10

Electronics
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Diodes, Transistors and
Integrated Circuits
Electronics – Grade 10 Electives
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Diodes, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits
First Edition, 2020

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 10

Electronics
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Diodes and Transistors
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Diodes and Transistors!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Diodes and Transistors!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic concepts of
diodes, transistors and integrated circuits and appreciate their applications in
electronic devices that you use daily.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the basic construction of a diode.
2. Explain how a transistor acts as a switch.
3. Explain how integrated circuits work.

1
 What I Know

Encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. A diode is a __________.
a. linear device
b. nonlinear device
c. unidirectional device
d. both a and c
2. In a circuit, a reverse-biased diode acts like a(n) ______________.
a. insulator
b. closed switch
c. open switch
d. both a and b

3. To make diode in forward bias,

a. the anode voltage must be positive with respect to its cathode.
b. the anode voltage must be negative with respect to its cathode.
c. the cathode voltage must be positive with respect to its anode.
d. either a or b.

4. What is the charge of an anode?

a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
d. none of the above

5. What inhibits the movement of ions in the depletion region?

a. electric field
b. potential barrier
c. gravitational field
d. both a and b

6. Which lead does the current leave in a diode when it is forward biased?
a. anion
b. cation
c. anode
d. cathode

7. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. The diode is a superconductor
b. The reverse diode in biased has high conductivity.
c. A diode in reverse bias has very high resistance.
d. When a diode is in forward bias the resistance is very low.

8. A bipolar junction transistor has __________.

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 a. only one p-n junction
b. three p-n junctions
c. no p-n junctions
d. two p-n junctions

9. The four components that are most used in an IC are:

a. diodes, resistors, inductors, and capacitors
b. diodes, transistors, resistors, and inductors
c. diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors
d. transistors, resistors, inductors, and capacitors

10. What is an integrated circuit replacing?

a. Amplifiers
b. Inductors
c. Vacuum Tubes
d. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

11. Why was integrated circuit made?

a. To make devices bigger.
b. To make circuits more sophisticated and complex.
c. To add more wiring in the system.
d. None of the above.

12. What does the Moore’s Law state?

a. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit
doubles every 2 years.
b. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit triples
every 2 years.
c. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit
quadruples every 2 years.
d. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit reduce
into half every 2 years.

13. Which is NOT true about integrated circuits?

a. It requires less power.
b. ICs are energy efficient.
c. It can be used in high voltage.
d. All of these.

14. What are the components of the integrated circuit made of?
a. n-type semiconductors
b. p-type semiconductors
c. npn semiconductors
d. pn-junctions

15. Integrated circuit is mainly made up of what material?

a. Bismuth
b. Silicon
c. Phosphorous
d. Selenium

3
 Lesson

1 Diodes and Transistors

In the previous module, you have learned the concepts of binary numbers and
logic gates. Logic gates are implemented by electronic components such as
transistors and diodes. They are used as switches in an electric circuit. Switches
controls the flow and direction of current. This is the reason why logic gates are
considered as electronic circuits.

In building electronic devices, you need to connect several components

together to build an electronic circuit. A basic electronic system is composed of four
main electronic building blocks: power supply, input, output, and control circuitry.
In this module, you will learn three devices under control circuitry namely: diodes,
transistors, and integrated circuits. First, let us discuss the basic concept of control
circuitry – the semiconductors.

What’s In

After learning about semiconductors, now you are ready to investigate control
circuitry devices. To begin, try joining a p-type semiconductor and n-type
semiconductor. The resulting material is known as a pn junction. There, you created
one of the most popular semiconductor devices. You have just created a diode. It
looks simply but there is science behind it. Now, let us explore the science of the
diode.

