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06 Fractionation
06 Fractionation
- EgwiEbfimStage
- Relative Vda3_ility
Perifosrnaa;ee Specifications
- Recovery
Alpha Variation
AlTpha Vanktion
w e Wiation from X W t y :
e.g. M m m wiing am?t10pe
How does one measwe performiance of a
fractionator?
Perfomance Goals
(cmSmed)
-
h r i t v andlor Recovem Fur this typical two a t fractionator,
&ere is a Light key cumpownt pu&y spedied for the
&stitlate and a bmvy key cornponeat pwity specified for tixe
bot&m. An afternative god wm#dhave the #ightkey purity
speaed a d the Eght key recovery spx%ed.
-
Capacitv N o d y &e feed rate is spe&ed. Sometimes the
bottom or disljuak fiow is specified instead of feed-
Performance Goals
{continued)
-
Parity and/or Recoverv For our example reformer
tkbutaizer, the overhead l i e d produet caa contain,0-5
mol%CS+, while fie bottoms product can contain 0.5
-
Capacitv For our example, the design feedrakis46,45Q
B3PSD (J -80 h%MSCFDof everhad vapor product, 1530
BX%D of overhead liqaid prodmet, and 44,596 3PSD of
bogttonrs producg with the prodact purities specified above)
P e d o m n e e Goals
{co-k~lied)
Overhead Composition
Recovery of. Light Keg:
optimizing
r Pressure
r Reflux
r Feed T h e d Co~ditions
What operational process variables can one change
fur a typiad fractionator?
optimidng
fcu~&aued)
Against (Con)
Favorable (Pro)
What operational process variables can one change
for a typical f actionator?
Perfomrzance Goals
H e a Hydrocarbon
~ MixIures
Perfomafzce Goals
(copzcinaed)
r Theoretical Stages
Proper Feed Point
r Feed T h e d Conditions
In addition, &e mechhanicaf design or hardware
ef the fractionator must function in the
m Tray Efficiency
m Mass Tragsfer Devices
r Coadenser
I Reboiler
i Fractionator N&zles & InternaLs
.! Insmmmtatjon
McCabe-Thiele Diagram
r Theoretical Stages
r Proper Feed Point
r Feed Thermal Conditions
Rectifying Section
Me Cabe-llrhiele Diagram
(continued)
Colamn Operation
Show graphically the relatiomhipof &e operating variables
McCabe-W3e Diagram
Show p p h i d y the rdationskaiip of min and max RID
Column Operation
(co&*naet%)
Column Operation
(cmttinued)
Column Oper&*on
Column Operation
(conz%atce.d)
Show gmpbically the relatbnship of the operating variables
i Ream
Theoretic& Stages
Proper Feed Point
Feed T h e d Cond%ions
Computer Cakalmions
Heat Batanee
Mass Balance
Vaporlfiquid Equifibrium
Designing a Column
a Define Feed
1 Define f mduct Specification
r Set C d u m Pressure
r Optimize Column Design
m Tray 1EM"tcieixcy
r Mass Transfer Devices
r Composition
8 How Itate
m Temprrrtrrre
s Pressure
r Enthdpy
Define Product Specifcations
m Receiver kmperature
3 h d u d puri&iesand reeevesies
Set Column:Pressure
{co~ti~tued)
m Apptorrinxate Design M e t b e
- KTemr $01absorbers
- and strippers
- Naphtha fractionation
Mi~:im;z.cm
Reflax
Sample Problem
- - MokM[r
Ovhd Battom
n = minimm trays
ratio
I=- , of'ligh2: and heavy key mazerial in distillate
Fenkse Equation
(Sample Bobhm)
Component NBB Feed Ovhd Bottoms
oc -MdSM[r-
36 100 ZOO
69 140 340
80 XU4 204
" 97 200 200
Refomate Splitter
Overhead .to SuEJ"oEdtneBottoms to Zsomm Parex
151
2'151 3264.1 5969
m Toluene in bodtoms
Recover 1.0 m d %
E EB in overhead
Recover X.5 MIQI 9%
Operating Chart
+-Reflw 100%
Tray EjJkiency
fcohed)
Theoretical Sgages
R d Stages =
Tray E@deftcj
Sieve Trajr
- UOPdefanXt
- 2 to X operating range
- Check customer preference and desired and
expected -down I
r Vdve Tray
- Co& a b u t 20%more than sieve tray
- 5 fo 1 operating range
Mass Transfer Devices
(continued)
- ~[igttestcraPadity
- ICowestefficiency
T m PrubEems
- Enwfficient liquid
- Bx&ve boaup
r Damaged Trays
Mass Transfer Devices
(continued)
Other Thoaghts
R Treme~3.dousQuantity of Material on
Wistiulation (books, causes, etc)
= Mmy shortcug methsds we have not
discussed here (Kremser, Gmand, etc) &at ,
provide fonnufas for estimating lmfnixnurn
refix, minimum stages
m MeCabe-Thiele and other graphical!methods
can be useful for providing a '+@ictoriat"
insight into a design or operatio4 situation!
B Reformate Splitter
Component: NBP
Of: -
Feed Ovhd Bottoms
i&lo$smr-
111 359 553.4 5.6
126 150 149
Refomate Splitter
Overhead to Sulfolane Bottoms to Isomr Parex
--
2151 1264.1
-
8959
Specifications
Toiuerxe in bottoms
Recover 1.0 mol %
r EB in overhead
Recover 1.5 mo1 %
However,. ..
. .
Final Thoughts