94.54
Units
20 Batteries HRB 6S 22.2V Lipo Battery 2 AED238.00 AED476.00
(4000 mah)
TOTAL AED3,443.18
4.2 Relevant Codes of Ethics and Moral Frameworks.

Adherence to the appropriate ethical standards and moral guidelines is crucial for the
team and project. This includes following the codes of ethics and moral frameworks
established by organizations like the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE),
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering (IEEE).
4.2.1 The Fundamental Principles and Canons
Drawing from the fundamental principles and canons outlined by ASME, let's emphasize
the following:
Canon No. 7: “Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful
manner and shall avoid any conduct which brings discredit upon the profession.” [47]
It’s important for the team to provide truthful knowledge to the readers and interested to
this project in order to make a good impact on the advancement of technology.
4.2.2 Moral frameworks
It is crucial to make sure that this product maximizes its positive impact while minimizing
any negative consequences. Furthermore, it's essential to safeguard the rights of
individuals. This approach involves following ethical principles rooted in duty, virtue,
and self-realization ethics.
4.3 Relevant Environmental Considerations
When we decided about the battery we ensured provides environmental benefits,
primarily through its capacity for use in electric vehicles (EVs) and drones. By powering
these vehicles with LiPo batteries, we reduce our reliance on traditional internal
combustion engines, which produce greenhouse gas emissions. LiPo batteries are more
energy-efficient and have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and contribute
to cleaner air quality in our cities. Moreover, they can be recharged and used multiple
times, reducing the need for single-use batteries, which can be harmful to the
environment when not properly disposed of. In this way, LiPo batteries, like the HRB
model, play a role in promoting sustainability and reducing our carbon footprint.
4.4 Relevance to UAE and Region (Social, Cultural, and Political)

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the larger region can benefit greatly from
the UAV initiative. It represents the UAE's commitment to national security,
economic diversification, and technological advancement. In line with the goals
of the country, the initiative promotes economic growth, encourages the
development of indigenous industries, and fosters innovation by generating
high-tech job opportunities. Furthermore, improved UAV capabilities are
strategically necessary to maintain regional stability and support national
security and defense. The project furthers the UAE's commitment to developing
talent and promoting a culture of ongoing learning and discovery by supporting
education, talent development, and innovation. The UAE is positioned as a
global leader in innovation and high-tech solutions due to its multifaceted
importance.
As described in our study and interpretation of the legislation, it is critical to

follow the current restrictions governing UAV operating in the UAE. Before
beginning any flights, operators and their drones must be registered with the
GCAA. UAVs weighing 5 kg or less are only authorized to fly in Green Zones,
which are licensed flying zones. Furthermore, there are precise restrictions
governing the use of photography or video equipment during drone flights, with
exceptions for GCAA licensed pilots and permitted photographic regions. The
My Drone Hub UAE App, available on Android and iTunes, may help you keep
updated about when photography is permitted. Other restrictions include the ban
of landing or launching equipment on drones, height limits of 122 meters (400
feet) within line of sight, flying only in good weather, and avoiding flight near
public or private property. Drones are not permitted to operate within 5
kilometers (3.1 miles) of UAE airports, helipads, or regulated zones. Finally,
the UAV operator is responsible for ensuring that UAVs do not endanger people
or property.
4.5 Other Issues and Constraints (where relevant)

Numerous challenges and restrictions will influence the development and
implementation of our UAV graduation project. These limitations encompass
financial aspects, design considerations, manufacturing complexities, material
availability, and operational regulations. Here's a breakdown of each of these
constraints:
Financial Restrictions: It might be costly to produce a high-quality UAV

component. Getting project sponsorship will determine how we can deal with
this limitation. If not, the graduating project unit will provide the majority of the
project's funds.
Design Restrictions: Depending on the amount of funding we receive, our
design's intricacy will vary. Depending on our financial constraints, we have to
choose between purchasing a more sophisticated UAV design or going with a
simpler, less expensive one.
Material Availability: It is imperative that we have easy access to the supplies
we need. Materials that can be obtained locally or obtained should be
prioritized.
Operational Execution: To carry out the project, the UAV must be flown in
designated zones outside of the university's boundaries. The official location for
UAV operating and testing is the Al Ain Club. Additionally, using civil UAVs
in UAE airspace requires GCAA approval, which is a necessary requirement.
For our UAV project to be realized successfully, we must successfully handle
these logistical and financial obstacles, obtain enough money, make wise design
decisions, adjust for local manufacturing constraints, and make sure that
materials are procured on time.
4.6 Ethical Dilemmas and Justification of Proposed Solution