F U N I D I R E C T I O N A L
O I A G S B T C X X F O B I K
R P O S I T I V E T A M Z N Q
W Q K N C S J H A Q F A N C T
A T L Y S A O U S L M M P A U
R E D V E L V E T B P A A T I
D G A N E B Z Q R A C M N H N
B J Q S A O Q F O C U N O O S
I B L A C K P I N K R J I D E
A A U G D E D O N A R G T E M
S S W I T C H M W F E U C F I
S A S N W L B O A R N P N V C
T I U H I D I M N G T O U L O
A B J L C Y H O C Y S K J E N
Y E U E E P I L Z C P A H V D
K S P V J T K A T L Q R Q I U
I R N O E T O N D I O D E T C
D E B L K A N D O S K Q R A T
S V P T L O Z F Q A D L C G O
O E O S E X O S F V W S D E R
D R F R E E E L E C T R O N S

4
 You are familiar with some of the terms in the activity. Recall the definition of
those terms. This will help you understand how a diode works.

What’s New

Let us make a diode. As mentioned earlier, a diode is made from joining a p-

type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. Label the right side as p-type and
the left as n-type. Write the label on the lines provided above the device. Let us
represent the holes of the p-type as o (circle). Draw circles inside the p-type. Make
sure that the circles are organized just like a tray of eggs. Do the same thing for the
n-type but use – to represent the free electrons. There, now you have a diode. Label
it “diode” on the space provided below.

Now, what will happen to the holes and free electrons in each material close
to the junction (the region where the p-type and n-type are joined)? The free electrons
will fill up the holes. What do you think will happen to the charges in the junction?
Illustrate your answer by drawing “o” and “—" in the junction. Write the label of the
middle portion as depletion region in the line provided below.

The depletion region is an important concept in understanding the function

and application of diodes. The migration of free carriers is known as charge

5
redistribution. Does this happen in the entire diode or is it just in a certain region?
You will find out more in the next section of this module.

What is It

What is a Diode?

A diode is a device made from a single pn-junction. Diode is a semiconductor

commonly made up of silicon. This device conducts electricity to flow in only one
direction. Diodes are contained in small capsules made of plastics or glass. Leads
are attached to both ends of the pn junction. This allows the diode to be easily
incorporate in the circuit.
Diodes have two terminal wires. One lead is attached to the p-type
semiconductor which is called the anode. This is the positive side of the diode.
Another lead is attached to the n-type which is known as the cathode or the negative
side. Usually, there is a colored band near one end of the diode to show which
terminal is the cathode. Below are illustrations of a diode and its schematic symbol
showing the anode (A) and cathode (C) terminals.

The charge distribution in a diode happens in a specific location known as

depletion region. The moment pn-junction is formed, the free electrons from the n-
type migrate to the holes of the p-type. The effect of this migration is it creates two
ions. The anode in the p-type and the cathode in the n-type. The name of this region
originates from the concept that the area has been depleted of all charge carriers.
The charges create an electric field and a potential barrier which make them fixed in
a crystalline structure and inhibits further movement.

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 In the figure above, the anode is connected to the positive side of the voltage
source in the circuit. On the other hand, the cathode is connected to the negative
side of the circuit. If a diode is connected in a circuit this way, the arrangement is
said to be in forward bias. This means that electric current will flow. The conduction
of electricity is from negative to positive or from anode to cathode.
When a cathode is connected to the positive side of the voltage source, we can
conclude that it is in reversed biased. Electric current will not flow in reverse bias.
Below is an illustration of the depletion region of a reverse biased diode.

In reverse bias, the majority carriers (holes and free electrons) are forced
toward both ends of the diode. These movements caused the depletion region to
widen. This creates a very strong barrier that will effectively reduce the flow of electric
current to zero. Below are the schematic symbols of forward bias and reverse bias.

The figure below illustrates forward and reverse bias with two very simple
circuits. Each circuit is composed of a lamp, battery, and diode. In the circuit on the
left, the diode is forward biased, so current flows through the circuit and the lamp
lights up. You may consider the arrow (anode) as a symbol that represents the

7
conventional flow of electric current which is from positive to negative. In the circuit
on the right, the diode is reverse biased, so current does not flow and the lamp
remains dark. You may consider the bar (cathode) as something that blocks the flow
of electric current.

