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 Articulations or joints
Articulations are the points of attachment of the bones are
also known as joints .
On the basis of their movement they are divided into
different types :-
Immovable joints Example joints in the skull
slightly movable joints example joints in the vertebral
column
freely movable joints Also called synovial joints
synovial joints allow easy movement of bones at joints.
these joints are called so because they contain a cavity
called joint cavity .
This cavity contains a fluid called synovial fluid that allows
easy movement of bones and prevents friction between 2
sliding bones .

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 Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket joints
In these joints a rounded ball like end of 1 bone fitting into
a cuplike socket of another bone.
They are present in hip and shoulder area .

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 Pivot joint
This joint is present in the first and 2nd vertebrae of the neck
that allows the head to move back and forth .

the joint of the wrist that allows the palm of the hand to be
turned up and down is also a pivot joint .

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 Saddle joints
these joints allow angular movement with a
greater range of motion they can move back and
forth and up and down, more freely than the wrist
or fingers .

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 Hinge joints
they are slightly rounded end of 1 bone fits into the
slightly hollow end of the other bone .
in this joint one bone remains stationary while the
other moves .
Like the hinge off a door
examples are elbow joint and a knee joint .

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 Condyloid joints
they are sometimes known as ellipsoidal joints .

In this type of joint an Oval shape end of the

bone fits into similarly Oval shaped hollow of
another bone .
this type of joint allows angular movement
along two axes
they are present in the joints of the wrist and
fingers .
can move both side to side and up and down

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 Planar joints
the range of motion in these joints is limited and does not
involve rotation .
they are found in the carpal bones in the hand and tarsal
bones of the foot as well as between the vertebra .

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 RESPIRATION
The process of oxidation of food in body cells to release
energy is called respiration.

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 Stages of respiration
external respiration
It takes place between lungs and atmosphere .
it is a mechanical process .
energy is utilized in this process .

Internal respiration
it takes place inside the cells within mitochondria.
it is a chemical process .
energy is synthesized in this process .

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 It takes place inside the cells of body.

It is an exothermic reaction

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 Site of Respiration –

→The process of respiration takes place in mitochondria.

→Mitochondria is also called power house of the cell or

furnace of the cell

→Energy released during respiration is stored in the form

of ATP

→ATP is also called energy currency of the cell

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 Types of respiration
Respiration is of two types )
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Respiration that happens in the presence of oxygen is
called aerobic respiration .
3. for example human body cells
Anaerobic respiration
This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen
example yeast,some anaerobic bacteria such as
methanogens .
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 Mechanism of Respiration –

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 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM –

The main organs of human respiratory system are Lungs .

Gases are exchanged inside alveoli in lungs.

1Nose
2.Pharynx
3. Nasal cavity
4. Trachea
5. Bronchus
6. Lungs
7. Diaphragm

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 →Lungs are covered by a membrane called pleura

→Lungs are present in thoracic cavity or pleural cavity

→Gaseous exchange takes place through alveoli

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 Transport of oxygen
Oxygen is transported by the blood in the form if
oxyhemoglobin(HbO2).

Transport of carbon dioxide )

Carbon di oxide is transported by the blood in the form of
bicarbonate.(HCO3)

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 CO-poisoning

CO binds to hemoglobin over 200 times more

easily than oxygen.

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 Breathing rate
Adult – 12 - 16/min

Infant – 25- 40 / min

Note – Breathing Centre is located in medulla oblongata.

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 Questions
Which enzyme in saliva helps in digestion of starch into
maltose?
Where is Digestion completed in digestive system?
which part of the alementary canal is the longest tube?
What is the pH of saliva?
What are the fingerlike projections present in the last part of
small intestine which increase the surface area for absorption?
Which gland is the largest gland of the human body?
Which gland releases bile juice?
What is the movement of food pipe called?
Name the enzyme which helps digestion of food specially
proteins in small intestine in basic medium?
Vitamin K is synthesized in which part of the alementary canal?
Where in plant dark reaction takes place?
Which bacteria has the ability to perform photosynthesis?
Name the enzyme which is responsible for breakdown of
peptones into amino acids in small intestine ?
where is bile stored in humans ?
name the bacteria that helps in synthesis of Vitamin K in colon?

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 What is the first step of photosynthesis ?
A cell gets shrinked when placed in ?
The elements known as primary nutrients for plants ?
What percentage of sunny light is fixed by plant during
photosynthesis?
A gas which is byproduct of photosynthesis ?

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