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) offer a lot of potential uses, but society must first
embrace them. Such acceptability will only occur if UAS carry out their tasks in a safe
manner. Furthermore, UAS decision-making must be fair, just, lawful, and moral in
hazardous situations where safe results might not be achievable. Decisions involving
safety will eventually need to be made by UAS flight control algorithms, which means
these decisions will also need to involve moral considerations. This becomes especially
crucial in situations involving safety were choosing between varying degrees of harm is
unavoidable. Under such conditions, UAS algorithms must make morally challenging
decisions. Furthermore, even minute decisions made by the flight control algorithms will
be carefully examined when harm arises.
The link between the user's usage of the surroundings and their use of the UAV
(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) gives rise to ethical difficulties. UAV monitors and UAV
activities impact who uses UAVs and for what purposes. Determining the UAV's purpose
(e.g., surveillance) and the users' intent entails technological problems as well as
instrumental reasoning. The connection between UAV technology users and others who
raise ethical concerns with UAVs has an impact on both parties. We'll then examine how
to assess a UAV's behavior.
CHAPTER 5
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 Tasks and Schedule
Gantt Chart
Here is the Gantt Chart created for GP1, serving as a widely used project management tool
depicting tasks and events over time. The detailed Gantt chart, encompassing all planned
activities for GP1 leading up to GP2, is provided above, showcasing the completion of most
components. Additionally, a concise Gantt chart has been formulated, highlighting key
project accomplishments. The distribution of the project workload among group members
has facilitated efficient collaboration, enabling each student to contribute effectively
towards achieving the goals outlined in the Gantt charts. The successful and timely
completion of all required tasks was made possible with the support of the coordinator and
project advisor.
5.2 Problems faced and solutions

In the course of our graduation project, we faced various challenges at different stages,
but we effectively addressed and resolved them. Our project focuses primarily on the
aerospace field, and all team members are mechanical engineers. To overcome obstacles,
we immersed ourselves in reading papers provided by our adviser, watching instructional
videos, and engaging in tutorials to gather knowledge. Additionally, we conducted
research to deepen our understanding of airplane components, their functionality, and the
parameters influencing the objectives we aimed to accomplish.
To enhance our project comprehension, we assembled a UAV provided by our adviser,

utilizing it as a hands-on tool to understand the project components better. Throughout the
design phase, we dedicated time to create specifications using various software tools such
as Creality Slicer, Cura, Paraview, AutoCAD, Flight Stream, and MATLAB. After each
design iteration, we utilized MATLAB to assess the UAV's performance and employed
Flight Stream for simulation, evaluating its alignment with the specified targets. Our
approach involved a focused study of software functionality, ensuring a clear
understanding of each parameter before undertaking UAV testing with this software. This
meticulous process contributed to the successful development and performance of our
UAV within the defined project parameters.
The predominant challenge we're tackling involves our team, comprised solely of
mechanical engineers, working on a project within the aerospace field. Achieving and
maintaining proper weight distribution can be challenging, especially considering the
complexity of the tri-tiltrotor design. Ensuring that the center of gravity aligns with the
intended specifications is crucial for stable flight. To solve this problem, we use
SolidWorks which is a 3D modeling software widely used for designing mechanical
components and assemblies. It offers simulation tools that can help analyze the center of
gravity and stability of the UAV. Also, we use Matlab to create a dynamic model of our
UAV and simulate its behavior.
We encountered challenges when attempting to simulate our UAV using Flight Stream.
The software was advanced and unfamiliar to us, prompting the need to watch tutorials
and experiment with various UAV models. After numerous attempts, we eventually
succeeded in simulating our UAV on Flight Stream.
We faced issues with our prototype printing. The Creality Slicer software couldn't
recognize our printer automatically. We tried using Cura as a backup, but it had the same
problem. We managed to print by adding the printer manually in Cura, but it's just a
temporary fix. To solve this for good, we suggest checking if our printer works well with
both Creality Slicer and Cura. We should also talk to their support teams for help. Even
though we can print for now, we need to keep working on making our printing process
smoother.
5.3 Resources
Creailty Slicer
This software converts STL files into G-code, allowing the printer to understand and start
the printing process. Additionally, Creality Slicer provides valuable information, including
time estimates for each part's print duration, associated costs, and dimensions.
Cura
We turned to Cura when Creality Slicer couldn't recognize our printer. Cura proved helpful
in this regard, successfully recognizing, and connecting to our printer.
Paraview
It helped us to connect the STL files parts together and can visualize the craft as whole. It
also helped us to place the components of the UAV so we can calculate and find the center
of gravity of our UAV.
Auto CAD
Handy for us because it helps in mirroring and joining parts more easily than Paraview. It
also allows better control of coordinates. Additionally, we use AutoCAD to convert STL
files into solid files. This conversion is beneficial for running more accurate simulations.
Matlab
MATLAB is a computational and numerical analytical tool used for model