You have read that a diode has unidirectional property. It will only allow the
flow of electric current if it is forward biased. The current will flow from the n-type to
the p-type of the diode. This leads us to its application as a switch. The forward bias
acts as a closed switch that allows current to flow. On the other hand, the reverse
bias is like an open switch where current will not pass through.

Explore how diodes work and the principle behind the pn junction by watching the
video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwj_d3uO5g8

What’s More

Before, you have joined two semiconductor materials, the p-type and n-type.
The resulting device is a diode. Now let us create a sandwich. Suppose the outer
buns of the sandwich must be similar conductors and the filling in the middles must
be a different semiconductor. Write p for p-type and n for n-type on the square
provided in the sandwich. There are two sandwiches that we can create with the
instruction above.

8
 There, you have just assembled a transistor. Specifically, a bipolar junction
transistor (BJT). A transistor is like a diode, but it has a third layer.
What is a transistor?

A transistor is a semiconductor device that is used as an amplifier or an

electronic switch. They act as an electronic switch in digital devices. The transistors
you have just created above is called as bipolar junction transistor or (BJT). The term
“bipolar refers to the two polarity carriers that carry charge in the device. The term
junction is used due to the two pn junctions made by sharing a common middle layer.
A transistor is a semiconductor with two pn junctions. From the previous activity we
can create to transistors, the npn transistor and the pnp transistor. Both are
functioning the same but in different polarities. Below are illustrations of the two
transistors.

Each of the regions of the transistor has a lead attached to it. The leads are
named as collector, base, and emitter. Collector is the lead attached to the largest of
the semiconductor regions. The second largest of the semiconductor regions is
attached to the emitter. The base is attached to the middle region. This region acts
as the gatekeeper. The base determines how much current can flow through the
collector-emitter circuit. Note that, when voltage is applied to the base, current flows
through the collector to the emitter (conventional).

Below are illustrations of the schematic symbol for the two transistors. In an
npn transistor, the emitter is the negative side of the transistor. The collector and
base are the positive sides. The majority charge carriers in the npn transistor are
free electrons (negative). The voltage at the collector VC must be greater than the
voltage at the emitter VE by at least a few tenths of a volt (close switch); otherwise,

9
current will not flow through the collector-emitter junction (open switch), no matter
what the applied voltage is at the base.

In a pnp transistor, the emitter is the positive side of the transistor. The
collector and base are the negative sides. The majority charge carriers in pnp
transistor are holes (positive). The places where the emitter joins the base and the
base joins the collector are called junctions. For pnp transistor to work, the emitter
voltage must be greater than the collector voltage by a similar amount.

One of the most common uses for transistors is as simple switches. Just like
a gatekeeper. In short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter
path only when a voltage is applied to the base. Computers often use npn transistors.
By sending varying levels of current from the base, the amount of current flowing
through the gate from the collector may be regulated. This process is used to create
the binary code for the digital processors in digital devices but in this case a voltage
threshold of five volts is needed to open the collector gate. In this way, the transistor
is being used as a switch with a binary function: five volts ' ON, less than five volts '
OFF. When no base voltage is present, the switch is off. When base voltage is present,
the switch is on.

Explore how transistors changed the world by watching the video at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwS9aTE2Go4.

What I Have Learned

Draw illustrations of the devices in the first column. Write a brief description about
the device. You may use your own words in writing the description.

Name Illustration Description

1. Diode

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 2. Forward
Biased Diode

3. Reverse
Biased Diode

4. Depletion
Region
(Forward Bias)

5. Depletion
Region
(Reverse Bias)

6. Transistor

7. npn
transistor

8. pnp
transistor

What I Can Do

Part A

Diodes have different forms. There are diodes which are rarely used, but many are
commonly used. Most of the electronic devices that you have at home have diodes.
One of the most popular application of the diode is rectification. For this purpose, a
rectifier which consists of four diodes converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC). The model numbers 1N4001 to 1N4007 are identified as the most
common rectifier diodes.

