Chemistry

Polymers and Industry

Definition

polymers are composed of a large number of repeating units (small

molecules) called monomers. Polymers have hundreds to thousands typical copies
of each monomer, so the molecular weight of polymer may be reach to several
thousands.

Polymerization
Monomers Polymers
Reaction

Classification of polymers

a- According to its origin

i- Natural polymers such as cellulose and natural rubber.
ii- Synthetic polymers such as synthetic fibers and plastics.
iii- Semi-synthetic polymers
They are obtained from natural polymers by subjecting them to some chemical
processes to improve its properities such as vulcanized rubber and cellulose
acetate.
b- According to structural building (geometry).
i- Linear polymers

These are polymers in which monomeric units are linked together to form linear
chain. Such as : Dacron, high density polyethylene, nylon, polyester, PVC.

ii- Branched polymers ( Grafted polymers)

These are polymers in which the monomers are joined to form long chains with
side chains or branches of different lengths. Some common examples are low
density polyethylene, glycogen, cellulose acetate and starch.

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iii- Cross linked polymers

Cross linked polymer formed due to the formation of covalent bonds between
adjacent chains, the cross linked structure lead to high strength of this type. Some
common examples are epoxy, malamine formaldehyde resin.

Physical properties of polymer

1. Low densities and light weight.

2. High resistance to chemical attack (corrosion).
3. Good surface finish.
4. High thermal and electrical insulation and some of them are conductors.
5. Low strength as compared to metals.
6. Available in a wide color range, can exist in a number of physical states,
glassy, rubbery & viscous state.

7. Easy to fabricate and easily recycled.

8. Can resist high temperature.

9. Water retention materials.

Thermochemistry
aA + bB  cC + dD

To take place under conditions of constant pressure and temperature. Then we can
say that:

enthalpy of reactants Hreactants (HR) = a HA + bHB

enthalpy of products Hproducts (HP) = c HC + dHD
whereHA, HB, HC, HD are the enthalpies per mole of materials A, B, C and D.

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Change in enthalpy ( H ) 1mol = (cHC + dHD ) – (aHA + bHB)

= HP –HR

Where a, b, c, d are number of moles of materials A, B, C and D,

respectively.

1-Use the following data to determine the amount of energy released in the
combustion of 1 liter of n-octene, at STP conditions.
C8H16(g) + 12 O2 (g)  8 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O (l)
ΔHf° ofC8H18 (l) = -208.2 kJ mol–1
ΔHf° of CO2 (g) = -393.5 kJ mol–1
ΔHf° of H2O (l) = -285.8 kJ mol–1

Solution

C8H16(g) + 12 O2 (g)  8 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O (l)

H = H f (products) – H f (reactants)
H1 mol= 8 H f (CO ) + 8 H f    – H f (n-octene) – 12 H f  , 
2 2 2

H1 mol ={ 8 x (-393.5)+8(-285.8)} – {-208.2- 0}

H1 mol = - 5226.2 kJ mol-1
n= PV/RT =1x1/ 0.082 x273 = 0.044 mol
H = H1 mol xn
H =0.044 x - 5226.2 = -229.9 kJ

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Water treatment

EDTA

unknown water sample

+ Buffer solution
+ EBT indicator

1-For titration of 200 mL of hard water, 50 mL of 0.05 M EDTA was

consumed in titration. Calculate the hardness.
VEDTA× M EDTA ×100 ×1000
T. H.=
Vwater

T. H.= 50 × 0.05 × 100 × 1000 = 1250 PPm

200

GOOD LUCK