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Introducción – Desastres de
Ingeniería
Failure analysis is an extremely complex subject
and involves areas of mechanics, physics, metallurgy,
chemistry and electrochemistry, manufacturing
processes, stress analysis, design analysis, and
fracture mechanics, to name a few specialities.
Because it is nearly impossible for any one person to
be an expert in all these fields, it is extremely
important to know when to seek help.
Donald J. Wulpi
Normal Location of Fracture
KI , J , CTOD
Bessemer process
Open hearth process
Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt
out of the pig iron to produce steel. Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point, normal fuels
and furnaces were insufficient and the open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty. Most open
hearth furnaces were closed by the early 1990s, not least because of their slow operation, being replaced by the
basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace.
Fractography
El problema se
resolvió rápidamente
con nuevas técnicas
de soldadura
Puente Pleasant
Intergranular
Durante el ensamble de
los arcos, las secciones de
estos no se alinearon con
los agujeros de las
uniones, por esto se
ampliaron los agujeros y
se dejaron de colocar
muchos de los tornillos.
En su lugar se usaron
tornillos temporales
llamados alineadores
Rosemont Horizon roof collapse
Dirigibles
This high-profile incident encouraged much work in the field of fatigue, and this has
led to a much better understanding of the science of fatigue and the use of fracture
mechanics to evaluate the life of components and structures
De fábrica, el avión venía con una vida
útil del casco calculada por el
fabricante en alrededor de 75.000
ciclos de
presurización/despresurización, o, lo
que es lo mismo, 75.000 vuelos, ya
que en cada vuelo hay que presurizar
el avión y se da un ciclo de
presurización/vuelo/despresurización.
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=8qAi_9quzUY
Lecturas:
CHAPTER 1: Techniques of Failure Analysis,
Wulpi, Donald J. Understanding How
Components Fail. ASM. 1999. Second Edition.