We are aware that to make electrical appliances and devices function we use
DC power. Laptops and cellphones also work with DC. The type of electricity that is
commonly used at home is AC at 220 volts which can be found in household outlets.
Electrical devices such as television, radio, computer, and chargers work at DC at 5

11
– 30 volts. In this case, a rectifier is integrated in a step-down transformer to convert
AC from the outlet to DC. The image below shows the components of a mobile charge.

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the function of a rectifier?

2. What do you think may happen if there are no rectifiers in transformers and
electronic devices?

Part B

In 1948, the transistor was unveiled to the public. It got little publicity and do
not made any popularity in the scientific field. The transistor gained its popularity
in the 1950’s. It was widely used in radios and industrial and military applications.
The transistor was a catalyst of technological advances in the mid-20th century. The
different applications of transistors allowed information to scatter all around the
world. The shrinking of electronic components made it possible to create the
microchip, computer and the internet. This allowed humans to explore the Earth and
even the outer space. About 15 years ago, televisions are heavy and bulky and
consume a lot of space but nowadays they are lighter and thinner.

12
1. Write five electronic devices that
have been become smaller or
compact over the years.

2. What kind of breakthroughs made

the smaller devices possible?

13
 Additional Activities

There are many types of diodes. One of which is the Light Emitting Diode or
LED. You are familiar with LED because it is used in various household electronic
devices and toys. Another is the Zener diode. Your task is to investigate these two
diodes. Complete the table below. You may draw, cut or print pictures and paste it.

Diode Illustration Schematic Characteristics Applications

Symbol and functions

1. Light
Emitting Diode
(LED)

2. Zener Diode

14
 Lesson

2 Integrated Circuits

In the previous modules, you have been familiarized with several components
that can be introduced in an electronic circuit. You have also learned that
characteristics, functions and applications of semiconductors such as diodes and
transistors. To further maximize their potential in the field of electronics, those
components can be combined to produce another device. This device served as a
catalyst in the electronics technology revolution. Now, let us explore integrated
circuits.

What’s In

You have learned different electronic components in the previous modules. An

integrated circuit is composed of a combination of those components. Your task is to
identify the electronic components that make up the integrated circuit. Select your
answer from the box. Write your answer on the space provided.

Capacitor Transistor Conductive Diode Resistor

Pathway

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

5. _____________________________

15
 What’s New

The patent of the integrated circuit was approved on April 25,1961 in Palo
Alto, Canada. The creator of this device is Robert Noyce. A month after that same
year, President John F. Kennedy announced that the United States of America was
going to the moon. But National Aeronautics and Space administration, popularly
known as NASA, had no idea how to get to the moon. They know that they need
computers to make the mission possible. The problem is they need to shrink a
computer as big as a room into a box.

What do you think made the challenge of President Kennedy possible? Explain
your answer briefly.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
_

16
 What is It

What exactly is an integrated circuit?

As mentioned earlier, integrated circuit is a bite-sized circuit which is

composed of capacitors, diodes, resistors, transistors and conductive pathways.
Integrated circuit is more popularly called as “microchip” or simply “chip.” It replaces
the bulky vacuum tubes. Those components are all placed in a single chip of silicon
crystal which is as small as your fingernail. Take note that it is not the usual circuit
that you know where components are installed on a circuit board. In integrated
circuits, the components are embedded directly in the silicon crystal. How many of
capacitors, diodes, resistors and transistors are there in a single chip?
The number of components in a single chip may vary. It can be just few or it
can reach up to hundreds of thousands. Modern chips have millions or even billions
of these components. How does this happen? The secret is by making the
components using n-type and p-type. This means that a single chip also contains
numerous amounts of pn-junctions. The components are combined in an aluminum
plating. Some advanced computers have about at least three billion transistors in a
single piece of chip.
Integrated circuits (ICs) comes in three forms: analog, digital, and
analog/digital forms. Analog ICs (Linear) produce, amplify or respond to variable
voltages. Examples of linear include amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, operational
timers, and voltage regulators. Digital ICs (logic) respond to or produce signals having
only two voltage levels (high or low). Logic includes logic gates, memories, processors,
binary counters, encoders, and decoders. The use for ICs varies wildly depending on
the purpose. Some examples are, microcontrollers in computers, audio amplifier, and
computer memory. There are thousands of other possibilities.