building, data analysis, and algorithm development. In our project, MATLAB was
essential in calculating and verifying the power required for the avionics. It was
also applied in the construction of a Graphical User Interface for the purpose of
assessing the flight's performance characteristics. A model of the proposed aircraft
was created using MATLAB Simulink to create a flying simulator.
OpenVSP
OpenVSP is primarily used for creating and analyzing the geometric shapes of
aircraft or spacecraft during the conceptual and preliminary design phases. We
used OpenVSP to model the external geometry of the UAV, adjusting parameters
to explore various design configurations. It provides insights into aerodynamic
characteristics, volume distribution, and other geometric considerations. OpenVSP
is often employed early in the design process to rapidly iterate through different
design concepts and assess their impact on aerodynamics and other key factors.
Flight Stream
Flight Stream is a simulation tool that aids in testing and analyzing the performance of
UAVs or other aircraft designs. Flight Stream allows us to simulate the behavior of the
UAV in different scenarios and conditions. It helps assess the aerodynamic performance,
stability, and other flight characteristics based on the input parameters and design
specifications. Flight Stream is typically used after the initial design phase, when a
geometric model has been created using tools like OpenVSP. We can then use Flight
Stream to simulate how the designed aircraft will behave in flight, allowing for further
refinement and optimization.
5.4 Each Student’s Responsibilities

In our team, everyone works together and supports each other. We all have a say in
decisions, contribute to our common goal, and share our skills and work. Each team
member respects the abilities and opinions of others, and we help each other complete our
tasks.
Each team member has a specific role. One student takes care of CAD models and the 3D
printer, another focuses on dynamics and simulation, a third handles mechatronics
components and cost estimates, and the fourth is responsible for evaluating performance
both theoretically and experimentally. This division of tasks ensures that we cover all
aspects of our project effectively.
CONTRIBUTION OF TEAM MEMBERS*
Project Titlel: Flight Simulation and Testing of a 3D printed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Semester/Academic Year: Fall 2023 Date: 10/11/2023
Mouza Shahad Maitha Dana

alameri Albedwawi Alhajeri Alkhoori
Tasks
maitha
3D printer and CAD model 70% 20% 5% 5%
Dynamics and simulation 20% 70% 5% 5%
Performance 5% 10% 70% 15%
Mechatronics and cost estimate 10% 10% 10% 70%
Literature Search and Target Market 25% 25% 25% 25%
Data collected 25% 25% 25% 25%
Relevance to UAE and Environment 25% 25% 25% 25%
report organize 40% 20% 20% 20%
* The total percentage for each task should be 100%.
Project Advisor Name: Dr. Mohammed Okasha
Project Advisor Signature:...................................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND PLAN FOR XXX590
6.1 Restatement of Purpose of Report and Objectives

This project is all about making a drone that's both affordable and works well, and we're
using 3D printing to do it. Our main goals are:
1. Build and Test the Drone:

• Make a drone using good design and project management.
• Check how well the drone works in simulations and real-life situations, focusing
on keeping it affordable.
2. Learn About 3D Printing:

• See how 3D printing can be used to make drones.
• Show why using 3D printing is a good idea for making drones that are cheap and
effective.
3. Add Electronics to the Drone:

• Figure out how to put electronic parts into the drone.
• See how these electronic parts affect how well the drone works.
This report will talk about how we're doing these things, covering different designs and
why we picked the one we did. We'll look at how the drone is put together, how much it
weighs, how it makes and uses power, and how safe it is. We're also making sure
everything is ethical. The goal is to end up with a drone that works well, doesn't cost too
much, and shows how 3D printing can be super useful for making cool stuff like drones
6.2 Restatement of Proposed Deliverables
Our project entails the development and testing of a cost-effective drone through
meticulous design and project management. Simultaneously, we explore the application
of 3D printing in drone manufacturing, emphasizing its advantages for efficiency and
affordability. Following this, we integrate electronic components into the drone,
optimizing functionality and evaluating their impact on performance. The culmination
will be a concise, insightful report detailing our methodologies, design rationale, and
commitment to ethical standards. Our aim is to produce a high-performing drone that
demonstrates the practicality of 3D printing in innovative technology.
6.3 Summary of how each Objective and Deliverable has been met
We expect to complete all the project goals in Graduation Project 2. In our first
graduation project, we did a literature review and defined the project's problem. This
helped us understand how our project could make a difference in society. We also
surveyed people to find out what they needed, and from that info, we came up with
different design ideas for our UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle).
We did a lot of research on UAV components and organized them in a chart. Then, using
a decision matrix based on what customers wanted and the technical details, we chose the
best design. Moving on to the next step, we created a performance sheet to figure out how
much power our UAV needed. We used AutoCAD software to turn this data into a model.
After that, we used Flight Stream software to check how air pressure affected our UAV,
helping us pick the right airfoil for our design. This step-by-step process, from
understanding the problem to designing and testing, shows how we carefully thought
through each stage of our project.
6.4 Summary of Final Design Solution
The final design is a fixed-wing UAV that you can buy online. It's made of lightweight
PLA and Aluminum rod. We're using the Matek Matesys F405 VTOL controller for
better control. The UAV is designed to work up to 2 kilometers away and stay in the air
for more than 20 minutes. This design balances strength and weight, making it good for
longer missions. Our goal is to have a UAV that performs well and is efficient in its
operations.
6.5 New skills learnt
Through the course of this project, a diverse set of skills has been acquired by the team.
Designing and manufacturing the drone honed our understanding of aerodynamics,
structural design principles, and proficiency in utilizing design software. Project
management skills were cultivated through effective planning, resource allocation, and
task coordination, ensuring the project's seamless execution from conception to
completion. Simultaneously, the team delved into the realm of 3D printing, gaining
knowledge of its technology, applications, and hands-on experience in operating 3D
printers. The integration of electronic components into the drone bolstered skills in
troubleshooting, optimization, and understanding the interaction of hardware systems.
Data analysis became a key proficiency, involving the interpretation of simulation and
real-world test results to inform decision-making. Communication skills were refined
through effective conveyance of technical information to diverse stakeholders, fostering
collaboration and the ability to present findings coherently. Ethical considerations in
technology development were ingrained, and problem-solving became second nature in
overcoming challenges encountered during the project. The documentation and
reporting skills developed ensure a comprehensive record of methodologies, outcomes,
and key learnings, culminating in a well-rounded and practical skill set gained from this
experiential learning endeavor.
6.6 Plan for MECH590
The main goal of this project is to enhance the endurance of a fixed-wing UAV. The
approach for GP2 involves creating a prototype based on our proposed design solution.
The drone frame will be constructed using acquired materials, and components like
electrical elements and the control system, which can't be manufactured, will be procured.
Assembling the UAV with these elements will mark the completion of the construction
phase, leading to the initiation of the testing phase. Various tests, simulating different
scenarios, will be conducted using MATLAB and Simulink software to evaluate the
UAV's performance. In our UAV project, we are innovatively enhancing capabilities by
incorporating a blimp component. This innovative step reflects our commitment to
pushing the boundaries of UAV technology, opening avenues for enhanced performance
and applications in various fields.
Appendix
Cruise speed in m/s = (60 kph * 1000) / 3600 = 16.67 m/s
Lift coefficient:
)*`
𝐶( = a = 0.825
+, O -b
O
9.81 × 2.5
𝐶( = = 0.64
1
( )( )' ( )
2 1.225 16.67 0.2238
Drag coefficient:
M # O
𝐶$ = (𝐶$d + 𝐶$e ) + ./!
f
(0.825)'
(0.0188 + 0.0200) + = 0.086
𝜋(0.85)(5.40)
Lift force:
1
𝐿 = 𝐶( 𝜌𝑉 ' 𝑆0
2
1
𝐿 = (0.64) × (1.225)(16.67)' (0.2238) = 24.37 𝑁
2
Drag force:
1
𝐷 = 𝐶$ 𝜌𝑉 ' 𝑆0
2
1
𝐷 = (0.086) × (1.225)(16.67)' (0.2238) = 3.27 𝑁
2
Minimum drag airspeed:

√' *
𝑉1$ = k = 7.67 m/s
3./!f (#d 5#Pe ) j b
i
l
Minimum power airspeed:
*8
√' -b
𝑉17 = i
j = 7.4 m/s
3./!f (#d 5#Pe ) +
Lift to drag ratio:
( #
$
= # M = 7.44
P
Stall margin:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉9:;&</ − 𝑉=&> = 9.27 m/s

REFERENCES
Please stick to the below reference style:
[1] What is Sprawl?. SprawlCity.org. Last accessed on 2010-01-07.
[2] Hurd, J.D., Wilson, E.H., Lammey, S.G., Civco, D.L., 2001. Characterisation of forest
fragmentation and urban sprawl using time sequential Landsat Imagery. In: Proceedings
of the ASPRS Annual Convention, St. Louis, MO, April 23–27, 2001.
Web References
• Simon Winchester, 2002, The Map that Changed the World, Harper-Collins ISBN
0-06-093180-9
• Geologic Maps from USGS National Park Service
• http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/

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United Arab Emirates University

Flight Simulation and Testing of a 3D Printed

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Graduation Project I Course

Graduation Project Code: MEF1-3

Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the

B.Sc. Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Mouza Al Ameri 201804597

Shahad Al Bedwawi 201904439

Dana Al Khoori 201911066

Maitha Al Hajeri 201808233

Project Advisor(s): Dr. Mohammed Okasha

Project CO - Advisor(s): Dr. Mohammed Kamra , Eng. Wan Faris Aasim

Project Coordinator: Dr. Naeema Al Darmaki

Fall Semester 2023/2024

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 6

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 8

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, NOMENCLATURE .............................. 11

1.1 Problem Statement and Purpose ........................................................................ 12

1.2 Project and Design Objectives ........................................................................... 12

1.3 Intended Outcomes and Deliverables ................................................................ 12

1.4 Summary of Report Structure ............................................................................ 13

BACKGROUND, LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ............... 14

2.1 Relevant Literature Search ................................................................................. 14

2.2 Target Market and their needs ........................................................................... 22

2.3 Prioritized Needs / Requirements ...................................................................... 25

2.4 Potential Ethical and/or Environmental Issues .................................................. 26

2.5.1 Remote Sensing ........................................................................................ 29

2.5.2 Photogrammetry ....................................................................................... 29

2.5.3 GIS ........................................................................................................... 30

2.7 Generation of Conceptual Alternatives .............................................................. 32

2.8 Selected Alternatives and Reasoning ................................................................. 33

2.9 Formal Decision-Making Process and Final Concept Selection........................ 38

2.9.1 Decision-Making Framework................................................................... 40

2.9.2 Final Concept Selection............................................................................ 41

2.10 Discussion and Perceived problems................................................................... 42

2.10.1 Discussion ................................................................................................ 43

2.10.2 Perceived problems .................................................................................. 44

Table 2 Comparing Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium Polymer Batteries .................................................... 17

Table 3 The main properties of Arduino ......................................................................................................... 21

Table 4 requirements and specifications ......................................................................................................... 25

Table 5 Needs of UAV and the relative importance of each ........................................................................... 31

Table 6 Morphological Chart .......................................................................................................................... 33

Table 7 Specification and Design option 1...................................................................................................... 36

Table 8 Specification and Design option 2...................................................................................................... 37

Table 9 Specification and Design option 3...................................................................................................... 38

Table 10 Decision Matrix ................................................................................................................................ 42

Table 11 Main wing parameters ...................................................................................................................... 46

Table 12 Horizontal stabilizer parameters ....................................................................................................... 47

Table 13 Vertical stabilizer parameter............................................................................................................. 47

Table 14 Battery specifications ....................................................................................................................... 48

Table 15 General results .................................................................................................................................. 48

Table 16 Condition Results ............................................................................................................................. 49

Table 17 Manual and spreadsheet result ......................................................................................................... 49

Table 18 Results of estimation of CG ............................................................................................................... 3

Table 19 Details of the wing designed .............................................................................................................. 8

Table 20 Information of Horizontal Stabilizer ................................................................................................ 10

Table 21 Information of Vertical Stabilizer .................................................................................................... 10

Table 22 Efficiency of components ................................................................................................................. 16

Table 23 Battery Specifications....................................................................................................................... 16

Table 24 Motor Specifications ........................................................................................................................ 17