What are the advantages of using ICs in electronic devices?

1. Compactness
ICs reduce the overall size of an electronic device since they are very small.
This makes ICs more economic in terms of space. The design of ICs is ergonomic.
You can observe this in flat screen televisions, radios, and other miniaturized devices.

2. Cost Efficient

ICs in appliances and other devices lowers maintenance cost. The process of
repair is more simplified when failures or malfunctions occur. In appliances, ICs are
embedded in sockets, you can simply unplug the faulty IC from the socket and
replace it with a new one.
3. Energy Efficient

ICs are extremely small and requires less power than equivalent discrete-
component circuits. The reason behind this is the use of small current. It also

17
produces less heat. It reduces the problems that may plague the equipment that gets
hot when used.
What are the limitations of the IC technology?

There is no perfect device. ICs have some setbacks. They are good at some
things, and poor at others. Due to its size, ICs cannot accommodate very large
current or voltages. Heat generated in small space would cause an increase in
temperature beyond the limit of the device. ICs cannot be implemented in electrical
devices such as inductors, transformers and large capacitors.
In this digital age, ICs are almost everywhere. Moore’s Law states that that the
number of transistors that can be placed on a single integrated circuit doubles about
every two years. You may expect advances in technology every year. It is very evident
that ICs exist in devices that you use at home or even in the school and community.
It is incorporated in most digital devices that you use in your day-to-day life such as
basic phones, smartphones, computers, laptops, personal digital assistants and
many more.

Explore more about integrated circuits and Moore’s Law by watching the video at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-tKOHICqrI.

What’s More

If you have used a computer or mobile phone it is possible that you have
encountered the word “memory.” This term is frequently used nowadays to describe
a new model of laptop or smartphone. The higher the memory the better the device.
Information in computers are stored using binary digital data, in the form of high
and low levels or logic 1 and logic 0. Specifically, that information is stored in
integrated circuits. Memory can take various forms.

The random-access memory (RAM) sometimes referred to as read/write

memory. It stores data in arrays which can be accessed anywhere in the matrix. You
can easily change and store back data in whole or in part. RAM stores data
temporarily. Data will be lost if power is turned off. It allows the computer to read
data rapidly to run applications. The downside is that it is more expensive.

Read-only memory (ROM) is the opposite of RAM. You can access data in
whole or in part but not written over. Manufacturers program a standard ROM before
releasing it from production. This is commonly known as firmware. This is where
instructions for the device are stored which is important in booting up or turning on
the system. ROM stores data permanently even in the absence of electricity. This
memory is cheaper.

An IC whose memory is of the only read-only type but can be reprogrammed

is called as erasable programmable ROM (EPROM). As compared to RAM, it is more
difficult to rewrite memory in this type. Erasure of data may involve exposure to
ultraviolet radiation.

18
 ICs and fashion are the same. They are always in trend. Every year, people
look forward on what clothes or style will become popular. That is the reason why
designers are always innovating clothes. Laptops and smartphones are always in
trend and almost every month manufacturers are releasing new models. This results
a large demand in ICs. Scientists and engineers are constantly researching to develop
ICs and minimize its drawbacks.

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the components of an integrated circuit?

2. What are the functions of integrated circuit?

3. What features of integrated circuits have enabled them to revolutionize modern

electronics?

4. Write one limitation of ICs?

5. Give three examples of devices with ICs.

19
 What I Can Do

Integrated circuit technology has a significant impact in our lives. It has

changed almost all aspects of life and society. What are the impacts of ICs in the
society? Write a short paragraph about how integrated circuits affect the three
sectors of society.

20
 Additional Activities

There are thousands of different types of integrated circuits available out

there. Each of the ICs were designed for a very specific function. There are some that
have been designed for general-purpose only, but they are used in a wide variety of
devices. One of which is the 555 Timer Chip. Your additional task is to investigate
this chip. Fill out the information sheet bellow.

21
 Assessment

Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Diodes are commonly made up of ______________.

a. arsenic
b. bismuth
c. selenium
d. silicon

2. What happens to the depletion region when the diode is in forward bias?
a. It narrows and allows electric current to flow.
b. It widens and allows electric current to flow.
c. It narrows and does not allow electric current to flow.
b. It widens and does not allow electric current to flow.

3. What happens to the depletion region when the diode is in reverse bias?
a. It narrows and allows electric current to flow.
b. It widens and allows electric current to flow.
c. It narrows and does not allow electric current to flow.
b. It widens and does not allow electric current to flow.

Refer to the figure for items 4 and 5.

4. The bar portion of the diode is known as what?

a. Anode or positive side
b. Cathode or negative side
c. Depletion Region
d. pn-junction

5. The arrow portion of the diode is known as what?

a. Anode or positive side
b. Cathode or negative side
c. Depletion Region
d. pn-junction

6. In a transistor, which is the largest of all the doped regions?

a. the emitter region
b. the collector region
c. the gate region
d. the base region

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7. On the schematic symbol of a pnp transistor,
a. the arrow points out on the emitter lead.
b. the arrow points out on the collector lead.
c. the arrow points in on the base lead.
d. the arrow points in on the emitter lead.

8. What will happen to the electric current passing a npn transistor if the voltage at
the emitter VE is less than the voltage at the collector VC by at least a few tenths of a
volt?
a. The transistor acts as a close switch allowing the current to flow.
b. The transistor acts as an open switch and will not allow current to flow.
c. The voltage must be equal for the electric current to flow.
d. both b and c

9. What can happen to transistors because of wrong battery connection?

a. The transistors will work properly.
b. They will be seriously damaged.
c. The circuit will cool down.
d. Nothing will happen.

10. In a pnp transistor, what must be the condition for it to act as an open switch?
a. The emitter voltage must be equal to the collector voltage.
b. The voltage in the emitter and collector must be equal to zero.
c. The emitter voltage must be greater than the collector voltage.
d. The emitter voltage must be less than the collector voltage.

11. What is the name of the electronic circuit that is composed of individual
components such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes?

a. integrated circuit
b. chassis
c. circuit board
d. discrete circuit

12. The use of ICs in a design can

a. increase the number and size of parts.
b. increase cost.
c. lower reliability.
d. none of the above.

13. Which of the following is not practical for fabrication in an IC?

a. Capacitors
b. Diodes
c. Inductors
d. Transistors

14. The instructions contained in a computer program are stored in which type of
computer memory while the program is being used?

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 a. ROM
b. CD
c. RAM
d. floppy disk

15. Which of the following are not embedded in integrated circuits?

a. Semiconductors
b. Diodes
c. Vacuum tubes
d. Transistors

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 Answer Key

What I Know Lesson 1 Lesson 1

What’s In What’s New
1. c
2. d F U N I D I R E C T I O N A L
3. a O I A G S B T C X X F O B I K
R P O S I T I V E T A M Z N Q
4. a W Q K N C S J H A Q F A N C T
5. d A T L Y S A O U S L M M P A U

6. d R
D
E
G
D
A
V
N
E
E
L
B
V
Z
E
Q
T
R
B
A
P
C
A
M
S
N
T
H
I
N
7. c B J Q S A O Q F O C U N O O S
8. d I
A
B
A
L
U
A
G
C
D
K
E
P
D
I
O
N
N
K
A
R
R
J
G
I
T
D
E
E
M
9. c S S W I T C H M W F E U C F I
10. c S A S N W L B O A R N P N V C
T I U H I D I M N G T O U L O
11. d A B J L C Y H O C Y S K J E N
12. a Y E U E E P I L Z C P A H V D
K S P V J T K A T L Q R Q I U
13. d I R N O E T O N D I O D E T C
14. d D E B L K A N D O S K Q R A T

15. b S
O
V
E
P
O
T
S
L
E
O
X
Z
O
F
S
Q
F
A
V
D
W
L
S
C
D
G
E
O
R
D R F R E E E L E C T R O N S

Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 1

What’s More What I Have Learned What I Can Do

Part A
1. A device made up of
Name Illustration Description
four diodes which
converts AC to DC.
1. Diode This device conducts 2. Electronic devices
electricity to flow in only may be seriously
one direction. Acts as a damaged.
switch.

Part B
2. Forward Biased Diode It allows electric current to
pass through.
1. Answers may vary.
a. radios
b. computers
c. cameras
3. Reverse Biased Diode It does not allow electricti
d. Speakers
to pass through.
e. Mobile phones
2. The discovery and
application of
4. Depletion Region The depletion region in a semiconductors such as
(Forward Bias) forward biased diode is diodes and transistors.
narrow.

5. Depletion Region The depletion region is

(Reverse Bias) wider compared with
forward biased

25
 6. Transistor A transistor is a
semiconductor device
that is used as an
amplifier or an electronic
switch.

7. npn In an npn transistor, the

transistor emitter is the negative
side of the transistor. The
collector and base are the
positive sides. The
majority charge carriers
in the npn transistor are
free electrons (negative).

8. pnp In a pnp transistor, the

transistor emitter is the positive
side of the transistor. The
collector and base are the
negative sides. The
majority charge carriers
in pnp transistor are
holes (positive).

Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Lesson 2

What’s In What’s New What’s More What I Can Do

1. Transistor Integrated circuits Devices with higher Answers may vary.

2. Resistor made the challenge RAM capacity will run
3. Diode possible. Large applications faster. It
4. Capacitor computers have also minimizes lags in
5. Conductive shrunk because of the devices.
Pathway integrated circuits
and fit those
computers in the
space rocket.

Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Assessment

What I Have Learned Additional Activity 1. d
2. a
3. c
1. Diodes, capacitors, 1. The basic 555 timer
4. b
transistors, resistors gets its name from the 5. a
and conductive fact that there are 6. b
pathways three internally 7. c
2. Produce, amplify connected 5kΩ 8. b
and respond to varying resistors which it uses 9. b
voltages and respond to generate the two 10. d
and produce signals. comparators reference 11. a
12. d
3. Compactness, cost voltages. The 555
13. c
and energy efficient timer IC is a very 14. a
4. It cannot cheap, popular and 15. c
accommodate high useful precision timing
voltages. device which can act
5. Cellphones, TV, and as either a simple
laptops (answers may timer to generate
vary) single pulses or long
time delays, or as a
relaxation oscillator
producing a string of
stabilized waveforms of
varying duty cycles
from 50 to 100%.

2. The 555 timer IC is

an integrated circuit
(chip) used in a variety
of timer, delay, pulse
generation, and
oscillator applications.

26
References
Lowe, Doug. “Working with Integrated Circuits.” Essay. In Electronics for Dummies,
2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017.

Ponick, Wes, and Mitchel E. Schultz. “Diodes and Diodes Application, Bipolar
Junction Transistors.” In Experiments Manual for Grob's Basic Electronics,
12th ed., 842–923. New York , NY: McGraw-Hill, 2016.

Shamieh, Cathleen. “Working with Diodes and LEDs and Working with
Transistors.” Essay. In Electronics for Dummies, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020.

Scherz, Paul. “Semiconductors.” Essay. In Practical Electronics for Inventors, 123–

40. New York ; Montréal: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Scherz, Paul. “Integrated Circuits.” Essay. In Practical Electronics for Inventors,

213–18. New York ; Montréal: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

27
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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